<p>I have made a research about two different methods for introducing small children to Nursery School/Kindergarten. I choose to do this as I have found very little about this in the literature we have studied during my education to become a pre-school teacher.</p><p>This period in the life of very small children and their parents is a big change in their daily life. The more traditional way to start pre-school is to do it very gradually during two weeks, the two-week method. This means that the parents visit the pre-school together with their child for a very short time, about one hour the first day. After one week they leave their child with the staff for about an hour and at the end of that week they try to leave it full time (6-8 hours). Today there is a new model to do this introduction to pre-school. In this model the parent spend three whole days, the 3-days method, at the pre-school together with their child. This is a very big change in routines for all parties involved.  I have made my research by interviewing 6 pre-school teachers in Södertälje and one from another municipality. I have also distributed an inquest to 40 parents whose children have recently begun attending pre-school.</p><p>Four of the teachers work with the new model and three with the traditional model. In my research I have stated the following questions:</p><ul><li>How affects parents and children regarding factors as feelings and security?</li><li>Which are the benefits and the disadvantages with the two models?</li><li>Which are the benefits and disadvantages as the staff experiences the different models?</li><li>Did the parents now anything about the different models offered?</li></ul><p>All previous research in this area agrees on the fact that a positive contact between teachers and parents are very essential. Small children relay on their parents and if the parent is comfortable and safe with the pre-school the child will be too.</p><p>The Swedish curriculum Lpfö98 states that every pre-school is obliged to take in consideration the needs and the level of development for each child. Every pre-school has to learn to understand every new child and create a positive relation with it.</p><p>All my interviews with the teachers made it clear that they all emphasized the aspect of security for the children. They all also try to create good relations with the parents. Some teachers and schools do it by meetings before the child start pre-school and others during the first days at the school.    </p><p>Another positive affect the three days teachers brought up was the fact that the children during the three days got to know all the teachers at the school. The teachers working with the two week model stretched the fact that good relations between parents in their group are something that everybody benefits from.</p><p>My inquest to parents gave me only 15 answers which mean it is hard to draw any conclusions from it. From both groups I got benefits and disadvantages regarding the different models. Most of the parents were aware of which model their pre-school offered before they started. The majority of parents in booths groups are satisfied with the model used at their pre-school.</p>

This thesis has focused on the construction of homosexual parenthood in Swedish law and preparatory work. The purpose was to describe the norms about legal parenthood and examine if and how homosexual parenthood was included in the normative parenthood. The study was jurisprudential and based on methods such as sociology with a juridical focus and critical discourse analysis of the juridical texts. The theoretical framework was the critical discourse analysis as well as a queer perspective, both influenced by social constructionism and a poststructional theory. The conclusion of the study is that parenthood is described from what is presumably best for the child, which is two parents of different sexes and biological origin. Homosexual parenthood is described as “good” as heterosexual parenthood, which is described as the norm. Homosexual parenthood is also described as different with flaws in comparison to the norm and for those flaws the homosexuals have to compensate. With a standpoint in queertheory this shows both how homosexual parents are assimilated and excluded from the norm of parenthood.

I have made a research about two different methods for introducing small children to Nursery School/Kindergarten. I choose to do this as I have found very little about this in the literature we have studied during my education to become a pre-school teacher. This period in the life of very small children and their parents is a big change in their daily life. The more traditional way to start pre-school is to do it very gradually during two weeks, the two-week method. This means that the parents visit the pre-school together with their child for a very short time, about one hour the first day. After one week they leave their child with the staff for about an hour and at the end of that week they try to leave it full time (6-8 hours). Today there is a new model to do this introduction to pre-school. In this model the parent spend three whole days, the 3-days method, at the pre-school together with their child. This is a very big change in routines for all parties involved.  I have made my research by interviewing 6 pre-school teachers in Södertälje and one from another municipality. I have also distributed an inquest to 40 parents whose children have recently begun attending pre-school. Four of the teachers work with the new model and three with the traditional model. In my research I have stated the following questions: How affects parents and children regarding factors as feelings and security? Which are the benefits and the disadvantages with the two models? Which are the benefits and disadvantages as the staff experiences the different models? Did the parents now anything about the different models offered? All previous research in this area agrees on the fact that a positive contact between teachers and parents are very essential. Small children relay on their parents and if the parent is comfortable and safe with the pre-school the child will be too. The Swedish curriculum Lpfö98 states that every pre-school is obliged to take in consideration the needs and the level of development for each child. Every pre-school has to learn to understand every new child and create a positive relation with it. All my interviews with the teachers made it clear that they all emphasized the aspect of security for the children. They all also try to create good relations with the parents. Some teachers and schools do it by meetings before the child start pre-school and others during the first days at the school.     Another positive affect the three days teachers brought up was the fact that the children during the three days got to know all the teachers at the school. The teachers working with the two week model stretched the fact that good relations between parents in their group are something that everybody benefits from. My inquest to parents gave me only 15 answers which mean it is hard to draw any conclusions from it. From both groups I got benefits and disadvantages regarding the different models. Most of the parents were aware of which model their pre-school offered before they started. The majority of parents in booths groups are satisfied with the model used at their pre-school.

Det råder stora ojämlikheter mellan Sveriges kommuner. Dessa ojämlikheter mynnar ut i tvåtrender som råder i många mindre kommuner: befolkningen åldras och urbaniseringsgradenökar. Urbaniseringsgraden har gjort att mindre kommuner har ett försämrat ekonomiskt lägreoch många kommuner står inför valet att antingen höja skatten eller reducera den kommunalaservicen. I denna uppsats kartlägger vi genom ekonomiska begrepp hur två medelstorakommuner har hanterat den demografiska utvecklingen samt vad kommunerna bör fokuserapå för att öka sin attraktivitet.Utifrån de demografiska nyckeltal som studerats kommer vi fram till att mycket av deekonomiska svårigheter som uppkom på 1970-talet lever kvar än idag hos många kommuner.De har hamnat i en negativ spiral som är svår att ta sig ur. Kommuner som å andra sidanklarat sig bättre ur krisen har haft ett bättre ekonomiskt utgångsläge. Det finns även ett tydligtsamband mellan en bra integration av så kallade outsiders och de kommunala finanserna.Uppsatsen tydliggör att en god arbetsmarknad, attraktiva bostäder och bra kommersiellt utbudär avgörande för en kommuns attraktivitet. / Currently there are big differences between municipalities in Sweden. These differences leadto two dissimilar tendencies: the population is aging and the degree of urbanisation increases.The urbanisation has set several smaller municipalities in a severe economic situation and alot of municipalities are facing to either raise the local tax or reduce the public service. In thispaper the authors’ research through economic concepts how two medium sized municipalitieshave handled the demographic changes and what the municipalities should do in order toincrease their attractiveness.The findings of this study indicate that the demographic changes, to a large extent, dependson previous recessions in the municipalities which still is causing an unbalanced economy.The municipalities are facing a downward spiral that is hard to emerge from. On the otherhand some municipalities managed the recessions in a more successful way and are nowfacing a more positive economic position. Further, there is a clear correlation between a wellfunctioningintegration on the labour market and public finances. The result of the paper alsoshows that a well-functioning labour market, housing market and commercial supplydetermines municipalities’ attractiveness.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ två är en sjukdom som ökar världen över till följdav alltmer stillasittande. Komplikationerna är många och varierande isvårighetsgrad, flertalet kan dock förhindras eller fördröjas med rätt vård.Behandlingen består till stor del av egenvård, men även av läkemedel. Bristen påföljsamhet hos patienterna till rekommendationerna från hälso- och sjukvården ledertill ökat lidande för patienten samt stora kostnader för samhället.Syfte: Att undersöka vilka faktorer som motiverar till egenvård för patienter meddiabetes mellitus typ två.Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på sexton vetenskapliga, kvalitativa ochkvantitativa artiklar. Artiklarna hämtades i databaserna CINAHL, PubMed ochPsykInfo.Resultat: I litteraturöversiktens resultat fann vi tre huvudkategorier som vi valt attbenämna som Individuella faktorer, Psykosocialt stöd och Uppnå resultat. Vidarekunde sju underkategorier identifieras med koppling till huvudkategorierna.Slutsats: För patienter med diabetes mellitus typ två är egenvården ettmångfacetterat problem där det psykosociala stödet spelar en viktig roll.Psykosocialt stöd verkar vara en av de viktigaste faktorerna, oavsett om detta stödkommer från familj och vänner, hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal eller från andradiabetiker. Vi fann att grupputbildningar uppfyller många av de behov sompatienterna har, då de får stöd av varandra samt lär sig av varandra. Detta ökarpatienternas motivation till förbättrad egenvård. / Background: Type two diabetes mellitus is a disease that is increasing worldwideas a result of increasingly sedentary lifestyle. The complications are many and varyin severity, but most can be prevented or delayed with the right care. The treatmentlargely consist of self-care, but also of medicines. The lack of compliance amongpatients to the recommendations from the health care system leads to increasedsuffering for the patient and large costs for society.Aim: To investigate the factors that motivate self-care for patients with type 2diabetes mellitus.Method: A literature review based on sixteen scientific, qualitative and quantitativearticles. The articles were retrieved from the databases CINAHL, PubMed andPsykInfo.Results: In the results of the literature review, we found three main categories thatwe have chosen to name as Individual factors, Psychlogical support and Achieveresults. Furthermore, seven subcategories could be identified in connection with themain categories.Conclusion: For patients with type two diabetes mellitus, self-care is amultifaceted problem where psychosocial support plays an important role.Psychsocial support seems to be one of the most important factors, whether thissupport comes from family and friends, healthcare professionals or from otherdiabetics. We found that group educations meet many of the needs of patients, asthey recieve support from each other and learn from each other. This increasespatients´ motivation for improved self-care.

Swerea KIMAB is one of Europe’s leading institutes for metallic materials and excels in many different areas. KIMAB’s main advantage is its open internal structure where all groups and projects can share information and knowledge between the sections. After moving to new premises it was noted that the surface fatigue test rig that had been used had started to leak oil and was no longer suitable for new projects. Because surface fatigue testing will be of importance in the future for the development of new alloys that will replace existing alloys in for example gears, this thesis was created as a foundation for how a new test rig should be acquired.This thesis goal is to describe KIMAB’s requirements in a test rig and to do a market screening over existing solutions for test rigs. Thereafter a designed concept shall be developed for KIMAB’s specific requirements and describe how it should be made. These different parts will be the ground for how KIMAB should continue in the acquisition of a new rig.The base of the thesis is a literature study in surface fatigue, its mechanics and how these can be affected to give the desired test scenario. This information is used to make a market screening for suitable test rigs that fulfils the requirements. Thereafter a concept generation is made and evaluated during a meeting on KIMAB. The chosen concept will then be designed to be user friendly, robust and as reliable as possible.When the final concept is done and quotes from manufacturers have been gathered for most of the parts in the design, a time and cost estimation was made to give the reader the chance of deciding which alternative is the most suitable for KIMAB. This choice has to be made with regard to future projects and how the market will develop for the ordering of surface fatigue testing. / Swerea KIMAB är ett av Europas ledande institut för metalliska material med spetskompetens inom ett flertal områden. KIMAB’s stora fördel är dess öppna interna struktur där alla grupper och projekt kan dela information och kunskap emellan avdelningarna. Efter att KIMAB flyttade till nya lokaler uppmärksammades det att den kontaktutmattningsrigg de använt under flera år började läcka olja och inte längre var optimal för dagens projekt. Eftersom kontaktutmattning kommer att bli ett viktigare inslag i framtiden då nya legeringar kommer att ersätta befintliga i exempelvis kugghjul, så skapades detta examensjobb som en grund för hur en ny rigg skall införskaffas.Detta examensjobb har som mål att beskriva KIMAB’s behov i en testrigg samt att göra en marknadsundersökning efter befintliga riggar. Därefter skall ett förslag designas på hur en testrigg som är anpassas just för KIMAB’s behov skall kunna byggas. Dessa delar skall sedan ligga som grund för hur KIMAB skall gå vidare i införskaffandet av en ny rigg.Examensarbetets grund ligger i en litteraturstudie i kontaktutmattningsskador samt mekanismerna bakom dessa skador och hur de kan påverkas i ett test scenario. Denna kunskap användes för att undersöka marknaden efter lämpliga riggar som kan uppfylla kraven. Därefter skapades ett antal koncept som utvärderades under ett möte på KIMAB. Det koncept som valdes har därefter designats för att vara så användarvänligt och tillförlitligt som möjligt.När konceptet var färdigställt och prisuppgifter hämtats in på merparten av delarna så har en kostnads och tidskalkyl utförts för att låta läsaren avgöra vilket alternativ som passar bäst för KIMAB. Detta val måste baseras på framtida projekt och hur marknaden ser ut för beställning av kontaktutmattningsprover.

"Två" behandlar ett försök till att förstå det egna konstnärsskapet som språk, i ett sorts sökande av språkens gränser och delar, en lek med delarna och gränserna i ett försök till ett nytt språk där språket inte står för något - där delarna är sig själva i det nya språket.  ”Det är lätt att förlora sig bland orden, men mycket svårare blir det om ni slår följe. Det finns vissa ord som tror att de vet skälet till sin förändring, men som i själva verket inte ens vet sitt eget namn. Jag tror inte något ord vet riktigt vad det vill, ska eller kan.”

Ett flertal studier lyfter fram ett forskningsresultat som tyder på att elevers motivation är avgörande för deras läs- samt skrivutveckling. Inom forskningen finns det däremot en lucka som kräver vidare studier och belägg för hur elevers motivation påverkas av olika skrivverktyg. Syftet med vår studie är således att undersöka hur elevers motivation i skrivundervisningen påverkas vid användning av digitala verktyg i jämförelse med papper och penna. Den teori som utgör en grund för studien är Self-determination theory, eller översättning till självbestämmandeteorin på svenska, som fokuserar på olika typer av motivation. För att besvara de formulerade frågeställningarna har elever i årskurs 2 deltagit genom att totalt 51 elevtexter samlats in och av dessa har 14 elever slumpmässigt valts ut för att delta i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att det kan vara av betydelse att ha en varierad skrivpraktik då elever tenderar att motiveras mer av ett verktyg som de tidigare inte använt så mycket, än vid användning av något som de är vana vid. Resultatet visar även att skrivuppgifter i vissa fall kan påverkar motivationen mer än vad skrivverktyget gör och att elevernas egna uppfattningar om skrivvertygets nackdelar respektive fördelar har en viss påverkan. Vidare tyder resultatet på att elevernas texter ökar i längd och användningen av punkt och stor bokstav blir mer korrekt när de får skriva på datorn, vilket delvis kan bero på ökad motivation.

Pneumatic vacuum systems are today used in automated manufacturing and packaging industries. Before an automated system is allowed to lift an object the control system has to get a good to go signal that informs that the desired vacuum level is reached in the gripper and that it is able to lift the object. The device sending this signal is called a vacuum switch. To reduce the energy consumption of the system the vacuum switch should also send a signal to the energy saving system. The work is conducted for Piab AB in Täby in Sweden. The purpose of this master thesis was to dimension and design a new electromechanical vacuum switch that is able to send a signal from two vacuum levels. The two levels should be adjustable but also dependent of each other to make the switch more reliable. The work resulted in an electromechanical vacuum switch with two dependent and adjustable signals. The switch met 13 of the 15 tested requirements. One of the requirements it failed to meet was the height requirement and the other was a performance parameter which it marginally failed. Further more, all requirements could not be verified. A full verification will have to be done with a later prototype. More work has to be done on the switch before it meets all the requirements and functions as desired, but the purpose can be considered fulfilled since all the basic functions are working as desired. / Pneumatiska vakuumsystem används idag inom automatiserade industrier. Innan ett automatiserat system är tillåtet att lyfta ett objekt måste kontrollsystemet få en OK signal som informerar om att den önskade vakuumnivån är uppnåd i gripdonet. Enheten som skickar OK signalen kallas en vakuumvakt. För att hålla nere på systemets energikonsumtion ska vakuumvakten även skicka en signal till energisparsystemet. Arbetet är utfört på Piab AB i Täby i Sverige. Syftet med det här examensarbetet var att dimensionera och konstruera en ny elektromekanisk vakuumvakt som kan skicka en signal från två olika vakuumnivåer. Dessa två vakuumnivåer ska vara justerbara men också beroende av varandra för att göra vakuumvakten mer pålitlig. Arbetet resulterade i en elektromekanisk vakuumvakt med två justerbara och beroende av varandra vakuumnivåer. Vakten uppfyllde 13 av 15 testade krav. En av de krav den inte klarade av att uppfylla var höjdbegränsningen, det andra kravet missade vakten marginellt och det var ett prestandakrav. Alla krav kunde inte verifieras, en fullständig verifikation av de specifierade kraven bör göras med en senare prototyp. Mer arbete behöver läggas ner på vakten innan den uppfyller alla krav och fungerar som önskat, men syftet med arbetet kan fortfarande anses vara uppfyllt eftersom alla grundläggande funktioner fungerar som det är tänkt.

The supply of cooling has increased significantly in recent years, the trend shows that the increase will continue one reason is that the standard of living has increased, but EU has also set a requirement that energy consumption must be better at the same time. With “better” means more efficient and environmentally friendly. District cooling today uses either chillers or naturally available cold sources such as deep sea water, lake water or cold air. Cold air is, of course, only available when the seasons permit it and the cold air is not available when comfort cooling is needed for e.g. offices. The only alternative for areas that do not have a cold water source nearby is to use chillers. The most common chillers today are compressor chillers and absorption chillers. The most interesting chiller for the energy and environmental company HEM in Halmstad, is the absorption chiller which is driven by heat. HEM has, during the summer, surplus heat produced in Kristinehed plant which they want to use, they also have an increased inventory of waste during the summer which they get from the municipality of Halland. This heat is, of course, qualified to be used in the making of cold. Absorption chillers is today, however, not as common as compressor chillers which are capable of dealing with most cooling capacities, from small to large, and simultaneously works more or less flawlessly. Most of today’s absorption chillers are of a few hundred kW and upwards while there are no absorption chillers for the smaller effects, they are also very expensive and can have problems with crystallization of the absorbent if the operation is handled incorrectly. But it’s also expensive when it comes to piping of district cooling networks depending on where the pipes are desired, for example if it is the middle of town or over a grass field. A fictional project of the area Sannarp is used for a case study in this thesis where one investment alternative was to extend the existing district cooling pipes and another alternative was to invest in absorption chillers to meet the company's cooling demand. The results were obviously much affected by the area's layout and the distance to the first company starting from the existing pipe. The company's cooling demand also affected the results and the first alternatives investment cost could only be competitive with alternative 2 because the distance was just of the right length. If the distance to the company had been shorter, then the cooling demand for the same company has had to be less. The conclusion of the project was still in the end that and expansion of the current district cooling network to the company was the most feasible and economically advantageous.