Den ökade digitalisering har lett till att e-handeln ökat rejält vilket har resulterat i att köp i fysiska butiker minskat. Idag är inköpen inte begränsade till fysiska butiker, utan konsumenter kan enkelt handla via sina datorer, surfplattor eller mobiltelefoner. När Covid-19 pandemin slog till så ökade e-handeln ännu mer, och flera bedömningar har varit att e-handeln kommer att fortsätta växa efter att restriktionerna från pandemin är över.  Idag är kläder den näst mest köpta produkten via e-handel utav svenska konsumenter. Syftet med studien har varit att jämföra två olika åldersgruppers konsumentattityder gentemot köp av kläder via e-handel respektive i fysiska butiker till följd av Covid-19 pandemin.Undersökningen skedde via kvantitativ metod i form av enkätundersökningar som riktades till de två olika åldersgrupperna. Respondenterna ur den yngre åldersgruppen var individer som tillhörde generation z. Respondenterna ur den äldre åldersgruppen var individer som tillhörde generation y. Vi valde att fokusera på tre möjliga barriärer som vi fördjupade oss i, nämligen tillgång till information, trygghet, samt lojalitet. Vår studie visar att den yngre generationen är mer benägen att handla kläder via e-handel till skillnad från den äldre generationen till följd av pandemin. Vidare visar vårt resultat att det råder skillnader mellan de olika åldersgruppernas syn på tillgång till information, trygghet samt lojalitet.  Slutligen ämnar studien bidra till en djupare förståelse av de förändrade konsumentbeteendena till följd av Covid-19 pandemin. / The increased digitalization has led to a significant increase in e-commerce, which has resulted in a decrease in purchases in physical stores. Today, purchases are not limited to physical stores, but consumers can easily shop via their computers, tablets, or mobile phones. When the Covid-19 pandemic struck, e-commerce increased even more, and several assessments have been that e-commerce will continue to grow after the restrictions from the pandemic are over. Today, clothing is the second most purchased product via e-commerce by Swedish consumers. The purpose of the study has been to compare the consumer attitudes of two different age groups towards buying clothes via e-commerce and in physical stores as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The survey was conducted via a quantitative method in the form of questionnaire surveys aimed at the two different age groups. The respondents from the younger age group were individuals who belonged to generation z. The respondents from the older age group were individuals who belonged to generation y. We chose to focus on three possible barriers that we delved into, namely access to information, safety, and loyalty. Our study shows that the younger generation is more likely to buy clothes via e-commerce unlike the older generation due to the pandemic. Furthermore, our results show that there are differences between the different age groups' views on access to information, safety and loyalty. Finally, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the changing consumer behaviors resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic.

Digitalisation and access to informationAn interview study about information practices in an increasingly digitalised society This essay is about the increased digitalisation in society in relation to available information and the digital divide. The title of the essay suggests that there is a relationship between digitalisation and accessibility. Being connected via the internet and having access to digital information, news, municipal functions, and social media requires that you have both the technical hardware and the competence to use it. The thesis of this essay intends to shed light on aspects of digitalisation and access to information. An interview study of people who are between 70-80 years old shows that increased digitalisation in society does not automatically mean that groups become digitally excluded. The digital divide does not arise by itself or with given conditions but can rather be described as a grey area. Several different factors and conditions interact where challenges, obstacles, opportunities, and attitudes are affecting. For those who have access to digital technology and knowledge to use it, it is easy to access information and be involved in society. But those who feel digital exclusion are continuing to be excluded without receiving help and knowledge about digital information and technology. The faster the digital development goes, the greater the risk of falling behind in the digital divide.

This bachelor thesis is a study of how collaborative learning impacts accessibility, with a particular attention given to the relationship between the learning process and accessibility. The aim is to gain insights into how collaborative learning as a pedagogical approach impacts accessibility in a group of mixed ability dancers. For that purpose, we propose a theoretical framework of accessibility, collaborative learning and pathways to knowledge. The study is conducted through a qualitative research method using abductive reasoning. It consisted of two workshops as well as in-practice reflections and discussions, following an eight-step thematic analysis method. In summary, five main themes were identified in this study: sense of belonging, openness, the act of sharing, space for interpretation and to dare. Each theme reflects components of breaking the loop, a process in which new insights may arise. Thus, all of the themes can be used as inspiration to create more accessible learning environment in which we pave the way for discovery and creativity. Thereof, while arguing for the significance of collaborative learning, this study intends to contribute to the conversation surrounding accessibility in the wider context of dance education.

Denna studie undersöker hur efterfrågeplanering hanteras av företag som använder Produkt-som-tjänst (PaaS) affärsmodell (BM) inom transportsektorn, specifikt för tillgångar i en miljö med lång ledtid. Genom en blandad datainsamlings metod, som kombinerar en kvantitativ systematisk litteraturöversikt och kvalitativa data från semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vi undersökte olika PaaS-modeller och -metoder i syfte att tillhandahålla värdefulla insikter, metoder och tankesätt för företag som för närvarande använder eller överväger att anta PaaS-modellen. Ett urval av 8 artiklar användes och 4 intervjuer genomfördes med ämnet Produkt-som-tjänst i åtanke. Våra resultat gav behovet av standardisering, två distinkta efterfråge-planeringsmetoder och det allmänna fördelar som företag kan vinna på att använda PaaS-modellen. Dessutom utvecklade vi en tabellram för att underlätta förståelsen av PaaS-metoder i akademisk forskning. Den här studien tar upp den nuvarande klyftan i PaaS-forskningen och utökar vår kunskap om hur efterfråge-planeringsstrategier används av företag som antagit denna innovativa affärsmodell. / This study investigates how demand planning is handled by companies using the Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) business model (BM) in the transportation sector, specifically for assets in a long lead-time environment. Through a mixed method approach, combining a quantitative systematic literature review and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. We examined various PaaS models and methods, aiming to provide valuable insights, methodologies, and mindsets for companies currently using or considering adopting the PaaS model. A sample of 8 articles was used, and 4 interviews were conducted with the topic of Product-as-a-Service in mind. Our findings provided the need for standardization, two distinct demand planning methods, and the general benefits companies can gain from adopting the PaaS model. Furthermore, we developed a tabular framework to facilitate the understanding of PaaS approaches in academic research. This study addresses the current gap in PaaS research and expands our knowledge of how demand planning strategies are used by companies that have adopted this innovative business model.

Introduction: Researcher support is often written in the perspective of researchers, and few examine it from the perspective of archivists and librarians, the aim of this study is to change that. In this study we examine how archivists and librarians within Data Access Units (DAU) use their knowledge and how said knowledge is used to achieve the requirements set for making research data available at higher education institutions in Sweden. Method: In this study we have chosen to interview librarians and archivists at DAU:s since their goal is to be there for researchers and create access to data. A qualitative method was used to generate deeper understanding about the subjects. Theories: By applying two theories, Wiig’s Knowledge Management Cycle and Patrick Wilson’s cognitive authority, we aim to show the cycle from beginning of knowledge to the use of knowledge and a deeper understanding of why DAU are to be trusted, both by themselves and by researchers. Analysis and results: Within DAU archivist are unseen next to librarians, often left out and are therefore not assigned cognitive authority compared to the librarians who are often the first that researchers contact when they need help with their data. Problems arise when librarians answer questions meant for archivists, further reducing the archivist’s cognitive authority and highlights the wedge between the professions. However, we have found that many trusts DAU, and that the colleagues trust each other. Conclusions: DAU:s builds and pools knowledge to combine and give a complete coverage in the support they provide for researchers. This allows the different professions in DAU to share their knowledge and their strengths, helping them overcome the increasing demands from the scientific world. This is aided by the fact that archivists and librarians respect each other and assign each other cognitive authority over their specific knowledge domains. However, archivists do not gain the same amount of it from researchers, as librarians do.

Bakgrund  Användningen av den elektroniska journalen (e-journalen) har sedan år 2020 ökatexceptionellt, delvis till följd av Covid-19 pandemin. Legitimerad hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal är enligt lag skyldiga att dokumentera vårdbesök. E-journalen är ett verktyg för alla som medverkar kring patientens vård och är ett sätt att dela vårdinformation med andra vårdgivare vilket bidrar till en bättre och säkrare vård. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att ha tillgång till egen e-journal. Metod Icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt som baserats på 15 vetenskapliga originalartiklar med kvantitativ, kvalitativ och mixad metod. PubMed och CINHAL användes som databaser för sökningen som utfördes med hjälp av indexord i kombination med fritextsökningar. Artiklarna genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning baserad på Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering. Resultatet sammanställdes och analyserades utifrån en integrerad dataanalys. Resultat Resultatet sammanställdes i två huvudkategorier och fem underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: Upplevda fördelar av tillgången till e-journalen och Upplevda nackdelar av tillgången till e-journalen. Resultatet visade att de upplevda fördelarna bland annat var en upplevd förbättrad kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal och patienter och en känsla av delaktighet hos patienten. Andra upplevda fördelar var en ökad kunskap för sin sjukdom och sin vård samt en förbättrad möjlighet till egenvård. Upplevda nackdelar anspelar på patientens upplevelse av rädsla och oro kring e-journalen samt språkliga och tekniska svårigheter ett internetbeserat verktyg kan ge.  Slutsats Tillgången till e-journalen upplevs i helhet som positiv av patienter. E-journalen kan ses som ett verktyg för dem att bli mer delaktiga i sin vård, få en bättre kunskap om sin vård samt öka sin förmåga till egenvård. Dock framkom även negativa aspekter, så som oro samt språkliga och tekniska svårigheter som inte bör ignoreras. Hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal bör ha insikt i dessa upplevda för-och nackdelar för att kunna stärka de positiva upplevelserna samt förebygga och förhindra de negativa utfallen av e-journalen. / Background Since 2020, the use of the e-journal has increased exceptionally, partly as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. All licensed healthcare professionals are obliged by law to document healthcare visits. Electric health records (EHR) can be used by all involved in a patient’s care and is a way to share information between healthcare professionals. This in turn provides safer and better healthcare. Aim The aim was to describe patients' experiences of having access to their electronic health records. Method Non-systematic literature review based on 15 original scientific articles using quantitative and qualitative methods. PubMed and CINHAL were used as databases for the search, which was performed using index words in combination with free text searches. The articles underwent a quality review based on Sophiahemmet University's assessment documents for scientific classification and quality regarding studies with a quantitative and qualitative method approach. The results were compiled and analyzed based on integrated data analysis. Results The results were compiled into two main categories and five subcategories. The main categories were: Perceived benefits of access to EHRs and Perceived disadvantages of access to EHRs. The result showed that perceived benefits were improved communication between healthcare professionals and patients and an improved feeling of participation for the patient. Other perceived benefits were the patients’ understanding of the illness and their care, as well as improving the patients’ opportunities for self-care. Perceived obstacles and disadvantages allude to the patients’ experience of fear and anxiety around EHR as well as the difficulties in language and technical obstacles an internet-based tool can cause. Conclusions Access to EHR is generally perceived as positive by patients. EHRs can be seen as a tool for them to become more involved in their care, gain a better knowledge of their care and increase their ability to self-care. However, negative aspects also emerged, such as anxiety and linguistic and technical difficulties that should not be ignored. Healthcare professionals should have insight into these perceived benefits as well as perceived obstacles to strengthen the positive experiences as well as prevent the negative outcomes of EHRs.

Sveriges befolkning förändras med en ökande andel äldre invånare. Invånare som är i behov av rehabilitering för att återskapa en normal funktionsförmåga efter sjukdom eller skada. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka profesionellas; fysioterapeuter- och arbetsterapeuters, erfarenheter av hur insatser inom rehabilitering fördelas och prioriteras i en vård- och omsorgsförvaltning i en mellanstor kommun. En kvalitativ dekriptiv design användes med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Åtta intervjuer genomfördes och inkluderades i resultatsammanställningen. Följande resultat har presenterats; Rehabiliteringsverksamheten i den aktuella kommunen är uppdelade i 12 geografiska områden och organiserade under hemsjukvården i vård- och omsorgsförvaltningen. De vanligaste rehabiliteringsinsatserna som erbjöds var olika typer av kompenserande hjälpmedel, exempelvis rullatorer samt träning i olika moment, så som körning med rullstol eller förflyttningsträning. I verksamheten genomfördes prioriteringar av rehabiliteringsinsatser utifrån behov, skadetyp, allvarlighetsgrad på problemet, möjligheten att ta sig till primärvården och fallrisk. Det saknades riktlinjer och prioriteringsordningar i verksamheten, vilket ledde till att den enskilde rehabiliteringspersonalen var ansvarig för bedömningen. Beroende på i vilken del av vård- och omsorgsförvaltningen som personen bodde i kunde det skilja sig åt vilken insatsen som erbjöds. Rehabiliteringspersonalen gjorde olika typer av prioriteringar samt erbjöd olika typer av insatser på grund utav avsaknaden av riktlinjer för fördelning och prioritering. / Sweden's population is changing with an increasing proportion of elderly people. Individuals that are in need of rehabilitation to restore their functional capacity after illness or injury. The aim of this thesis was to investigate professionals; physiotherapists and occupational therapists, experiences of how efforts in rehabilitation are distributed and prioritized in a care and welfare administration in a medium-sized municipality. A qualitative descriptive design was used with semi-structured interviews. Eight interviews were preformed and included in the result. The following results have been presented; The rehabilitation operation in the municipality are divided into 12 geographical areas and organized under the home health care in the care and welfare administration. The most common rehabilitation intervention offered were different types of compensatory aids, such as walkers and training of various sorts, such as wheelchair driving or movement training. In the rehabilitation operation, priorities were made for rehabilitation interventions based on need, type of injury, severity of the problem, the possibility of accessing primary care and the risk of falling. There were no guidelines and prioritization schemes in the operation, which led to the individual rehabilitation staff being responsible for the assessment. Depending on which part of the care and welfare administration the person lived in, it could differ in what intervention was offered. This is because each rehabilitation staff can make different types of prioritization and offer different types of interventions because there are no guidelines for distribution and prioritization.

This master´s thesis studies the discourse surrounding research data and open access within the artistic research field in Sweden. Its purpose is to explain how librarians better can support artistic researchers in research data management. The study was conducted by nine qualitative interviews, four with artistic researchers and five with academic librarians, to further investigate the differences and similarities between the two workgroups approach to research data and open access. The paper uses a theoretical framework of poststructuralist discourse analysis, inspired by discourse researcher Johannes Angermüller, to uncover structures and meanings connecting research data and open access amongst the two occupations. The thesis also uses Jacques Derrida´s concept of deconstruction, as inspiration to further analyze the collected material. The interview material was transcribed, coded and presented in three chapters. The first part investigates the subject of research data and management, the second part presents the data collected when investigating the topic of open science. The final chapter of the analysis discusses the interactions between the two groups. The results show that the concept of research data and open access remains a difficult and complex question within artistic research, where the discourse surrounding it is made up by multifaceted voices. The paper concludes that the field would benefit from a further collaboration between researchers and librarians in understanding and handling questions surrounding open access and research data. The data further suggests that more established guidelines and principles for data publishing within the artistic research field would further help librarians and researchers when communicating with each other. This is a two-year master´s thesis in library and information science.

Despite the vast solar potential in both Mali and Senegal, the electricity access in both countries remains one of the lowest in the world. The main problem is represented by the disparity between rural and urban settlements. In Senegal, the electricity access for rural areas was lower than 50%, while in Mali was around 35%. Although the grid represents and will still represent the main driver to ensure electricity access, solar off-grid technologies can help reach rural communities living far from the grid. This study used a GIS-based approach to study electricity models for Senegal and Mali. This has been done in order to integrate physical geographical constraints like GHI, slope and grid infrastructure, and socio-demographical constraints like population density, and distance of rural settlements from the grid. The modeling tool OnSSET together with the QGIS mapping tool is used in this thesis.To achieve future electricity targets, the modeling period of this study has been set to 2020-2030. Under this study for both countries, two scenarios have been analyzed. A sensitivity analysis will help to analyze the influence of the demand level and the grid’s generation price on the results of these scenarios. For Mali, an optimistic scenario considering a 100% electrification rate by 2030, with a reliable grid and a low grid electrification price is designed. A second scenario follows an opposite approach where only 70% will have access to electricity, mainly due to an inadequate grid state. For both scenarios, the results show that the population connected to the grid will be between 70% and 60%. The total investment needed to reach universal access in Mali is between $3.7 and $3.2 billion. The highest share of this investment will be dedicated to the implementation and maintenance of the grid, between $2 and $1.6 billion. Stand-Alone and mini-grid PV will contribute to bringing electricity to 10 to 20% of the population. For Senegal, an optimistic scenario considers a really good grid state and a 100% electrification rate. A second pessimistic scenario considers an inadequate state of the grid, with an electricity access level of 90%. The results show that the population connected to the grid will be between 80% and 70%. The investment required to reach universal access by 2030 will be between $2.3 and $1.9 billion. Most of this investment will be dedicated to the maintenance and implementation of the grid. For Senegal stand-alone, PV mini-grids and hydro-mini-grids will bring electricity to between 6 and 10% of the population. / Trots den enorma solpotential som finns i både Mali och Senegal är tillgången till elektricitet i de båda länderna fortfarande en av de lägsta i världen. Det största problemet representeras av skillnaden mellan landsbygd och tätort. I Senegal var eltillgången för landsbygdsområden lägre än 50%, medan den i Mali var omkring 35%. Även om elnätet representerar och fortsatt kommer att representera den främsta drivkraften för att säkerställa tillgång till elektricitet, kan solteknik utanför elnätet bidra till att nå landsbygdssamhällen som är belägna långt från elnätet. Denna studie använde en GIS-baserad metod för att studera elmodeller för Senegal och Mali. Detta har gjorts för att integrera fysiska geografiska begränsningar som GHI (global horisontal solstrålning), lutning och nätinfrastruktur, samt sociodemografiska begränsningar som befolkningstäthet och avståndet mellan bebyggelse på landsbygden från elnätet. Modelleringsverktyget OnSSET tillsammans med kartläggningsverktyget QGIS används i denna avhandling. För att nå framtida elmål har modellperioden för denna studie satts till år 2020-2030. Under denna studieperiod har två scenarier analyserats för båda länderna. En känslighetsanalys kommer att hjälpa till att analysera påverkan av efterfrågenivån och elnätets produktionspris på resultaten av dessa scenarier. För Mali är ett optimistiskt scenario designat, i betraktande av en 100% elektrifieringsgrad till år 2030, med ett tillförlitligt elnät och ett lågt nätelektrifieringspris. I ett andra scenario studeras ett motsatt tillvägagångssätt där endast 70% kommer att ha tillgång till el, främst på grund av ett otillräckligt nättillstånd. För de båda scenarierna visar resultaten att befolkningen som är ansluten till nätet kommer att vara mellan 60% och 70%. Den totala investeringen som krävs för att nå universell tillgång i Mali är mellan 3,2 och 3,7 miljarder dollar. Den största andelen av denna investering kommer att ägnas åt en implementering och ett underhåll av elnätet, vilket är mellan 1,6 och 2 miljarder USD. Fristående elsystem och PV-mininät kommer att bidra till att få el till 10-20% av befolkningen. För Senegal betraktas ett optimistiskt scenario med ett väldigt bra nättillstånd och en 100% elektrifieringsgrad. I ett andra, pessimistiskt scenario, betraktas ett otillräckligt tillstånd av elnätet, med en eltillgångsnivå på 90%. Resultaten visar att befolkningen som är ansluten till elnätet kommer att vara mellan 80% och 70%. Investeringen som krävs för att nå universell tillgång till år 2030 kommer att vara mellan 1,9 och 2,3 miljarder dollar. Det mesta av denna investering kommer att tillägna underhåll och implementering av elnätet. För Senegal kommer fristående elsystem, PV-mininät och hydro-mininät att ge el till mellan 6-10% av befolkningen.

Tusentals människor tvingas fly sina hemländer på grund av bland annat krig, förföljelse och våld. Under 2015 migrerade 60 miljoner vuxna och barn och ungdomar under 18 år. Syfte: Att beskriva den orala hälsan hos flyktingbarn. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie. Litteratursökningen utfördes i tre databaser: CINAHL, DOSS och MEDLINE. Totalt valdes 16 vetenskapliga artiklar som var publicerade mellan åren 2014–2023. Resultat: Resultatet visar att de mest förekommande orala sjukdomarna bland flyktingbarn är karies och gingivit. Riskfaktorer för den orala hälsan identifieras som tillgång till tandvård och munhygienartiklar, socioekonomisk status och kost. Barn på flykt under en längre tid anses vara mer benägna att ha högre antal kariesskador jämfört med de motsvarande barnen på flykt under en kortare tid. Slutsats: Karies och gingivit är de mest förekommande orala sjukdomarna hos flyktingbarn. Riskfaktorerna som svårigheter med tillgång till tandvård och munhygiensartiklar, kost och socioekonomisk status är vanligt förekommande vilket påverkar förekomsten av karies och gingivit. / Thousands of people are forced to flee their home countries because of war, persecution and violence. In 2015, 60 million adults, children and adolescents under the age of 18 emigrated. Aim: To describe the oral health of refugee children. Method: Literature review. The literature search was performed in three databases. 16 scientific articles were selected that were published between 2014-2023. Results: The results show that the most prevalent oral diseases among refugee children are caries and gingivitis. Risk factors for oral health are identified as access to dental care and oral hygiene items, socioeconomic status and diet. Children on the move for a longer period of time are considered to be more likely to have higher rates of dental caries compared to their counterparts on the move for a shorter period of time. Conclusion: Dental caries and gingivitis are the most common oral diseases in refugee children. Risk factors such as difficulties in accessing dental care and oral hygiene products, diet and socioeconomic status are common and influence the prevalence of caries and gingivitis.