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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

客服中心委外服務之個案研究

林幼青, Lin, Yu-Ching Unknown Date (has links)
客服中心在顧客量龐大的產業中扮演非常重要的角色,為企業與顧客互動的一個重要環節。近年來,客服產業快速成長,企業紛紛藉由客服中心的建置來提升顧客滿意與經營績效,然而建置客服中心所需投入的精力與成本,對企業而言卻是一個不小的負擔,因此有了承接客服中心委外業務的專業客服公司出現,成為企業建置及運作客服中心時的另一個選擇。 本研究的主要目的即在進行客服中心委外決策的探討,從委外利益與成本的角度出發,釐清影響客服中心委外決策的關鍵考量因素,一方面做為企業制定委外決策時的參考依據,一方面也有助於專業客服公司瞭解企業客戶之真正需求,提升委外客服產業之服務水準,使最終顧客因此受益。 由於國內這方面的研究尚在起步階段,因此本研究採個案研究法進行探索性的研究,分別訪談了五個產業別的十三家企業機構,進行個案的分析探討。本研究發現企業機構在制定委外決策時的考量因素可分為兩大類:「委外利益」與「交易成本」方面的考量;「委外利益」的考量因素包括降低成本、提升服務品質以及專業化的人力與設備;「交易成本」的考量因素則包括客戶資料外洩、代理問題、管理監督不易以及不能主動快速因應。企業機構在制定委外決策時,會同時考量「委外利益」與「交易成本」的考量因素,而研究發現「委外利益」的考量對委外決策有正向的影響,「交易成本」對委外決策則有負向的影響。 本研究亦發現不同的組織特性也會影響客服中心的委外決策,這些組織特性包括產業類別、客服中心規模、業務內容、主事者的態度、本土或外商公司、公私部門等。分析發現:(1)產業類別會影響客服中心委外決策的制定,且不同產業類別所著重的委外考量因素有明顯差異;(2)中型規模客服中心委外的可能性較大型與小型客服中心高;(3)客服中心的業務內容愈單純委外的可能性愈高。(4)主事者的態度在客服中心的委外決策中具有關鍵性的影響;(5)外商公司委外的可能性較本土企業低;(6)公部門委外的可能性較私部門高,且公部門在進行委外決策時,主要集中在「委外利益」的考量上;而私部門則集中在「交易成本」的考量上。 客服中心扮演著企業與顧客間互動的橋樑,若能運作順暢,對企業而言等於是累積了一份長久的資產,因此,企業應該認真思考客服中心的定位以及企業所賦予的使命。此外,專業的委外客服公司在客服產業的經驗與能力,仍然可供許多企業借鏡與學習,企業應採取更為開放的心胸,將外部資源納入企業運作時的策略性思考中,增加運作的彈性與籌碼。 / Call center plays an important role in the industries where the population of existing and potential customers is enormous. In recent years, call center industry grows rapidly. In order to raise customer satisfaction and improve business performance, many corporate devote to establish their own call centers. Nevertheless, the cost needed to build a call center represents a large burden for many of these corporate. This has lead to the emergence of many call center outsourcing companies recently and become another option for the corporate who wish to establish their own call centers. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the elements which influence the outsourcing decision of call center. From the angle of both the benefit and cost of outsourcing, the research wants to clarify the issue on how do the critical elements affect the call center outsourcing decision. However, research of this particular field in Taiwan is still at its infant stage, therefore this explorative study adopts the case study research method. The research interviews thirteen cases in five different industries, including corporate and institutions. The finding of this study suggests that the elements which affect corporate consideration on whether to outsource or not could be categorized into two groups: i) Benefit gained from outsourcing; ii) Transaction Cost. Benefit gained from outsourcing may include reducing cost, raising service quality, and seeking professional agents and equipments; Transaction Cost includes disclosing customer data, agent problems, supervise difficulty, and unable to respond automatically and rapidly. The corporate would consider both the benefit gained from outsourcing and the transaction Cost when making the outsourcing decision. Our finding suggests that the benefit gained from outsourcing has the positive effect on outsourcing decision, while the transaction Cost has the opposite effect. In addition, this research also finds that the characteristics of an organization which include the industry categories in which an organization belongs to; the scale of call centers, business contents of call center, the attitude of the decision maker; the differences between local and foreign firms; and the differences between private and public sectors, would also have certain degree of influences on the outsourcing decision of call center. Different industry categories make different influences in both outsourcing decisions and outsourcing considerable elements. (1) The middle scale of call center is more possible to be outsourced than the large and small ones. (2) The simpler of business contents of call center, the more possible to outsource the call center. (3) The attitude of decision maker has the critical effect in outsourcing decision of call center. (4) The foreign company is less possible to outsource the call center than the local company in the same industry. (5) The public sector is more possible to outsource the call center than the private sector.
142

以公益信託從事非營利事業之探討

劉昇昌 Unknown Date (has links)
公益信託係以慈善、文化、藝術、宗教、祭祀或其他以公共利益為目的之信託,其形式所有與實質所有分離之架構及無基金門檻之限制,較能達到責信功能與便利設立之優點,故應可發展成非營利組織之重要型態;惟我國公益信託制度直到2005年年終,信託法立法已近十年,2001年修正通過的各信託稅法,明訂在符合一定條件下,捐贈者享有稅賦減免,且國內外文獻對公益信託制度亦多有介紹,何以國外可以發展蓬勃之制度,在我國卻遲遲無法推展?因此本文主要研究公益信託無法推展之原因,與如何推展公益信託制度。 本文除介紹公益信託法制,另舉財團法人與公益信託作一比較,此外,以個案研究實例,說明公益信託實務之運作,並探討公益信託整體環境之發展。 公益信託型態之非營利組職,何以至今尚未普遍設立,本文以為原因如下: 一、捐助者與社會大眾,仍習慣於社團與財團等型態之非營利組織,對於公益信託之設立、運作與功能較不明瞭。 二、因稅法規定,為享受租稅減免,則受託人必須是信託業法所稱之信託業,為其必要條件之一,因此委託人將有下列幾項考慮: 1、受託人(信託業)執行信託事務時,是否會與委託人設立公益信託之理想不 一致? 2、受託人(信託業)是否有足夠的事務經營能力? 3、不可諱言,亦有部份人擔心受託人係信託業,以致其監督機制較嚴,而影響其設立意願。 三、 我國信託業就公益信託之業務,尚於發展階段,而不具經濟規模,因報酬、人才及法律責任之考量,亦降低其承接意願。 四、我國傳統社會價值觀念的影響,即使捐贈財產成立非營利組織,仍希望有控制權,因此對於公益信託由受託人,管理或處分財產,較不能接受。 五、成立公益信託必須符合各目的事業主管機關頒布之監督準則及許可,增加設立公益信託之困難。 本文最後認為,公益信託設立無最低基金門檻、支出不受達收入百分之七十以上之規定、基金及收入無運用與存放金融機構等限制,以上簡便與彈性之優點,若能妥善運用,對整體非營利事業之發展應有助益,當然其並非取代其他非營利組織,而係提供從事非營利事業者,另一型態之選擇。 / Public trust has the following purposes: charity, culture, art, religion, sacrifice offerings, and other public interests. It is relatively more capable of achieving accountability and convenient establishment because its structure separates real possessions from nominal possessions and it doesn’t have restrictions on funds. Therefore, it is a potential fundamental form for non-profit organizations. To the end of 2005, domestic trust laws have been established for nearly ten years. Amendment of trust tax laws in 2001 has specified that under certain conditions donators are eligible to tax reductions. There have also been many introductions to the public trust system in domestic and foreign documents. How is it then that a flourishing system overseas can’t be implemented domestically? Therefore, this article studies the reasons that public trust has been unable to be implemented and how it should be implemented. This article introduces the public trust legal system and also compares legal foundations with public trust. Furthermore, it uses case study to describe the operation of public trust practices and discusses the development of the overall environment for public trust. This article believes that the reasons for the uncommon establishment of non-profit organizations in the form of public trust are as follows: 1. Donators and the public are more accustomed to non-profit organizations in the form of a corporation and legal foundation and do not understand the operation and functions of public trust. 2. According to tax laws, the trustee must be a trust enterprise defined by the trust enterprise act in order to enjoy tax reductions. Therefore, the client should have the following considerations: 1) When executing trust affairs, will the trustee (trust enterprise) have the same ideal as the client for establishing public trust? 2) Does the trustee (trust enterprise) have sufficient business operation abilities? 3) The willingness for establishing public trust is influenced by worries that the trustee is a trust enterprise with strict monitoring mechanisms. 3. Domestic public trust affairs are still in the development stage and don’t possess economic scale, considerations for return, personnel, and legal responsibilities have also lowered the willingness of clients. 4. Due to the values of our traditional society, donators wish to have control over non-profit organizations established from their donations, which is why they are unable to accept public trust which allows the trustee to manage and handle assets. 5. The establishment of public trust must conform to the monitoring principles of supervising institutions and be approved of, which increases the difficulty of establishment. Finally, public trust has no restrictions on minimum funds, how funds and income are to be utilized, if funds and income are to be deposited in financial institutions, and whether or not expenses should exceed seventy percent of income; this article believes that the development of the overall non-profit business should benefit if the simple and flexible advantages listed above are thoroughly utilized. Of course this article is not saying that public trust should replace other non-profit organizations, it is merely providing another option for those who wish to enter the non-profit business.
143

不當勞動行為制度之研究-以日本與我國之「不利益待遇」為中心

張義德 Unknown Date (has links)
對於雇主而言,工會的存在如芒刺在背,因此常常對工會採取敵視的態度,並採取種種的手段以影響工會之成立、發展與活動,此種現象在世界各工業先進國家皆然,為資本主義經濟下所無法避免的結果。此種涉及工會之組成、活動的不當行為,即為所謂的「不當勞動行為」。 以日本勞動組合法為例,於第七條規定了「不利益待遇」、「拒絕團體協商」與「支配介入」等三大不當勞動行為的類型,並於第二十七條以下規定了特殊的行政救濟程序。然而由於「不利益待遇」事件為最容易發生的不當勞動行為類型,故本文於闡述了不當勞動行為之共通基本法理後,將焦點置於「不利益待遇」之探究。 依日本勞動組合法,不利益待遇的要件有三,即:1、「不利益待遇之原因」,乃包括勞工「身為工會之會員」、「欲加入或欲組成工會」、及「進行工會之正當行為」等行使團結權的行為。而對於2、「不當勞動行為意思」日本之實務及學說有「主觀要件說」與「客觀要件說」之爭。又,與「不當勞動行為意思」相關的另一重要問題為在雇主對於勞工之不利益處分有正當理由而與不當勞動行為意思產生競合的情況究應如何解決,實務及學說對此亦有所爭論。此外,3、「不利益處分」所發生的問題乃究竟雇主的那些行為構成不利益待遇,亦即不利益待遇態樣之問題。 因為不利益待遇之態樣五花八門,不同的類型可能有不同的認定方式與救濟內容,故本文乃按下列之分類一一加以檢視,亦即:(1)「對於勞動契約關係之不利益」與(2)「對於勞工進行工會活動上之不利益」與(3)「對於勞工私生活上之不利益」。而「對於勞動契約關係之不利益」又可再分為①「勞動契約成立上不利益」(包括黃犬契約、拒絕錄用)、②「勞動契約存續中之不利益」(包括工資與其他金錢給付之差別待遇、昇格、昇任、調職、懲戒、精神上之不利益等)與③「勞動契約終止上之不利益」(包括解僱、合意終止與強迫辭職、定期勞動契約之拒絕更新、試用期間後拒絕採用為正式員工等)。 雖然日本勞動組合法第七條第一款對於不利益待遇有明確地禁止規定,然而僅有明確地法規範尚不足以保障團結而形成公正的勞資關係秩序,尚需實務及學說充實及豐富其內容,才能使勞動組合法中的規定發揮功能。例如:不將「雇主」的概念限縮為勞動契約的相對人,而採取擴張解釋之方式;於發生查定差別時,採取「大量觀察方式」以減輕勞方的證明責任;除了「對於勞動關係上之不利益」外,尚承認對於「勞工進行工會活動之不利益」與「對於勞工私生活上之不利益」等。 相對於日本法,我國法則有如下之問題。 首先,對於我國現行工會法中的「工會之保護」相關規定所保障的不當勞動行為類型範圍過於狹窄,對於工會活動之保護僅限於勞資爭議期間而有保護期間過短的問題。而對於雇主違反工會之保護規定時之法律效果,工會法第五十七條雖有規定罰則,但在實際上根本無法運作,從而我國工會法中的「工會之保護」規定根本無法達成保護工會之目的,而有修正之必要。 其次,本文發現在實際的訴訟案件中,不論當事人之主張或法院判決均對於「工會之保護」相關規定之認識相當有限,不只當事人多僅主張雇主違反個別勞動法上之規定或法理,請求法院確認雇主之不利益待遇行為無效,即使當事人主張雇主違反工會法上之工會保護相關規定,法院仍然多僅依個別勞動法上之規定或法理來解決此爭議。而就案例的數量與類型而言,在法院中所爭訟的不當勞動行為相關案件並不多見,僅約有六十個事件,且多集中在「解僱」之不利益待遇。 由於我國現行的「工會保護」規定在立法上及實務的運作上有上述之問題,故在學界及工運界均有主張應引進美、日之不當勞動行為制度之聲,行政院勞工委員會也提出了多次的工會法修正草案。以行政院院會於2007年4月26日所通過之工會法修正草案為例,除於第三十一條對於不當勞動行為有較現行工會法之工會保護規定有較為完善的規範外,亦有明確地處罰規定。故對於保護的類型、違反之效果與救濟之內容均較現行工會法中「工會保護」規定周延許多。雖然本文以為這些規定仍有所疑義,對於這些疑義若不以立法的方法加以解決,則僅得以學說或施行後的所發出的裁決命令或司法判決加以補充。此外,日本實務及學說對於不利益待遇之認定方式與救濟內容,於我國未來完成立法後,應得供實務參考,以保障勞工之團結權,並使我國之勞資關係朝「正常化」之方向邁進。
144

專利侵權損害賠償額之研究 / A Study on the damages award of the patent infringement

楊晉佳, Yang, Chin Chia Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在探討專利侵權損害賠償請求之範圍及賠償數額之計算方法,以我國法律規定及實務運作情形為主,並比較美國、中國大陸的規定及實務運作情形,尤其智慧財產法院自97年7月1日成立後,其在損害賠償方面之實務見解是否比過去數十年的實務運作有更創新之看法,茲為我國將來專利法修法之參考,並與實務運作相互印證。第一章緒論,說明研究背景與動機,研究目的、研究方法及流程。第二章說明專利權之定義、種類,專利侵害之類型,專利鑑定、步驟、原則及我國的專利損害賠償制度。第三章則專以損害賠償額計算之規定及實務判決研究為主,並兼論及非財產上損害,如信譽損害、律師及其他費用等。第四章比較TRIPS、中國大陸及美國之規定,尤其以美國法及判決為重點,討論我國是否應如美國一樣,增訂合理權利金之條款,又合理權利金之達成是否應在兩造自由意願下簽訂,而不能受到訴訟之威脅。第五章以過去一年來最新成立智慧財產法院判決分析比較,分析是否與之前的實務判決有不同之作法及是否已大幅改善之前實務的缺點,提出個人看法。最後一章則提出本文建議的解決方案或可供臺灣專利法修正草案之參考。 透過本文將可瞭解過去各地方法院關於專利侵權之判決、美國實務判決之立論基礎,並與智慧財產法院成立後之最新出爐判決相互比較,以資作為將來修正專利法之參考建議,並期許智慧財產法院將來在專利侵權訴訟更能保障專利權人之權利,使專利權人獲得應有之賠償,願意投入更多的資金及研發人員,創造有價值的專利,以促進科技發展,造福人類。 關鍵字:專利侵權、智慧財產、損害賠償、所失利益、合理權利金、智慧財產法院 / This study aims to explore the ambit of the patent infringement compensation and the method to calculate the damages award for the patent infringement. This thesis focuses on Taiwan’s patent law and judicial practice, compared to the regulations and practices of TRIPS , the United States, and the mainland China. Besides, with the establishment of the Intellectual Property Court since July 1, 2008 in Taiwan, did this new Taiwan Intellectual Property Court have made more innovative decisions than the past few decades ? Chapter I is the introduction of this study’s background and motivation, research purpose, research methodology and process. Chapter II refers to the definition of the patent right, types of the patent infringement, steps & principles of the patent infringement identification, and our country's patent infringement relief system. Chapter III is dedicated to the calculation of the damages award in the amount based on the provisions and court’s decision, and to deal with non-property damages, such as the reputation damages, legal fees and other costs. Chapter IV compares the regulations and practices of the TRIPS, the United States and the mainland China, in particular the United States court’s decisions.Whether our patent law should adopt the theory of reasonable royalty, as the law or judicial enforcement in the United States? Should a reasonable royalty be based on two parties under the free wills but not by the threat of litigations.Chapter V analyzes the outcomes of the Intellectual Property Court’s rulings in the past one year. Are their rulings different from the past practices? Whether they can greatly avoid the criticisms of the prior practice;Also, I will advance my personal view in this chapter. The final chapter of this thesis will put forward the proposals for the amendment to the Patent Law in Taiwan in the future.This thesis hopes to make you have a basic understanding of the past practices of the district court rulings in Taiwan, the comparisons of the practical theories in the United States, and the latest court rulings released by the Intellectual Property Court, for future reference of the amendment to the patent law.And hope that the Intellectual Property Court could even more protect the rights of patent holders in the future, so that the inventors may obtain adequate compensation, therefore they will be willing to invest more capital in R & D to create more valuable patents for the benefit of the people. Key words: patent infringement, intellectual property, compensatory damages, lost profits, reasonable royalty, Intellectual Property Court.
145

臺北市區公所如何營造民主參與的公民社會:新公共服務途徑 / How to establish the democratic-participating civil society by Taipei City District Office : new public service approach

林正德, Lin, Cheng Te Unknown Date (has links)
2000年Denhardt氏二人提出新公共服務理論,主張「信任合作」、「公共利益」、「服務」、「共享」等理念,強調政府角色的轉變由領航轉變成為服務、重視公民社會與公共利益、注重政府與社區之間的溝通等,以提升公共服務的尊嚴與價值,並確保公共行政的民主、公民資格與公共利益等核心價值。因此,現今政府機關除了講求為民服務,也應該重視人性尊嚴,強調民主參與及公民精神,而公共行政人員也應當自我省思、重新體會服務的意義,以及現代公務人員應有的認知、態度和價值,同時建立民主參與或民主治理的機制,引導公民透過公共事務的參與和意見的表達,共同建立公民社會,以追求公平、正義、關懷等價值之實現。 區公所作為臺北市政府最基層的為民服務單位,其如何提供公共服務並引導民眾參與公共事務、協助公民社會之建立,實有研究之必要。本研究乃從新公共服務面向切入,藉由文獻的回顧與整理,建立新公共服務、公民社會與臺北市區公所三者的關係,並且運用參與觀察法及深度訪談法,蒐集分析區公所人員、里長、社會團體代表及區民對於公共服務及公民參與的認知與看法,以及區公所和與民眾、社區和團體的互動情形,期能對於政府機關、公務人員及民眾在為民服務、公民參與及公民社會的建立上提供相關建議。 本研究發現,臺北市區公所近年來致力於公共服務品質的提升,已獲民眾肯定,而在公私協力合作方面,亦獲得許多社會資源的協助;另一方面,雖然市政府及區公所提供了許多管道讓民眾得以參與公共事務,但民眾之公民參與仍有待加強,而其公民意識亦有待培養。因此,本研究建議,政府機關服務要更主動積極,對於各項活動及政策要加強宣導,並應負起公民教育的責任,與民間團體建立長期的夥伴關係,同時應落實輪調制度、建立內部參與管道並適時激勵員工;公務人員應體認新公共服務精神,把公務生涯當作修行、公共服務當作志業,同時對自己的工作進行反思,透過自我充實,增加智慧解決問題與壓力,以建立服務的心態與熱忱,勇於面對未來的挑戰;而民眾亦應瞭解新公共服務的意涵,提昇自己的公民性格及民主素養,學習尊重別人並為他人服務,積極參與公共事務並承擔社會責任,為公民社會的建立共同努力。 / In 2000, Denhardt and Denhardt unveiled their theory of the new public service to give out such concepts as trust and cooperation, public interest, serving and sharing. They stress the government should change its role from steering to serving, pay attention to civil society and public interest, and lay emphasis upon its communication with communities, so as to boost the importance and value of public service and assert the democracy of public administration and the core value of citizenship and public interest. For the sake, in addition to serve people, the government nowadays should also pay attention to human dignity and encourage democratic participation and civil spirit, while public administrators should reconsider the meaning of service and what knowledge, attitude and values they should learn as a public administrator. Meanwhile, they should establish institutions for democratic participations and democratic rule and find ways for people to establish a civil society through participation in public affairs and expression of personal opinions to pursue the cause of fairness, justice and humanistic concerns. Since district offices are grass-root service unit for Taipei Municipal Government, finding how they offer public service, steer people to participate in public affairs and help establish a civil society is essential. So, focusing on the new public service, the Study managed to establish the links between the new public service, civil society and district offices of Taipei Government by reviewing and taking up the literature available. Furthermore, by means of participant observation and in-depth interview, the Study has succeeded in collecting data about district office staff, li heads, representatives of social group and district residents’ knowledge and views of public service and citizen participation, and interactions between district offices, the general public, communities and social groups. The purpose is to offer ideas to government institutions, government employees, and citizens in general with respect to public service, citizen participation and the establishment of a civil society. As a result, the Study found that the district offices’ efforts at boosting the quality of public service has been approved by the people while obtaining lots of help from many sources in the society for their cooperation program between public and private units. But, on the other hand, though lots of opportunities were offered by Taipei Government and its district offices for people to participate in public affairs, their participation willingness is still be desired and their civil identity is still to be cultivated. So, the Study suggested the government institutions to render their service more positively, boost their policy and activities introduction, bear their responsibilities for civil education, establish long-term partnership with civil groups, enforce rotation system, and establish channels for inside participation so as to encourage the employees at due course. It is expected that government employees will heed the spirit of the new public service and make their career a life-time devotion and public service their cause. They should also examine their jobs critically and try to better themselves so as to solve their problems and pressure with more wisdom while facing future challenge with their readiness to service and enthusiasm. On the part of the citizens, they should learn to understand the meaning of the new public service, uplift their citizen character and breeding, respect others and render service to others, take part in public affairs positively and shoulder their own social responsibility so as to establish a civil society through mutual efforts.
146

日本對湄公區域之援助外交研究:以泰國為例 / Japan's ODA policy in Mekong subregion : a case study of Thailand

邱妗榆, Chiu, Chin Yu Unknown Date (has links)
「政府開發援助」長期以來在日本對外關係的經營被視為是舉足輕重的政策工具。本研究認為「政府開發援助」在本質上牽涉到國家利益與國際公益的辯論,為了進一步分析日本援外政策在東南亞的實踐,本研究擬將國家利益與國際公益進行類型化分析,並且以「國家利益的在地化」作為研究途徑,觀察日本如何將國家利益發展成國際公益,並且透過國際公益的轉化,結合在地的國家利益,實施對外援助的兩階段過程。 本研究嘗試著將兩階段的過程對應到日本東南亞外交政策的發展脈絡上,發現日本的東南亞政策歷經「信任醞釀期」、「擴大合作期」與「深化協力期」三項主要轉折。從政策發展脈絡中,可以發現日本對於援外政策的理念驅動政策的變遷,不同時期的援外政策代表著不同的國家利益,而國家利益的形塑則來自於不同時期日本對東南亞的認識與關注。 在當前日本東南亞政策的討論中,本研究發現日本所組建的「日本-湄公協力」是一套以對話形塑理念的多邊機制。上述機制突破傳統以雙邊關係為基礎的援助關係,顯示日本逐漸採行區域開發的整體形式,將自身的外交作為與存在感融入區域開發議程中,進而強化日本、湄公區域乃至於東協十國的全方位連結。 本論文認為援助在日本的外交層面、貿易層面以及國家品牌的建構上,扮演至關重要的角色。從次區域的角度來看,跨域援助的實現是強化與東南亞交往的重要政策工具,不僅有助於日本建構區域論述權、持續主導區域開發議程,更能將區域的成長動能轉化為日本國內產業升級、培養高層人際網絡的政治資源。日本在亞洲所樹立的援助模式與轉型,尤其值得臺灣參考。 / Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been an important tool of Japan’s foreign policy. This thesis argues that ODA involves with the debate on national interests and international welfare. For observing the practice of Japan’s foreign aid in Southeast Asia, this research conducts classification analysis. First, national interests and international interests are defined respectively. Second, “localization of national interests” approach is used to observe the process in which national interests are transformed into international interests by integrating local concerns into the original targets. Two phases above correspond into the development of Japan’s Southeast Asia policy, which could be separated into three stages, including “trust-building stage”, “cooperation-enhancing stage” and “cooperation-deepening stage”. These policy variations are motivated by Japan’s concept on ODA, shaped by Japan’s perception towards Southeast Asia. Japan-Mekong Cooperation is a multilateral mechanism to shape shared idea through dialogues. The Japan-Mekong Cooperation suggests Japan’s holistic approach on regional development issues to increase its presence in the region. Furthermore, it could be a basis to strengthen the connections between Japan and ASEAN member states. Japan's ODA plays important roles in its diplomacy, trade and construction of Japan’s national brand. From sub-region perspective, Japan’s aid is also an important policy leverage to strengthen its relations with related states, to establish its discourse power in the region, and to upgrade Japanese domestic industries. Japan’s aid paradigm could be a useful experience for policy makers in Taiwan.
147

中國內地檢察機關提起民事公益訴訟適格性探析 =Locus standi of the procuratorial organs in civil public interest litigation in mainland China / Locus standi of the procuratorial organs in civil public interest litigation in mainland China

劉沛 January 2016 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Law
148

非正式住居強制拆遷之公共利益?—— 一個以華光社區為中心的差異政治分析 / Public Interest in Forced Eviction of Informal Settlements? An Analysis Based on Politics of Difference of the Huakuang Community Case

胡家崎, Hu, Chia Chi Unknown Date (has links)
對於已開發國家而言,都市土地的開發往往趨於飽和,因此多藉助舊有土地再開發之策略增加居住或者使用空間,並以此為「公共利益」而證立其正當性。然而,開發行為亦涉及諸多對人權之干預,尤其在強制拆遷的執行上,一方面侵害既有居住者之私人與家庭生活,另方面則因欠缺程序權保障而徒增糾紛。同時,因為臺灣當前對強制拆遷之司法論述,仍聚焦於財產權範疇,而使司法人權保障難以及於非正式住居者。 本文擬以非正式住居之居住權保障為中心,整合人權法治與政治思想,透過國際人權法與當代正義理論的詮釋,以討論公權力主張公共利益執行強制拆遷之界限。本文主張,衡平權利衝突之公共利益,應進一步以差異政治之觀點加以審視。法律做為一種權利保障機制,應避免制度設計對於對社會弱勢形成壓迫、支配。故自承認政治的觀點出發,非正式住居者亦應受正當法律程序保障,才是社會正義實踐之基礎。 / For developed countries, urban region was overdeveloped. Facing with this condition, the government used to resort to the strategy of urban renew, trying to make the most efficient use of the urban land and claim the renew project was based on the public interest. However, the urban renew project execution often violate the human right condition, especially the execution of forced eviction. In Taiwan, the government disobeyed the due process principle, infringed the right to respect for private and family life. The process also resulted the conflict between government and citizens. Such kind of dilemma reveals that the legal protection of housing right was limited primarily to the property rights, and it’s also the reason why informal settlement resident in Taiwan still couldn’t acquire the legal protection. In this article, we will focus on the housing right of the informal settlement and ascertain the boundary of the public interest in which created by urban renew, by the international humanitarian law and contemporary justice theory perspectives. In the end, from the point of the politics of difference, we consider that the informal-settled resident still should have the legal due process protection. The law should protect the social vulnerable from the oppression and domination of the injustice institution.
149

損害填補原則在保險法之運用及其缺失之探討

于志強 Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
150

公私部門協力關係之研究--台北市推動社區大學個案分析

朱森村, Chu Sen-Tsuen Unknown Date (has links)
面對要做的事無限,但能力有限之困境,政府部門的發展之道大致可歸納為二:(一)建立與提昇政府的能力—此涵蓋採行廣泛措施、活動的概念,這些措施的目的在於提昇公民和政府的能力,冀望產生更有效及更有回應力的公共服務與財貨。(二)市政業務民營化或協力化—透過民營化或協力化機制(規劃者、協調者、整合者及推動者)統合、激發運用民間資源。   在面對資源稀少性下,可運用幾項策略:(1)推動民營化;(2)形塑公民意識;(3)採行減肥措施;(4)採行合夥措施;(5)採用第三部門等五種策略。其中採行合夥措施接近公私部門協力關係,基本上,推動公私部門協力關係需奠立於公民意識和參與基礎之上。因為若有堅固的公民意識和參與基礎,將能導引公共政策的走向,同時減輕政府沉重的負擔。   在面對沉重的財政壓力與政策需求下,政府已開始改變做事方式,大力倡導公私部門協力,並允許公私部門間的競爭(劉毓玲,民82)。整個公私部門關係的轉變,由陌生到競爭合作,這些作法乃至於政府主動尋求私部門的協力參與;其主要核心觀念是改造政府具有效率和品質的政府,公部門不再只強調公平性的原則,同時要提高公共服務的水準,以因應民眾需求。「公私部門的協力關係(或稱合夥關係)」(public-private partnership)已成為目前國家建設公共政策上非常重要的一種理念。   筆者認為公私部門協力關係是:公私部門以平等互惠、共同參與、責任分擔的原則,建立一個以公民參與為基礎,以公共責任為核心,以公共利益為目的,結合公部門、私部門、第三部門及公民,並以建立公私協力機制為連結的公共服務責任網(network of responsibility),它具有下列內涵:(1)公私部門協力是公私部門組織文化性和結構性的改變;(2)公私部門協力兼顧效率與公共性;(3)公私部門協力是一種組織的關係或網絡。   因此,在本文中,首先探討公私部門關係,包括民營化方向及第三部門的參與,進而探討公私部門合作的新方向—公私部門協力關係。繼而論及公私部門協力理論,探討理論基礎—公民參與理論及新政府運動,再者論及公私部門協力運用策略、限制與解決之道。並以台北市社區大學的個案研究,探討公私部門在此一公共政策的合作關係。最後,希望作一理論與個案之整合,由公共利益與公共性的維護、公共責任的落實、公私協力機制的法制化探討公私部門協力關係的必要發展--公私協力機制的發展。此些觀念之內涵如下: 一、公共利益與公共性的維護   學者C.Ventriss(1991:12)曾言:「行政是政府的重心,而公共才是國家的核心」,一語點出「公共性」對於一個國家或政府的重要性,以及公共行政的核心價值所在。「公共性」積極意義的彰顯,也就是指人類共同事務必須經由社群成員的主動參與,以及成員間的相互溝通、意見表達,以形成共識,而這樣的共識及其付諸實踐的一切行動將有助於群體公益以及共同美善(common good)。 社區大學的成立,結合了政府部門、民間部門及社區團體及社區居民的共同參與而成立,其上課方式亦採取讓公民參與、公民自主的方式,充分展現了公共性的價值。 二、公共責任的落實   公私部門協力關係責任的承擔是由協力雙方共同承擔,這可由兩個面向探討之,一為政策議程設定,一為行政官僚組織人員。在議程的設定方面,有那些議題能被列入議程中討論,乃至於形成政策?以「參與式民主」(participatory democracy)的觀點而言,參與式民主意指(1)使政府行政人員的選拔過程更受一般平民的影響,此涉及政黨的民主化;(2)把許多與國家大致上無關的決策由地方政府或社會人民集會成立,以制衡中央過分集中的權力及行政官僚的勢力;(3)私人性組織的「民主化」等政策。參與式民主的觀點啟發了日後公共事務管理的新思維,如社區自覺與自治、公眾參與,以至於公私部門協力關係。因此,依據民主的意涵,議程設定的應然決策者應為人民,實現主權在民的理念。而公私部門協力關係亦可視為一種人民的參與和監督方式,藉由此種機制彌補議程設定的障礙,讓有些具有重要性、迫切性的議題或弱勢團體的需求,可以透過公私部門協力關係而予以處理。   在行政官僚組織探討上,一個健全的民主行政發展應考量以下幾個原則:(1)公共取向;(2)深思熟慮的抉擇;(3)公正正直的行為;(4)程序的尊重;(5)程序的尊重。 三、公私協力機制的法制化   公私部門協力關係的建立,並不意味協力雙方可以恣意作為而不受約束。公私部門協力關係不限於傳統的政治監督方式,可由具公信力的團體組織負責監督或用「誘因監督」方式由協力雙方根據預算和利益分配進行良性互動監督,即創造出一「公私協力機制」,以利永續經營發展。   就社區大學的未來發展而言,除須克服法令的限制外,另外尚須配合下列措施,以兼顧公平、正義與效率: 一、訂定類似委託民間辦理實施要點,逐步引進營利部門共同推動公共政策,以保障弱勢群體的權益,使其不致成為民營化的犧牲者。 二、積極輔導民間非營利部門健全發展,使服務供給市場能充分發展,增加民眾的選擇性,真正達到競爭、效率、高品質的目標,如此才能真正達到公私協力多元的供給體系目標。   台北市文山區社區大學的成立代表了兩層意義:一是它代表著將知識的喜悅帶出學術殿堂,培養公民大眾的批判理性,健全公共理性的論述機制,提昇競爭力及生活素質,並期許為社會重建的起點,建立終身學習社會的使命。二是文山區社區大學的設置係由民間社團、社區組織、台北市政府共同協力達成的,這不但突破現今教育部設置「大學」的法令限制,更是公部門與私部門協力完成的一個範例,它的成功與否將成為公私部門協力的研究一項重要指標。 目錄 第一章 緒論……..…..……………………………………………..1 第一節 研究動機與目的…………………………………………..1 第二節 研究途徑、方法與限制…………………………………..5 第三節 文獻檢視……………………………………………..……8 第四節 研究架構與流程………………………………………….20 第二章 公私部門關係之分析……..………………………….……27 第一節 公私部門關係探討….……………………………………27 第二節 公共事務民營化探討……………………………….……34 第三節 非營利組織與政府的互動關係………………………….37 第四節 公私部門合作的新方向………………………………….39 第三章 公私部門協力理論與策略分析..……………………….…45 第一節 公私部門協力理論……………………………………….45 第二節 公私部門協力策略……………………………………….51 第三節 公私部門協力理論限制與解決之道…………………….58 第四章 公私部門協力關係應用於台北社區大學之分析..……….70 第一節 台北市社區大學方案規劃過程………………………….70 第二節 台北市社區大學方案法制化問題……………………….76 第三節 台北市社區大學方案執行………………………..…...80 第四節 台北市社區大學方案評估…………..……………..….86 第五章 公私協力機制的建立…………………………………….…92 第一節 公共利益與公共性的維護……………………………...92 第二節 公共責任的落實………………………………………...97 第三節 公私協力機制的法制化……………………………....102 第六章 結論…………………………………………………………104 第一節 研究發現..……………………………………………..104 第二節 研究建議..……………………………………………..110 參考書目………………..….………………………………………117 附錄一 訪談紀錄 附錄二 台北市政府試辦社區大學實施要點 附錄三 台北市政府試辦社區大學委託大專院校或民間團體經營契約範本

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