The purpose of this paper is to do an analysis of the characters and the theater/masquerade motif in C.J.L. Almqvist’s Drottningens juvelsmycke (The Queen’s Diadem), based on queer theory, by using Judith Butlers’s Gender Trouble. As an alternative to the Swedish, gender determined, feminine pronoun ”hon”, which has been used by earlier critics concerning the main character of the book, ”hen” is proposed. By using the pronoun ”hen” the mistake made by the earlier critics who, without reflection, state that the character is a woman, will hopefully be avoided. In this analysis, the fact that the main character Tinto – generally known as Tintomara – is an androgyne, is demonstrated. The analysis of Drottningens juvelsmycke also shows that the other characters of the book try to – by heteronormative patterns – define Tinto’s gender identity according to their own requests and purposes. The recurrent theater/masquerade motif, which is closely connected with the main character of the novel, reflects the drift of the gender identities between fiction and reality, between acting and real life. By not staying or getting caught in any specific heteronormative gender identity, Tinto reveals the binary gender categories ”man” and ”woman” as non-natural constructions, just as true or false as any other gender.

<p>The purpose of this paper is to do an analysis of the characters and the theater/masquerade motif in C.J.L. Almqvist’s Drottningens juvelsmycke (The Queen’s Diadem), based on queer theory, by using Judith Butlers’s Gender Trouble. As an alternative to the Swedish, gender determined, feminine pronoun ”hon”, which has been used by earlier critics concerning the main character of the book, ”hen” is proposed. By using the pronoun ”hen” the mistake made by the earlier critics who, without reflection, state that the character is a woman, will hopefully be avoided. In this analysis, the fact that the main character Tinto – generally known as Tintomara – is an androgyne, is demonstrated. The analysis of Drottningens juvelsmycke also shows that the other characters of the book try to – by heteronormative patterns – define Tinto’s gender identity according to their own requests and purposes. The recurrent theater/masquerade motif, which is closely connected with the main character of the novel, reflects the drift of the gender identities between fiction and reality, between acting and real life. By not staying or getting caught in any specific heteronormative gender identity, Tinto reveals the binary gender categories ”man” and ”woman” as non-natural constructions, just as true or false as any other gender.</p>

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This paper presents dilemmas that arose in the process of translation to Swedish of parts of a French book on children’s emotional development and parenting.  Three specific domains are discussed: 1) The choice of pronoun for child. A new genderneutral personal pronoun that has gained ground in Swedish in recent years presents a practical solution, but implies some editing in order not to be too salient and repetitive. 2) The relationship between author and readers created by an inclusive and personal language. 3) The need in the target text to add « hedges », a form of metadiscourse markers defined by Hyland (1998 :1) as « any linguistics means used to indicate either a) a lack of complete commitment to the truth value of the accompanying proposition, or b) a desire not to express that commitment categorically ».    The problems and the choices made have been put into the context of the functionalist approach to translation presented by Ingo (2007). The feelings of the target text readers have been in focus in all three instances of discussion and the need for translators to be aware of metadiscourse and rhetorical conventions have been explored.

This study has two aims and addresses two areas of investigation. The first aim is to examine, in four novels and their textual worlds, what role is played by collective self-images and essentialist identities in maintaining power structures in regard to gender, class, norms for mental functions, and ethnicity. Whether, and if so, how, the novel’s deconstruction of language and images can function as resistance to hegemonic oppression? What does the encounter between the privileged collective and the marginalized look like in the novel, and what happens in this encounter? The project’s second aim is to probe what criticism of, and what strategies for resistance to, various power structures reading can provide. To what extent is it possible to speak of responsibility for, and in, the reading of fictional works? What role is played by the (un)expected and the conditionality in the poetical novel’s ethical demands on the reader? What might reading as an ethical practice mean and entail? The dual aim situates this dissertation in an interdisciplinary field between ethics, literary studies and aesthetics. In this study despair is the fundament on which the ethical reader stands to approach literature. Rather than discovering meanings, finding examples, or experiencing empathy, it is being engaged in the conditions determined by suffering and injustice that constitutes ethical reading. The novels Drömfakulteten (The Dream Faculty) by Sara Stridsberg, Hevonen häst (Hevonen Horse) by Annika Korpi, Montecore by Jonas Hassen Khemiri, and Personliga pronomen (Personal Pronouns) by Daniel Sjölin comprise the material for the study. They are analysed in terms of deconstructive hermeneutics. Theories brought to bear are primarily Gayatri Spivak’s post-colonial and Emmanuel Levinas’ phenomenological thinking about ethics, together with ideas from, among others, Derek Attridge, Judith Butler, and Sara Ahmed. The readings of the novels are done via four points of entry: identity, the body, the human, and the post-political, as part of the project’s work process, with each reading leading to new questions and critical interventions. The analysis points to a responsibility in relation to identity, a practice where oneself is shifted and transformed. This responsibility also encompasses accountability for the normative orders that need to be changed. Literary projects per se cannot achieve this, but they can be read as a stab at resistance, material for the reader to elaborate upon. This responsibility is an ethical practice that is not completed, that has uncertainty inscribed in its very essence, and that is reinvigorated with each new reading.

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Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur Folkhälsomyndigheten, Socialstyrelsen och Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (MSB) konstruerar identiteter och gemenskaper med de inledande anförandena under de myndighetsgemensamma pressträffarna om covid-19. Materialet utgörs av 40 transkriberade anföranden från perioden mars 2020 till januari 2021 som analyseras i tre steg. I det första identifieras samtliga personliga pronomen i subjektsposition, och VI- och MAN-omtalens klusivitet kategoriseras. I det andra bestäms vilka processtyper som talarna realiserar med omtalen utifrån systemisk-funktionell grammatik. Därefter grupperas omtalen i tre gemenskaper: Myndigheten, Situationen och Allmänheten. I det sista steget analyseras graden av dialogicitet i gemenskaperna utifrån appraisalteorin. Därtill identifieras ett urval samhörighetsmarkörer. Resultatet visar att de tre myndigheterna använder sex typer av VI och fyra typer av MAN. De föredrar att tala om Myndigheten och framställa den som handlingskraftig och kunnig, en karakterisering de också förutsätter att lyssnaren delar. Situationen som gemenskap präglas av beskrivningar och tolkningar, medan Allmänheten formas med uppmaningar och instruktioner. På vilket sätt myndigheterna omtalar gemenskaperna, och i vilken utsträckning de öppnar för andra perspektiv, varierar. Skillnaderna i de språkliga valen kan till viss del förklaras av myndigheternas skilda uppdrag och målgrupper. Men det utbredda användandet av mottagarinkluderande VI bör studeras vidare för att fastställa om inkluderandet är ett uttryck för en tillfällig närhetsskapande kriskommunikationsstrategi eller en indikation på en ytterligare informalisering av myndighetsspråket. / This thesis investigates how three Swedish public authorities – the Public Health Agency of Sweden, the National Board of Health and Welfare, and the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency – establish identities and alliances in their initial statements during the joint press conferences on covid-19. The material consists of 40 statements made between March 2020 and January 2021. The transcribed statements are analysed in three steps. First, each personal pronoun in the subject position is identified, and the clusivity of first-person plural VI (we) and generic MAN (one) are categorized. Second, the process associated with these pronouns is determined using the systemic functional grammar framework. The categories are then grouped into three speaker-included alliances: The Authority, The Situation, and The General public. In the third step, based on the Appraisal framework these alliances are analysed by the level of engagement stated by the speaker. A selection of lexical indicators of belongingness is also identified. The result shows that the three authorities use six types of first-person plural VI and four types of generic pronoun MAN. They prefer to talk about The Authority and portray it as vigorous and knowledgeable, a characterization they expect the listener to share. The Situation is characterized by descriptions and interpretations, while The General public is established with exhortations and instructions. How the authorities define the alliances and to what extent they are open to other perspectives varies. The differences in linguistic choices can, to a certain degree, be explained by the authorities’ different responsibilities and target audiences. However, the wide dispersive use of a first-person plural VI which includes the public should be further studied to determine if it expresses a crisis communications strategy to temporarily achieve proximity to the citizens or indicates a continuing informalization of the official language.

For 30 years researchers have studied Expressive Writing (EW) - writing emotionally about a trauma 3-5 times for 15-30 minutes, while controls (CW) objectively write about, most often, time management. Previous research has documented associations, in the trauma condition, between flexible use of pronouns and physical health, or between trauma writing and improvement of working memory (WM). The main aim of the current study was to see if there is a relation between flexible use of first-person pronoun singular (“I”) in EW and improved results on WM test, as well as on quality of life and self-reported illness. In an Internet study participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling and randomly divided on conditions. The final sample consisted of 10 participants each in EW and CW: 13 women, 6 men and 1 non-binary, 21-69 years, most of them well educated. Outcome measures were WM test (Automated version of Operation Span Task; AOSPAN), self-reported quality of life (Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life; BBQ) and self-reported illness (days of symptoms and restricted activities). JASP was used for the statistics. A measure of flexible use of the Swedish pronoun “jag” (“I”) was tested and found to associate with significant improvements in AOSPAN results only; unexpectedly within the whole sample. On condition one significant result was found: EW improved their quality of life. The increase in AOSPAN results is discussed, as well as writing instructions and baseline assessments. The small sample with self-reported health measures and online WM test limited the study. Replications of the results are needed. / I 30 år har forskare studerat Expressivt skrivande (EW) - att skriva känslomässigt om ett trauma 3-5 gånger à 15-30 minuter. Kontrollbetingelsen (CW) har ofta bestått av att objektivt beskriva sin tidsanvändning. Tidigare forskning har i traumabetingelsen påvisat samband mellan en flexibel användning av pronomen och fysisk hälsa, eller mellan traumaskrivande och förbättrade resultat på test av arbetsminne (WM). Huvudsyftet med den föreliggande studien var att se om det finns ett samband mellan en flexibel användning i EW av pronomenet första person singular (”jag”) och förbättrade resultat på arbetsminnestest, samt på livskvalitet och självrapporterad ohälsa. Tio deltagare vardera deltog i experiment- respektive kontrollgruppen: 13 kvinnor, 6 män och 1 icke-binär, 21-69 år; de flesta välutbildade. Deltagarna rekryterades genom bekvämlighets- och snöbollsurval och fördelades slumpvis till betingelserna. En internetstudie genomfördes, med utfallsmåtten arbetsminnestest (Automated version of Operation Span Task; AOSPAN), självskattad livskvalitet (Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life; BBQ), samt självskattad ohälsa (dagar med symptom respektive med begränsade aktiviteter). JASP användes för de statistiska analyserna. Ett mått för flexibel användning av det svenska pronomenet ”jag” testades och visade sig vara associerat med signifikanta förbättringar enbart av AOSPAN-resultatet, men förvånande nog inom hela urvalet. I övrigt hittades endast en skillnad mellan betingelserna, nämligen att experimentgruppen signifikant förbättrade sin självskattade livskvalitet. Ökningen av AOSPAN-resultaten diskuteras, liksom skrivinstruktioner och baslinjeskattningar. Studien begränsades av ett litet urval, självskattade hälsomått och nätbaserat arbetsminnestest. Replikationer av resultaten är nödvändiga.