Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa de S Dahmer Felicio.pdf: 806540 bytes, checksum: 1f1e2b8a4264b54bcf9e9cfc5bcb7665 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to analyze the contractual relations in the sugarcane agroindustry in Paraná State (Brazil) focusing on a typical case of sugarcane agroindustry in Paraná State (Brazil) (called Company X), working as a model for application of theoretical and methodological arrangement of the New Institutional Economics (NEI) and Correspondence Factor analysis. In regard to corollaries, it was highlighted what are the main concerns of the agents when they establish contractual relations to each other. The results, according to NEI, have shown that Company X selects the best organizational arrangement, because it was detected the three attributes of transactions (Frequency, uncertainty and asset specificity) among the 11 contracts examined, which characterize the transaction and enable the good performance of form governance of Company. As a limiting factor, it was noted that although the contracts of greater Inertia are strongly associated with Frequency attribute in the Dimension 1, in the Dimension 2 contracts of greater Inertia are poorly correlated to this attribute, being the trust no longer considered as a priority between the parties involved in the bargain. That is one of the reasons that encouraged the Uncertainty to stand out, being the attribute most correlated to the contracts with higher Inertia, demonstrating the inability to predict attitudes of agents and environment changes. Analyzing contracts, it was observed that Company X deepens its mutual dependency through analysis and continuous monitoring of the contract, identifying the changes occurring over time and developing mechanisms to avoid prejudice of the parts involved in the negotiations, thus avoiding the creation of conditions to the emergence of opportunism. Aspects of incompleteness, costs and duration were observed in all the contracts analyzed. It was also perceived that contracts are the alternative way to achieve the objective of the Company in reducing transaction costs. Among the factors checked that lead agents to not breaking contracts on Company X, are noticed: the reputation linked to the preservation of the contracts; legal safeguards; and ethical principles which are a sort of agents code of conducts. So, it is noteworthy that Company X seeks, despite some limitations, the efficiency in the sector, because the results have met the Theory of Transaction Costs Theory in the New Institutional Economics (NIE) and corroborates the findings of the authors discussed in the research s theoretical reference. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as relações contratuais na agroindústria canavieira no Paraná, focando em um caso típico de uma agroindústria canavieira do Estado do Paraná (denominada Empresa X), servindo de modelo para aplicação do arranjo teórico-metodológico da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e da Análise Fatorial de Correspondência (AFC). Como corolários, foram destacadas quais são as principais preocupações dos agentes quando firmam relações contratuais entre si. Os resultados, de acordo com a NEI, mostraram que a Empresa X seleciona o melhor arranjo organizacional, pois foram detectados os três atributos da transação (frequência, incerteza e especificidade do ativo) entre os 11 contratos analisados, os quais caracterizam a transação e possibilitam o bom desempenho da forma de governança da Empresa. Como fator limitante, foi constatado que embora na Dimensão 1 os contratos de maiores Inércias estejam fortemente associados ao atributo Frequência, na Dimensão 2 os contratos com maiores Inércias estão pouco correlacionados a este atributo, deixando de ser considerado como prioridade a confiança entre as partes envolvidas na barganha. Frisa-se que este é um dos motivos que incentivou a Incerteza destacar-se, sendo o atributo que mais se correlacionou aos contratos de maiores Inércias, demonstrando a incapacidade em se prever integralmente as atitudes dos agentes e as mudanças no ambiente. Analisando os contratos, foi observado que a Empresa X aprofunda suas relações de dependência mútua através da análise e monitoramento contínuo do contrato, identificando as transformações ocorridas ao longo do tempo e desenvolvendo mecanismos para que as partes envolvidas nas negociações não sejam lesadas, evitando, assim, as condições para o surgimento do oportunismo. Os aspectos de incompletude, custos e duração foram verificados em todos os contratos analisados. Notou-se, também, que os contratos são a forma alternativa de alcançar o objetivo da Empresa na minimização dos custos de transações. Dentre os fatores dos resultados verificados que levam os agentes a não quebrarem os contratos na Empresa X, destacam-se: a reputação ligada à preservação do contrato; as garantias legais; e, os princípios éticos que são uma espécie de código de conduta dos agentes. Destaca-se então que a Empresa X busca, mesmo diante de algumas limitações, a eficiência no setor, pois os resultados foram ao encontro com a teoria dos Custos de Transação da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e corroboram as constatações dos autores abordados no referencial teórico da pesquisa.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Historically, the cooperatives are configured as collective arrangements with direct action on the needs of their associates. The cooperative system is expressive in both economic and social aspects, however, it is noticeable that the sector is undergoing a restructuring, given the downward trend in the number of enterprises, and especially in Rio Grande do Sul, where it has decreased of 31% from 2010 to 2013. This reduction in agricultural sector accounted for 14% in the same time period, which reinforces a need for readjustment of the management and governance system in agricultural cooperatives. Whether in literature or in the cooperative sector, it is a recurring approach that the opportunism and the lack of loyalty of members are the central problems faced by cooperatives. These organizations, without the loyalty of members, while they lose the sense of their existence, they also lose the operational and scale efficiency which puts the enterprise in disadvantage in its operating segment. For this thesis context and according to Williamson s approach, the governance is shaped by means of norms, rules, contracts, monitoring and incentives, to guarantee the continuity of a transaction in which potential conflicts threaten the achievement of cooperation. The loyalty of associates to the cooperative is understood as being the main characteristic of the cooperation. Thus, this thesis debates the relationship between the governance adopted by the cooperatives and the loyalty of members. Therefore, it was aimed to analyze gaps in governance of agricultural cooperatives in Rio Grande do Sul and their relationship on the loyalty of associates. This thesis was based upon the New Institutional Economics (NIE) approach: Property Rights, Agency Theory and Transaction Cost Economics. To perform this research, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative phase consisted of in-depth interviews with experts in cooperatives. The information was categorized and examined through the technique of content analysis. The quantitative phase was characterized by a questionnaire sent to the agricultural cooperatives of Rio Grande do Sul. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were used. In the multivariate statistics case a factor analysis was performed, so that the sets of factors that influence the loyalty of members could be identified. Afterwards, regression analysis allowed to verify the direction and the intensity of the impact of these factors on loyalty. The main results pointed out that the governance adopted by the cooperatives is not the most efficient, i.e., governance and the offered incentives do not minimize transaction costs in order to maintain (and increase) the loyalty of members with the cooperative. Thus, a conceptual model was proposed for the gaps in governance. The model embraces six dimensions: Contractual Gaps; Operational Gaps; Communication Gaps; Management Gaps; Audit Gaps and Immediate Benefits Offer Gaps. The quantitative analysis indicated that the higher the Audit Committee Effectiveness it tends to be higher the loyalty of members, with about 17% of loyalty explained by the effectiveness of the audit board. / Historicamente, as cooperativas se configuraram como arranjos coletivos com atuação direta nas necessidades de seus associados. O sistema cooperativo é expressivo tanto nos aspectos econômicos como sociais, no entanto, percebe-se que o setor vem passando por uma reestruturação, haja vista a tendência de redução no número de empreendimentos, especialmente no Rio Grande do Sul, onde se teve um decréscimo de 31% de 2010 para 2013. No ramo agropecuário essa redução representou 14% no mesmo período, o que reforça uma necessidade de readequação do sistema de gestão e da governança nas cooperativas agropecuárias. Recorrente é a abordagem, seja na literatura ou no setor cooperativista, de que as ações oportunísticas e a falta de fidelidade dos associados são problemas centrais que as cooperativas enfrentam. Sem a fidelidade do cooperado, estas organizações, ao mesmo tempo em que perdem o sentido da sua existência, perdem em eficiência operacional e de escala, o que coloca o empreendimento em desvantagem no segmento de atuação. Para o contexto dessa tese, e a partir da abordagem de Williamson, a governança é a forma de, por meio de normas, regras, contratos, monitoramentos e incentivos, se garantir a continuidade de uma transação, na qual conflitos potenciais ameaçam a realização da cooperação. A fidelidade dos associados para com a cooperativa é entendida como sendo a principal característica da cooperação. Assim, esta tese versa sobre a relação da governança adotada pelas cooperativas com a fidelização dos cooperados. Dessa forma, objetivou-se analisar as falhas de governança de cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul e suas relações com a fidelidade dos cooperados. Como fundamentação, foram utilizadas as abordagens teóricas da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI): Direitos de Propriedade, Teoria da Agência e Economia dos Custos de Transação. Para a operacionalização da pesquisa, foram utilizados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A fase qualitativa consistiu na realização de entrevistas em profundidade com experts em cooperativismo. As informações foram categorizadas e trabalhadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A fase quantitativa caracterizou-se pelo envio de questionário para as cooperativas agropecuárias do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e multivariadas. No caso das multivariadas, realizou-se a análise fatorial, para que se pudesse identificar os conjuntos de fatores que influenciam na fidelidade dos cooperados. Posteriormente, a análise de regressão permitiu verificar o sentido e a intensidade do impacto dos fatores na fidelidade. Os principais resultados apontaram que a governança adotada pelas cooperativas não é a mais eficiente, ou seja, a governança e os incentivos oferecidos não minimizam os custos de transação, de forma a se manter (e aumentar) a fidelidade dos sócios com a cooperativa. Assim, propôs-se um modelo conceitual para as falhas de governança. O modelo abrange seis dimensões: Falhas Contratuais; Falhas Operacionais; Falhas de Comunicação; Falhas de Gestão; Falhas de Fiscalização e Falhas na Oferta de Benefícios Imediatos. A análise quantitativa indicou que quanto maior a Efetividade do Conselho Fiscal , maior tende a ser a fidelidade dos cooperados, sendo que cerca de 17% da fidelidade é explicada pela efetividade do conselho fiscal.

共享經濟為近幾年廣為討論的議題之一，本研究欲以Uber、Airbnb等媒合共享服務類型的網路平台，探討使用者採用共享平台的相關因素為研究方向，從價值觀點出發，考量使用者認知犧牲及認知效益，以交易成本作為採用共享平台服務所認知的犧牲，又將認知的效益分為經濟效益與非經濟效益兩種影響層面，來綜合評估使用者對於整體共享產品服務的認知價值，透過認知價值進而探討影響使用者採用共享平台的參與意圖。其中，交易成本又會受到不確定性和資產特殊性所影響。 本研究將共享平台提供的產品及服務假設五種情境，共收集476份有效問卷樣本回收分析，研究結果發現，使用者採用共享平台時認知的交易成本越低或使用者認知利益越大時，獲得的認知價值越高。其中又以認知效益對於價值感受的影響程度又比使用者認知所做出的犧牲更強。 / Sharing economy is an emerging trend with rapid growth. Many firms such as Uber and Airbnb have taken advantage of the sharing platform to provide innovative services. However, many more have failed after a substantial amount of investment. Not much research has conducted with regard to why consumers chose to use some sharing services but not others. In this research, the value-based perspective and the transaction cost theory are adopted to build a research model for explaining users’ intention to accept a sharing platform. In our model, transaction costs of using the sharing platform is considered as a sacrifice, while economic and non-economic benefits are the benefit side of the model. Uncertainty and asset specificity are considered two main factors that affect the transaction cost. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the research model. A total of 476 responses were received. SmartPLS3.0 was used to analyzed the data. The results indicate that perceived value is negatively affected by the transaction cost and positively affected by benefits gained from the platform. Perceived value has a significant effect on users’ intention to adopt a service provided on a sharing platform.

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Uppsatsen strävar efter att jämföra svenska hushålls fastighetsinvesteringar i ett EU land(Kroatien) och ett land utanför EU (Montenegro). Uppsatsen analyserar empiriska resultatetför att hitta både det positiva och det negativa som en investering i länderna medför. Kroatienoch Montenegro valdes på grund av författarnas etnicitet och deras kontaktnät medprivatpersoner som investerat i länderna samt likheterna i klimat och kultur för att minskapåverkande faktorer. Författarna strävar för att utöka den vetenskapliga kunskapen omtransaktionskostnader från privathushålls perspektiv I både utvecklade och underutveckladeländer med potential. Det finns massor med vetenskapligt baserad information omtransaktionskostnader tillgängligt men nästan enbart från ett kommersiellt perspektiv.Frånvaron av forskning kring transaktionskostnader för privatpersoner är oroväckande ochjust därför är denna uppsats nödvändig. För att göra detta konstruerades två enkäter för attsamla information om processerna vid dessa typer av internationella investeringar.Information som samlades in analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning omtransaktionskostnader och transparens samt teorin om The New Institutional Economics.Sedan diskuterades resultatet och både skillnaderna mellan de utvecklade ochunderutvecklade länderna samt hushållens och kommersiella perspektivet var förvånansvärt. / The study seeks to compare Swedish household property investment in a EU country(Croatia) and a country outside of EU (Montenegro). The study analyzes the empirical resultsto find both the positive and negative that derives from an investment in the countries. Croatiaand Montenegro were chosen because of the origins of the authors and their connections toprivate investors in these countries. The authors seek to broaden the current scientificknowledge about private household property investments in the area of transaction cost andinvestments in both developed countries and underdeveloped countries with potential.Scientifically researched information about transactional cost is a widely available but acommon consensus in these papers is that the subject matter is commercial. The absent ofresearch of transactional cost for private household investors is alarming and to fill this gap,this study is essential. To do this, two surveys were constructed to obtain information on theprocess of investments in these countries. The information obtained from the surveys wasexamined with the help of prior studies on transactional cost and transparency but also withthe theory on the New Institutional Economics theory. The results and findings were laterdiscussed and the difference of both the developed and underdeveloped perspective and thehousehold and commercial perspective were astonishing.

There has been prior research on the internationalization process of retail firms. However, most of the research has investigated the developed countries' markets. There has been little research on the internationalization process of retail firms, especially in the emerging Asian markets. The emerging Asian markets are different from developed markets. Therefore, internationalization challenges and hindrances are dissimilar in this region than in developed countries' markets. Previously, there have been numerous researches on IKEA and other Swedish retail firms on the internationalization process. However, most of the research study has been done on its movement to developed markets. There has been little research done on IKEA's internationalization into emerging Asian markets. There are different challenges faced by firms, when entering into the emerging Asian market and during the business in these markets. However, the emerging Asian markets are different from other continents, especially the Western and developed markets. This research study aims to fill the existing knowledge gap by exploring the challenges that IKEA faces in emerging Asian markets. In addition to this, by the research, we seek to develop our understanding of the challenges faced by Swedish retail firms while entering emerging Asian markets. Furthermore, by exploring the challenges that retail firms face in the emerging Asian markets, we also aim to provide possible solutions on how IKEA and other retail firms can resolve or tackle the issues they face in emerging Asian markets.

Rapid rate of digitalization, emerging financial technology and changes in consumer behaviour have begun to transform the existing paradigm in the financial industry. Incumbent banks have found it difficult to keep up with this change however and are now faced with the challenge of deciding on what digital financial services build internally, buy externally or develop through partnerships. This study attempts to get a general overview of what factors traditional Swedish retail banks need to consider before deciding on a build, buy or partner strategy in order to digitize their financial services offering. This is done through a case study, where the empirical data consists of interviews with the retail division of a Swedish bank looking to digitize their securities trading offering as a response to a transforming industry. A few interviews were also conducted with people outside of the bank to increase the generalizability somewhat. The findings of the study identified 16 factors to be considered by traditional banks when faced with the challenge of deciding on whether to build, buy or partner in order to digitize their securities trading offering. Out of these, 9 factors were deemed to be especially important; Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Flexibility, Uncertainty, Supplier/Partner Relationship, Economies of Scale, Specialized Resources, Integration, Asset Specificity and Regulation. Several of the factors identified were shown to influence the build, buy or partner decision both positively and negatively and their impact should therefore be carefully evaluated and weighed against each other by managers before making a final decision on a build, buy or partner strategy. / Ökad digitaliseringstakt, ny finansiell teknologi och förändringar i kundbeteenden driver på en transformering inom finansindustrin. Traditionella banker har haft svårt att följa med i denna utveckling, och ställs nu inför utmaningen att bestämma vilka digital finansiella tjänster de bör bygga internt, köpa in externt eller utveckla tillsammans med en extern aktör genom ett partnerskap. Denna studie syftar till att få en generell överblick över vilka faktorer som svenska storbanker behöver överväga innan de beslutar sig för en bygg-, köp- eller partnerstrategi för att digitalisera sitt erbjudande av finansiella tjänster. Detta görs i form av en case studie, där den empiriska datan till största del består av intervjuer med nyckelpersonal från en svensk bank som ingår i ett projekt att försöka digitalisera deras värdepappershandelserbjudande som ett svar på en industri i förändring. Ett fåtal intervjuer genomfördes också med personer utanför banken för att öka generaliserbarheten av studien något. Resultatet av studien identifierade 16 faktorer som bör övervägas av traditionella banker som ställs inför beslutet om att bygga, köpa eller ingå i ett partnerskap för att digitalisera sitt värdepappershandelserbjudande. Av dessa anses 9 faktorer vara särskilt viktiga; Långsiktiga Konkurrensfördelar, Flexibilitet, Osäkerhet, Leverantörs-/Partnerrelation, Stordriftsfördelar, Specialiserade Resurser, Integration, Funktionsspecificitet och Regelverk. Resultatet indikerar också att flera av de identifierade faktorer kan påverka beslutet om en bygg-, köp- eller partnerstrategi både positivt och negativt. Deras påverkan bör därför utvärderas noggrant och jämföras mot varandra innan ett slutligt beslut tas gällande en bygg, köp eller partnerstrategi.

由於國際連鎖速食業地區經營者（Market Operator）的主要資本投入，包括：原料採購、餐飲設備投資、設計裝修、人員訓練、以及租用不動產時，都牽扯到被陷入或轉換成本偏高的問題，以致對於既有資源供應商之續約談判時處於不利的地位。 　　本研究主要從交易成本理論、陷入成本及專屬資產、買賣方之交易關係等理論解析國際連鎖速食店的地區經營者提高取得上述資源的議價能力（Bargaining Power）的管理策略，並透過業界專家實證其可行性。 　　經研究結果顯示，國際速食連鎖業地區經營者可以從「降低專屬陷入成本的投入」、「促使主要供應商投入專屬資產」、「善用其他交易影響者的力量」等三個方向來提高議價能力，並可根據資源特性的不同，而採取不同的策略行動。

本研究以Wendy Gordon教授三要件市場失靈理論為核心-即(一) 市場失靈的狀況現實存在，（二）支持被告的使用模式對社會而言利多於弊，以及（三）允許合理使用抗辯不會對於創作者的創作誘因產生實質損害-試圖以美國實務判決為藍本勾勒出可能的觀察構面與命題，並以此為基準以音樂產業為例推演可能的管理意涵，最後從制度面的角度檢討現行合理使用判決所出現的問題與可能的解決方式，研究結果及建議分述如下： 觀察構面與命題的發展 本研究以美國近二十年來重要合理使用判決為藍本，並將市場失靈區分為交易成本過高與正向外部性兩種類型，歸納出以下命題及觀察構面： 命題一：與著作權利人進行交易的交易成本越高，主張合理使用成功的機會越高。 H1:系爭著作物在使用當時若屬於無法尋得權利人的孤兒著作，成功主張合理使用的機會較高。 H2:系爭著作物若有著作權仲介團體代理或有交易成本低廉的授權平台，成功主張合理使用的機會較低。 H3:系爭著作物若有著作權管理資訊，成功主張合理使用的機會較低。 命題二： 被告利用型態對社會創造的正向外部性越高，成功主張合理使用的機會越高。 H4:系爭著作的利用方式若屬於對原著作物的諷刺或批評，成功主張合理使用的機會較高。 H5: 使用者使用的模式若能減少資訊流通障礙而非單純販售著作重製物圖利，成功主張合理使用機會較高。 市場失靈對著作權人的管理意涵 就正向外部性導致的市場失靈而言，當被告的利用模式產生的正向外部性越大，著作權授權交易無法完成對整體社會造成的效率損失越大，依據市場失靈理論的討論架構，法院支持被告合理使用主張的機會也越大。此時，權利人最佳的管理策略應該是更積極進行授權，並避免過度利用優勢談判地位抬高交易條件，最後導致授權交易無法進行。面對交易成本過高可能導致市場失靈，對權利人來說最佳的管理策略應該是使用各種可能的機制創造最有效率的授權市場，當市場的運行越具效率，交易成本越低，市場失靈的風險越低，法院支持利用人合理使用抗辯的機會也越低。管見以為，授權著作權仲介團體進行授權交易、自建授權平台、創新商業模式或與主流流通平台建立策略聯盟，是對權利人來說降低交易成本最佳的管理策略之一。 此外，從音樂與出版產業的發展歷程可以發現技術、法律與管理是彼此互為影響的構面，對於企業經營者來說，應有任何一項變動即牽一髮而動全身的敏銳，假定任何一項要素恆久不變或外生於其他兩構面的變化，均可能成為策略錯誤的原因。以上發現可歸納為三個命題： 命題三:著作利用產生的正向外部性越大，權利人越應該積極進行授權，避免過度利用優勢談判地位抬高交易條件，導致授權交易無法進行。 命題四: 權利人應積極建立便於使用的授權機制，降低交易成本及合理使用的風險。 命題五：技術、法律與管理模式三構面互相影響，任何一項要素變動，都可能驅動其他兩項要素的變化。 現行合理使用判決的問題與制度面的修正芻議 若市場失靈理論及本研究提出的命題與觀察構面被接受，本研究建議現行著作權法第六十五條第二項規定可修正如下： 著作之利用是否合於第四十四條至第六十三條規定或其他合理使用之情形，應審酌一切情狀，尤應注意下列事項，以為判斷之基準： 「一 利用之目的及性質，包括係為商業目的或非營利教育目的。 二 著作之性質。 三 所利用之質量及其在整個著作所占之比例。 四 利用結果對著作潛在市場與現在價值之影響。 五 利用結果產生的公共利益。 六 覓得著作權人以及取得授權的難易與成本。」 現行法下，法院在合理使用與判斷被告需賠償權利人全額損害兩者間沒有其他選擇，若法院考量正向外部性的存在後，認為被告的利用方式對整體社會有極大利益，並將正向外部性所帶來的好處納入最適授權金的計算，其數額或許將遠低於客觀上填補權利人所失利益與所受損害的價額，判定被告需賠償全額損害有悖於分配效率的要求。反面言之，若被告的利用嚴重損及該著作物最主要的經濟收益，判定合理使用對權利人又將衝擊過大。此時，法院將被迫在合理使用與全額損害賠償間進行二擇一的選擇。為給予法院更多救濟市場失靈的彈性，本研究建議在制度上應盡可能補足全額損害賠償與合理使用光譜的空缺，在立法上似可考慮將現行著作權法第六十五條第三項、第四項規定移至第四項與第五項，並增訂第三項條文如下：著作之利用雖不符合第四十四條至第六十三條規定或其他合理使用情形，但法院審酌一切情狀，尤應注意前項所列事項，得酌減損害賠償金額，若行為人利用方式未達商業規模者，並得免除或酌減行為人違反本法所需負擔的刑事責任。 嚴重市場失靈發生時，因為著作權人的市場利益未受影響，應支持著作利用人合理使用的主張。本此，對於特定類型的嚴重市場失靈，著作權法可以明定為合理使用。本研究建議現行著作權法第五十一條修正如下：「著作於個人或家庭或其他類似範圍內之使用為目的者，若該使用不影響著作權人可合理預期的市場利益者，不構成對著作財產權的侵害。」 / Along with the enlargement of the scope and duration of copyright, it is generally believed that barriers to continual innovation and knowledge distribution also increase. How to leverage fair use to best preserve public interest thus becomes a very important issue. Nevertheless, fair use is called the most unpredictable and difficult problem in copyright law. Using the market failure theory proposed by Wendy Gordon to explain the scope of fair use, this research collects landmark U.S. fair use cases as the basis to develop propositions that help the judiciary to deal with fair use cases, makes management suggestions to copyright holders and proposes several legal reforms to the current Taiwanese fair use law . This study suggests that a defendant’s chance to prevail on his fair use defense increase as the transaction cost increases. For illustration, if the work in dispute is an orphan work, a defendant has a stronger fair use case because the transaction cost he has to incur to find the copyright owner and reach a deal is higher. Similarly, if the work in dispute carries with it clear copyright management information, is managed by efficient intermediaries or placed on an efficient transaction platform, a defendant has a weaker fair use case. The reseach also argues that the higher the positive externality brought by a defendant’s uses, the stronger fair use case he has. If a defendant uses the work in dispute to create a parody or to facilitate information exchange, the defendant has a stronger fair use case due to the positive externality he creates. As managerial suggestions to copyright owners, this study maintains that copyright owners should make their best efforts to reduce transaction costs in connection with licensing and copyright transfers and actively engage in licensing to uses creating significant positive externalities. This helps reduce the possibility that potential users rely on fair use and end up paying nothing to copyright owners. To reduce transaction cost, copyright owners may consider building a licensing platform themselves, using intermediaries or forming strategic alliances with primary sale channels. As for positive externalities, it is suggested that copyright owners pay attention to the public interests recognized in the copyright law. This study also finds that technology breakthroughs, legal reshuffles and innovations in business model and management are inter-related. It is simply a mistake to regard one of the three constructs as being static if another construct has been changing. This research also proposes the following amendments to the current fair use law in Taiwan. As a matter of practice, Taiwanese judges rarely consider factors outside the four listed factors in Article 65(2) of the Taiwanese Copyright Law, even though the statute gives them wide discretion to consider other factors. To encourage the Taiwanese judiciary to apply the market failure theory in fair use cases, it is suggested that “the cost at which a user must incur to obtain a license” be added as the fifth factor and that“the public interests a user creates” be added as the sixth factor in Section 65(2). Secondly, to give judges more flexibility in close cases, it is suggested that judges should be given discretion to reduce the damages a defendant has to compensate copyright holders and discretion to reduce or release him from his criminal duty, even if the criteria for fair use are not fully satisfied. Lastly, if serious market failure occurs, it will be Pareto superior to allow defendants to use the work in dispute free of charge. It is generally recognized that most types of personal uses fall within the scope of serious market failure. This study thus proposes that Article 51 of the Taiwanese Copyright Law be amended to the effect that personal or familial uses are allowed so long as the profits copyright holders can reasonably expect are not adversely affected.

Cette thèse étudie la période de transition associée à l’externalisation d’une activité d’une organisation vers une autre et a pour objectif de décrire la manière dont un dispositif de contrôle hybride entre marché et hiérarchie émerge au cours de cette période. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes appuyé sur une étude in situ de quinze mois d’un projet mondial d’externalisation de l’activité IT d’un client auprès de trois centres de services mutualisés d’un prestataire. La description du terrain s’articule autour de deux voies de passage conceptuelles ancrées dans l’Actor Network Theory. La première propose de partir de la Théorie des Coûts de Transaction pour aller vers une « économie des coûts de traduction ». La seconde avance le concept d’accumulation de petits points de contrôle fondée sur l’étude d’un « contrôle en train de se faire » (Vosselman & Van der Meer-Kooistra, 2006). La description de la phase de transition émet l’idée que les coûts de traduction et l’accumulation de petits points de contrôle forment un « registre en double » permettant de tracer le mouvement de co-construction de la prestation de services et du dispositif de contrôle associé. Au cours de cette période, les faits locaux furent circonscrits par l’équipe projet pour les ramener au sein du centre de services mutualisés. Ce travail permit d’amorcer un cycle d’accumulation des connaissances. Ce mouvement rendit progressivement le projet et la prestation de services plus réels, mais au prix d’un éloignement irrémédiable avec ce qui avait été spécifié dans le contrat. Dorénavant, le coût pour agir à distance était réduit et le centre de services mutualisés pouvait a priori être considéré comme un dispositif « économe ». Cependant, le processus d’externalisation conduisit à une transformation profonde de l’activité externalisée et de l’identité des différents groupes d’acteurs associés. La comparaison entre les deux situations, avant et après l’externalisation, était rendue complexe du fait de l’existence des coûts de traduction inhérents au passage du contrat au dispositif sociotechnique nécessaire à la réalisation de la prestation de services. / This dissertation is dedicated to the transition period related to the outsourcing of an activity from an organization to another one. Its objective is to describe the emergence of a hybrid control device between market and hierarchy. We studied during 15 months a global IT outsourcing project from a client to three customers’ shared service centers. The field analysis is based on two “conceptual ways” grounded in Actor Network Theory. The first moves from Transaction Cost Economics to “Translation Cost Economy”. The second one puts forward the concept of small points of control accumulation responding to Vosselman & Van der Meer-Kooistra’s call to investigate “control in the making” (2006). The transition phase shed light on the proposition that costs of translation and small points of control accumulation created a “double register” tracing the movement of services co-construction and the related control device emergence. The local facts were framed by the project team and brought into one of the shared IT service center. An accumulation cycle of knowledge was running. This movement made both the project and the service actual but at the cost of translating the initial service defined by the contract. The price to act at distance was reduced and the shared IT service center could be considered as “economic”. However, the outsourcing process led to a transformation of the IT activity and modified the identity of the groups of actors. The comparison between the two situations, before and after outsourcing, was made difficult because of translation costs inherent to the transformation of the contract into a socio-technical device implemented to deliver the service.