This study examines how the increased presence of pornographic influences in adolescents daily lives has affected their ability to act when exposed to pornographic materials. The aim of this study has been to investigate what strategies that adolescents use when tackling the pornographic presence in relation to the differing opinions voiced in the general society, in order to become pornwise. The data has been collected through focus groups with adolescents in the later years of high school and using Parker et al.s (1998) theoretical framework for navigation through a drug landscape. Drawing parallels to Parker et al.s (1998) study this study has retrieved four different strategies for becoming pornwise; the joker, the searcher, the moralist and the debater. The conclusion of this study shows that adolescents formulate several different strategies to tackle the pornographic presence and navigate through the pornographic landscape. In addition the results suggest that adolescents are in need of further tools from the adult- world such as, for example, improved sexual education in school and further support from parents, in order to feel comfortable in their navigation and becoming pornwise.

The present study aims to analyze the determining role of biology teachers and guardians in the discursive gap between children's sexuality, sexual curiosity and the sexual depiction of pornography. With an understanding of children's sexuality as holistic and dependent on many perspectives, the study highlights various factors that influence the child's knowledge about Sex and Reproductive Health in the biology subject. The study is an in-depth analysis-of various narratives presented by biology teachers and guardians regarding children’s sexuality and the teaching practice in Sex and Reproductive Health Education in Sweden. The critical discourse analysis is based on critical childhood theory and postconstructivism, which lays the framework for the study’s theoretical underpinnings. This means that an interpretation of respondents' linguistic communication permeates the study.The conclusion is that perceptions of the child's sexuality differ between biology teachers and the guardians, of which different opinions about the teaching content of Sex and Reproductive Health Education can be ascertained. All “important adults” (biology teachers and guardians) agree that pornography depicts a false image of sexual relationships, but when this is to be raised with the pupils, there are split perceptions. Another conclusion is that the determining role and values of teachers and guardians is an aspect that can influence what knowledge middle school pupils are given the opportunity to acquire. This may be significant when considering whether pupils gain sufficient knowledge about sexual relations, in school, in such way that the sexual depiction of pornography is not the only image of sexuality presented to them.

The aim of this study was to investigate how teachers in schools for youths with intellectual disabilities view their pupils’ abilities to access sex education. The study is based on individual interviews with five teachers in years 6 - 9. The theoretical framework has been set by Michel Foucault’s theories on normality and power and “the ignored curriculum” as described by Nathalie A. Gougeon. It is also supported by additional theories on normality and sexuality. The results of the study show that, these pupils have a harder time finding information about sex and relationships, because of the stigma surrounding people with intellectual disabilities in relation to sexuality, and because of the lack of information about sex outside the classroom for youths with intellectual disabilities. Youths with no intellectual disabilities learn about sex also outside of classrooms to a large extent, which is more difficult for youths with intellectual disabilities. The role of the teacher as provider of sex education is therefore crucial.

Background: Today, most of the sex education takes place in school. Studies shows shortcomings in this education and that students experience shortage of the knowledge wanted regarding this subject. Research has also shown that young people prefer to accomplish sex education with someone who feels comfortable and has good knowledge of the subject. The main subject of midwifery is sexual and reproductive health and rights. However, there is a limited amount of studies conducted regarding midwives involvement in sex education in schools. Purpose: The aim of this study was to highlight the role of the midwife in health-promoting public health work with sex education for adolescents in school. Method: Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with four teachers who taught sex education at high school and five midwives with experience of sex education. The collected material was analyzed according to Malterud's systematic text condensation. Result: The result showed that the midwife's health promotion work in school was conducted in a few different ways. Partly through lectures and partly by students visiting the youth health center (ungdomsmottagning). The way in which the work was done was due partly to the school's demand and partly to the availability of the midwife. The average time that the midwife was teaching students were between 30-120 minutes, which were distributed on one and the same occasion. The midwife's role in school was described as being proficient, competent and comfortable talking about sex. The fact that the midwife was unacquainted meant that the students felt comfortable and it was easier to ask questions about sensitive subjects. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that there is a need for midwifery skills at school and that, in spite of this, there is no clear and obvious role of the midwife in school education. Clinical applicability: This study can be used to support the midwife's work in sexual education in school. The study can also be used as a basis for establishing cooperation between midwife and school. / Bakgrund: Idag sker den övervägande delen av sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i skolan och undersökningar visar på brister i denna undervisning samt att elever inte upplever sig få de kunskaper de önskar inom ämnet från skolan. Forskning har också visat att ungdomar föredrar att prata om sex och samlevnad med någon som känner sig bekväm och besitter goda kunskaper i ämnet. Barnmorskans huvudämne är sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa och rättigheter. Det finns dock begränsat med studier gjorda på hur barnmorskan involveras i skolans sex- och samlevnadsundervisning. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien var att belysa barnmorskans roll i det hälsofrämjande folkhälsoarbetet med sex och samlevnadsundervisning för ungdomar i skolan. Metod: Semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer gjordes med fyra lärare som undervisade i sex och samlevnad på högstadiet och fem barnmorskor med erfarenhet av sex och samlevnadsundervisning. Det insamlade materialet analyserades enligt Malteruds systematiska textkondensering. Resultat: Resultatet visade att barnmorskans hälsofrämjande arbete i skolan genomfördes på lite olika sätt. Dels genom föreläsningar och dels genom att elever kom på besök till ungdomsmottagningen. Hur arbetet var upplagt berodde dels på skolans efterfrågan och dels på hur tillgången till barnmorskan såg ut. Tiden som barnmorskan lade på att undervisa elever var i genomsnitt mellan 30-120 minuter som låg fördelat på ett och samma tillfälle. Barnmorskan beskrevs som kunnig och hade spetskompetens inom sitt område samt kände sig bekväm att prata om sex och samlevnad. Att barnmorskan var utomstående gjorde att eleverna också kände sig bekväma och hade lättare att ställa frågor angående känsliga ämnen. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien är att det finns ett behov av barnmorskans kompetens i skolan men att det inte finns någon tydlig och självklar roll för barnmorskan i skolans sexualundervisning. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Denna studie kan användas som stöd för att främja barnmorskans insatser i skolans sex- och samlevnadsundervisning. Studien kan också användas som underlag vid upprättande av samarbetsformer mellan barnmorska och skola.

Skolan har ett ansvar att arbeta förebyggande mot sexuella trakasserier. Trots detta visar undersökningar på att elever uppfattar att sexuella trakasserier förekommer på skolan, samtidigt som lärare uppfattar sin kompetens i sex- och samlevnadsundervisning som bristfällig. Genom #metoo fick sexuella trakasserier ett genomslag världen över. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur det förebyggande arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier bedrivs i grundskolan samt om sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen har förändrats sedan #metoo. Studien baseras på kvalitativ metod där data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuer har genomförts med fem NO-lärare som undervisar i årskurs 6-9 från olika grundskolor i Stockholms län, Västmanlands län samt Uppsalas län. En manifest innehållsanalys tillämpades för att analysera intervjumaterialet. Resultatet visar att arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier främst sker under sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen, i form av diskussioner och övningar för att främja en personlig integritet hos eleverna. Lärarna uppfattar att de inte prioriterar sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen lika mycket som de skulle vilja. Elevhälsoteamet bidrar till ett stöd för lärarna genom rådgivning. Lärarna uppfattar att sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen har förändrats sedan #metoo, med mer levande diskussioner i klassrummet om framför allt sexuellt samtycke. Slutligen visar resultatet på att lärarna belyser att arbetet mot sexuella trakasserier är viktigt, däremot uppfattar de ett behov av kompetensutveckling inom sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen och en mer ämnesintegrerad undervisning. / The school has a responsibility to work preventively against sexual harassment. However, surveys show that students feel that sexual harassment is occurring at school, while teachers perceive their skills in sex and cohabitation as inadequate. Through #metoo, sexual harassment had a worldwide impact. The purpose of this study is to investigate how preventive work against sexual harassment is carried out in primary school and whether sex and cohabitation education has changed since #metoo. The study is based on a qualitative method where data has been collected through semi-structured interviews. Interviews have been conducted with five NO teachers who teach grades 6-9 from various primary schools in Stockholm County, Västmanland County and Uppsala County. A manifest content analysis was applied to analyze the interview material. The result shows that the work against sexual harassment is mainly done during sex and cohabitation education, in the form of discussions and exercises to promote the personal integrity of the students. Teachers feel that they do not prioritize sex and cohabitation education as much as they would like. The student health team contributes to support the teachers through counseling. Teachers feel that sex and cohabitation education has changed since #metoo, with more lively discussions in the classroom about, especially regarding sexual consent. Finally, the results show that the teachers emphasize that the work against sexual harassment is important, on the other hand, they experience a need for skills development in sex and cohabitation education and a more subject-integrated teaching.

Skolinspektionen menar att alla elever har rätt till att få sex- och samlevnadsundervisning. Den syftar till att stärka självkänslan hos eleverna och bidra till att de kan ta ansvarsfulla och medvetna beslut rörande sexualitet, relationer och hälsa. För att lärare ska känna sig bekväma och trygga i sin undervisande roll krävs kompetens i form av faktakunskaper och insikter om vilka arbetsmetoder som lämpar sig för ett visst moment. Skolinspektionen för fram vikten av att verktyg och stöd görs tillgängliga för lärare.Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån lärares beskrivningar få en fördjupad kunskap inom känsliga ämnen i sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i gymnasiekurserna Biologi 2 och Naturkunskap 1a1. I denna studie genererade tre kvalitativa intervjuer, en parintervju samt två enskilda intervjuer resultat som användes som underlag för diskussion och slutsatser.Tidigare forskning på området har varit knapp och svår att hitta. Detta arbete söker öka kunskapsbidraget inom val av arbetssätt och hur undervisningen av känsliga ämnen inom sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen kan bedrivas.Som teoretisk utgångspunkt används den didaktiska triangeln som visar på en grundläggande beskrivning av hur lärare, elev och innehåll förhåller sig till varandra. Den utökade didaktiska triangeln ligger närmre som förklaringsmodell till detta arbete och fokus ligger på hur lärarens olika kompetenser utgör grunden för valet av vilka arbetssätt som används vid undervisning av känsliga ämnen.Lärarna har en hög medvetenhet om vilka faktorer som kan påverka sex- och samlevnadundervisningen. Informanterna uttrycker att det är av stor vikt att elevernas egna frågor får ta plats och att det är viktigt som lärare att skapa strukturer, arbetssätt, i undervisningen som avpersonifierar framförallt elever men även lärare och istället fokusera på sakfrågan.Även om elevernas önskemål till viss del bör ligga till grund för den undervisning som bedrivs är det läraren utifrån sin profession som ska styra den. Resultatet i denna studie visar att utifrån det informanterna berättat bör alla parametrar i den didaktiska triangeln (didaktisk kompetens, ämneskompetens samt social kompetens) tas i beaktning men att den sociala kompetensen i sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen verkar ha en mer avgörande roll än de övriga två. / The Swedish Schools Inspectorate believes that all students have the right to receive sex and cohabitation education. It aims to strengthen students' self-esteem and help them make responsible and conscious decisions regarding sexuality, relationships and health. In order for teachers to feel comfortable and secure in their teaching role, competence is required in the form of factual knowledge and insights into which working methods are suitable for a particular part. The Swedish Schools Inspectorate emphasizes the importance of tools and support being made available to teachers.The purpose of this study is to, based on teachers' descriptions, gain an in-depth knowledge of sensitive subjects in sex and cohabitation teaching in the upper secondary school courses Biology 2 and Natural Science 1a1. In this study, three qualitative interviews, a couple interview and two individual interviews generated results that were used as a basis for discussion and conclusions.Previous research in the field has been scarce and difficult to find. This work seeks to increase the knowledge contribution within the choice of working methods and how the teaching of sensitive subjects in sex and cohabitation education can be conducted.As a theoretical starting point, the didactic triangle is used, which shows a basic description of how teachers, students and content relate to each other. The extended didactic triangle is closer as an explanatory model for this work and the focus is on how the teacher's different competencies form the basis for the choice of which working methods are used in teaching sensitive subjects.Teachers have a high level of awareness of the factors that can affect sex and cohabitation education. The informants express that it is of great importance that the students' own questions take place and that it is important as a teacher to create structures, working methods, in teaching that depersonalize primarily students but also teachers and instead focus on the issue.Although the students' wishes should to some extent form the basis for the teaching that is conducted, it is the teacher based on his profession who should guide it. The results of this study show that based on what the informants said, all parameters in the didactic triangle (didactic competence, subject competence and social competence) should be taken into account, but that social competence in sex and cohabitation education seems to play a more decisive role than the other two.

The debate in the media on a new Swedish sex education movie sparked our interest in this study. The twenty-eight minutes long movie “Sex on the map” is the first of it’s kind in twenty-five years. It is also part of a bigger sex educational project that contains, apart from the movie, a book about sex education, a documentary and a teachers guide. The project is a co-production between the Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company (UR) and the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU). We were interested in how teachers received information about the project, and what their attitudes were towards it. In the starting phase of the launching of the project, UR and RFSU sent out a promotional box to all Swedish high school headmasters. This was a way to inform schools about the new educational material. Our finding’s showed that most of the respondents did not obtain the box. They recognized parts of the project but had not formed any attitudes towards it. Despite this, the teachers were positive and thought the material could be a great tool to develop and modernize Swedish sex education.

Arbetet i särskolan ska förbereda för vuxenlivet, och sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen ska bedrivas utifrån ett främjande perspektiv med fokus på sexualitet, identitet, normer och jämställdhet. I Skolinspektionens aktuella granskning av sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen framkommer betydande brister. Den här studien vill öka kunskapen om pedagogers föreställningar om sexualitet och sex- och samlevnad avseende elever med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning i särskolan. Undersökningen utgörs av semistrukturerade intervjuer med pedagoger i gymnasiesärskolan. Utifrån ett normkritiskt perspektiv har insamlad empiri analyserats med hjälp av begreppen cripteori, normalitet och empowerment i syfte att beskriva och tolka hur pedagogerna i särskolan förhåller sig till eleverna och deras förmåga och rätt till sin sexualitet. Olika teman har konstruerats ur empirin för att definiera attityder, normer och förhållningssätt. Resultatet visar pedagoger med oerhört engagemang i ett svårt ämne där de känner sig ensamma och utsatta utan pedagogiskt stöd. Eleverna visar en stor önskan att passa in, de skäms för att gå i särskolan och gör allt för att inte framstå som avvikande. Osäkerheten hos pedagogerna är av central betydelse samtidigt som den normkritiska medvetenheten i undervisningen behöver stärkas. Slutsatsen är att kompetensutveckling och pedagogisk vägledning inom särskolan är avgörande för detta viktiga men känsliga ämne. / The work in school for students with special needs should prepare for adult life, and sex and cohabitation education should be based on a promotion perspective with focus on sexuality, identity, norms and gender equality. The School Inspectorate's current review of sex and cohabitation education reveals significant shortcomings. This study aims to increase knowledge about educators' perceptions of sexuality, and sex and cohabitation, regarding students with intellectual disabilities. The study consists of semistructured interviews with educators in special needs upper secondary school. Based on a norm critical perspective, collected data has been analyzed using the concepts of crip theory, normality and empowerment for the purpose of describing and interpreting how the educators relate to the students, their ability and right to their own sexuality. Different themes have been constructed from the collected data in order to define attitudes, norms and approaches. The result shows educators with huge commitment in a difficult field where they feel lonely and vulnerable without pedagogical support. The students show great desire to fit in, they are ashamed of going to special school and do anything to not appear deviant. The insecurity within the educators is of central importance and there is little norm critical awareness in the teaching. The conclusion is that knowledge development and pedagogical guidance within the special needs upper secondary school is crucial in this important but sensitive field.