關於優質壽險業務員所具有的特質與背景，過去的相關研究大多只考慮從業務端進行資料蒐集，再分析對績效顯著的因素為何。然而顧客為績效之來源，從業務端進行所獲得的研究成果，比較屬於單方面的研究，未必能代表顧客的意見，因此本研究擬由顧客端進行業務員特質、背景與顧客滿意度之相關性研究，先由業務端的研究結果整理出優質業務員具有何種特質與背景，將之發展成評量項目，用以評量顧客對這些特質與背景的看法為何，然後據以發展問卷。 本研究主要分三個階段：第一階段是以結構方程式驗證卓越特質對顧客滿意度之影響；第二階段是探測顧客個人背景對顧客滿意度之影響；第三階段是研究當業務員背景與顧客期望不一致時，會不會對顧客滿意度造成影響。研究結果顯示，卓越特質對顧客滿意度具有正面顯著影響，並發現學歷落差以及顧客個人背景中的性別、年齡與婚姻狀況等因素對顧客滿意度具有顯著影響。管理意涵如下：對於壽險公司而言，人格特質測驗是僱用優質業務員的重要參考依據，且應多僱用大專以上學歷的業務員以滿足顧客的期待；學歷較低的業務員，則應持續提升專業知能，並多專注在年齡層中年以上的顧客。 / There were many researches conducted to examine the influence of the personal traits and the backgrounds of life insurance salespeople on their sales performance, Those researches, done only from the side of salespeople, concluded that some personal factors have positive effect on the sales performance, ignoring that customer satisfaction is the major source of sales performance. To solve this problem, this research plans to find out the relationship between salespeople’s characteristics and their sales performance from the perspective of customers. It generalizes the points in common from previous researches about high-performance salespeople’s traits and backgrounds; then uses the conclusion to develop the questionnaire to find out what kinds of characteristics do the customers really expect. The result shows that salespeople’s excellent characteristics, academic degree catering to customers’ expectation, gender, age and marital status have positive effect on customer satisfaction. The management applications are specified as follows: First, life insurance company should pay more attention to salespeople’s academic degree. Bachelor degree or above is better according to customers’ opinion. Second, personality test plays an important role in recruiting high-performance salespeople. Third, as to the lower-academic-degree, they should concentrate on developing aged customers and keep strengthening their specialties.

近年來由於醫療技術之進步再加上物價不斷調漲的影響，使得老年人在退休時需要更多的財富來因應及保障基本的生活支出，故退休規劃對於老年人而言是個不可不重視的議題，且年金保險的設計就是在保障老年人的經濟生活不虞匱乏的一種方式，故本文主要採取之策略為自我資產配置一段期間後再將所有的財富轉換成年金。本篇使用靜態及半動態式的資產配置並配合退休者的風險容忍程度，找出退休者在退休後最適的投資策略及最適購買年金保險的時點。本文中，風險控制之設定乃是採用尾端條件期望值(CTE)的概念，且會設定兩種不同的目標函數，一個為有考慮遺產動機之函數，另一個則無考慮，最後再找出各個之結果。最後，本文也有考慮兩個比較符合實務的例子。第一，當保險公司銷售年金商品時加入附加費用率，對於退休者最適年金化年齡之影響。第二，實務上，一般退休者對於自我資金上的運用可能會拆成兩部分，一部分之資產用於購買年金保險，剩下另一部分為自我做資產配置，最後再比較此策略與全部自我資產配置再年金化策略之結果。

警察勤務是24小時晝夜輪替服勤，其工作性質具高度危險性、辛勞性、不確定性及機動性，警政署規劃逐年降低男女警員員額十比一的錄取比例限制，未來女警人數勢必增加且在未來人力運用上，女警扮演日益重要的角色。以往女警在警界中往往扮演邊陲角色或擔任性質單純的內勤工作，現在的勤務卻是包羅萬象，諸如，值班、巡邏、交通整理、執行擴大路檢、追捕逃犯、緝毒肅槍等勤務。如此，女警要面對多元複雜的治安環境及兼顧家務，此舉是否導致她們面臨角色衝突，女警的角色是否必須有所調整，為值得探究的課題。 本研究採用質性研究法中的深入訪談法，以基隆市警察局機關編制內已婚且育有子女的12位女警為訪談對象，以探討女性員警之親子關係、角色期望與衝突，以期深入了解女性員警的生活及所面臨的問題，並探究其在扮演多重角色時，如何有效因應身兼工作角色及家庭角色。訪談所得資料，經歸類、分析所得研究結果： 一、親子關係、權威管教 受訪者受到傳統觀念的影響，再加上雙薪家庭，工作時間長且工作時間日夜顛倒，壓縮到陪伴子女的時間，親子間互動減少，然而必須在短暫的時間內傳遞溝通的訊息，避免子女出現偏差行為，所以大多數受訪者採取權威式管教方式，並設定規範要求子女遵守。 二、經濟考量、從警主因 受訪者當初選擇進入警界的原因，經濟因素是女性選擇從警的主因之一，另一項原因就是崇拜警察陽剛、打擊犯罪的正義形象。 三、母職扮演、傳統依舊 受訪者對於「母職」與「妻職」的角色，仍無法擺脫傳統的性別角色與義務，她們通常把家庭與教養視為自己理所當然的責任與義務，不得不犧牲自己的時間，滿足子女與先生的需求。 四、兼顧子女、負荷頗重 受訪者對於學齡前子女教養工作花費的許多時間與精力，超出體力的負荷，有時會將子女帶進辦公處所，一邊工作、一邊照顧子女與指導作業；如果先生無法分擔家庭事務工作，更增加受訪者的壓力，而無法調適的情形，感到蠟燭兩頭燒的窘境。 五、角色衝突、尋求支持 受訪者在面臨工作與家庭事務衝突時，最重要的是尋求支持系統，例如長輩的照顧、辦公室的托育等；另一方式就是會找尋丈夫、家人、朋友聊天獲抒發己見以獲得暫時的安慰或者聽音樂、做運動紓解壓力，這些都是對於受訪者感到有效的策略。但是女警在專心追求事業的同時，仍會配合家庭運作，以家庭生活為重心，畢竟維持家庭生活運作仍然是女性員警的最終考量。 本研究依據研究結果，提一些建議：一、對警察機關的建議：舉辦健康親子休閒活動、宣導女警角色、強化性別平等教育、合理勤務時間、紓解工作壓力、協助育兒托育、適當的女警輪調制度；二、對已婚女警的建議：提供社會支持、重視家庭溝通、做好時間管理、尋求支持，善用資源、平權的家務分工。 關鍵字：已婚女警、親子關係、多重角色、角色期望、角色衝突 / Police staff works round the clock and on a shift basis. Their jobs involve high risks, physical strength requirements, uncertainty and mobility. On a year-by-year basis, the National Police Agency is planning to lift the 10:1 quota for male and female recruitments. Increase in the number of female police staff, therefore, is foreseeable. In terms of human resources management, policewomen will play an increasingly important role in the industry. In the past, policewomen were normally assigned to minor tasks or less complicated office works. Now their roles are becoming versatile, having to fulfill different job requirements including shift works, patrolling, traffic conduction, roadside inspection, chasing criminals, combating guns and drugs, etc. They have to deal with a diversified and complicated environment for public security and to fulfill their family responsibilities at the same time. Are policewomen, therefore, facing role conflicts? Do they need role adjustments? These are all issues worthy of further exploration. In this research, we adopted the In-Depth Interview approach, one of the Qualitative Research methodologies, and have interviewed 12 married policewomen with children, who are working for the Keelung City Police Bureau. The purpose is to achieve an in-depth understanding of the life of these policewomen; the parental relationship, role expectation and role conflicts; as well as various problems they encountered. We also tried to understand the approaches they took to achieve an effective work/family balance when dealing with their multiple roles. The results of the interview have been classified and analyzed, and are summarized below: 一、Parental Relationship and the Authority Teaching Style Most of the interviewees are influenced by traditional concepts. Facing the pressure of double-income families, as well as lengthy and irregular working hours, they are forced to squeeze the time spent with their children. The interaction between parents and children, therefore, is reduced. Having to communicate with the kids within limited time and minimize undesired behaviors from the children, most of the interviewees adopt the authority teaching style. They set up rules and asked their children to follow. 二、Financial Considerations – The Key Reason for Selecting Police Jobs For female police staff, one of the key reasons for joining the police force is financial considerations. Another reason is their adoration of the “manlike” nature of the police jobs and their positive image in combating crime and protecting justice. 三、 The Traditional Role as a Mother In terms of their roles as a “mother” and a “wife”, the interviewees still could not free themselves from the traditional roles and obligations for the gender. They believed that they had unshirkable responsibilities to look after the family and educate the children. They have no choice but to sacrifice their own time to satisfy the need of their husbands and children. 四、 Childcare – a Heavy Load The interviewees have spent tremendous time and energy in looking after and educating their preschool children. They felt physically overloaded. Sometimes they needed to bring the kids to offices so that they could, while working, look after the kids and help with their homework at the same time. The pressure would become worse if their husbands were unable to share the house chores. Some interviewees felt themselves “a candle burning at both ends”, having difficulties in adapting themselves to the situation. 五、Role Conflicts and the Need for Support When facing a role conflict between family and work, the interviewees felt it most important to turn to a support system. For example, they would seek help from the elders in the family for help, or rely on the childcare services from the employers. Other methods for temporary relief are to talk with their husbands, families or friends, listening to music or join sport activities. These are all effective strategies for the interviewees. While striving for their career, policewomen are still required to remain family-focused and support all family activities, since family care is still reckoned as their ultimate goal of life. Based on the results of this research, we wish to provide the following recommendations: (1) For police agencies: We recommend to arrange parental/children activities, provide education on the roles of policewomen, enhance education on sexual equality; review and ensure reasonable working hours, provide childcare supports and build up a good rotation system for policewomen. (2) For married policewomen: Provide social supports, improve communication within the family, develop time management skills, solicit external supports, improve resource management and ensure equality in the sharing of housework. Key Words: Married Policewomen, Parental Relationship, Multiple Role, Role Expectation, Role Conflicts

本研究所關切的議題為，當服務已被良好的設計出來後，為了不辜負這個被良好設計的服務，該怎麼使用它，進而能為所有重要關係人帶來最大的利益，特別是在資源有限的動態情境中。因此，我們將研究問題著眼於服務的傳遞過程中。現有的研究已回答了服務該如何被傳遞，但卻缺少了該在什麼時候，傳遞怎樣的服務才能發揮該服務的功效，帶來預期的好處(例如，贏得顧客滿意度及延續公司競爭力)。於是，本研究試圖提出一以模糊認知圖為基礎架構並考量顧客的心理狀態的服務分派機制，以期在如此動態且資源有限的情境下，能觀測當時的情境變化，透過管理顧客的期望與情緒，做出即時且適當服務分派決策，進而在對的時間針對對的人做對的服務。也就是冀望這樣一個顧客心理狀態的管理過程，能夠使得顧客感到滿意的可能性提高，並有助於所有重要關係人達成其目的，創造整個服務生態體系的平衡。考慮到會展服務即為一動態且資源有限的服務應用情境，本研究將以會展服務做為例子，加以描述整個研究的內容。 / There are already some researches providing the answer to how to deliver services but the issue “when to deliver which service” is still not so clear. Especially under the dynamic and resource-limited situation, bringing the effectiveness of each service into full play and allocating them appropriately to earn the most benefits are imperatives for service providers to keep both service quality and competitiveness. Therefore, the FCM-based mental-driven service dispatcher proposed here tries to pull service receivers’ mental information in to make real-time service deployment decisions which are capable of achieving each stakeholder’s purposes and satisfying service receivers. With the mental information – expectation and emotion, we are given a hand to do the right things at the right time to the right person by building up such a customer- mentality-centric service dispatching system.

本研究主要目的是從不同面向的自尊來預測個體的憂鬱與攻擊行為。由於低自尊導致憂鬱與攻擊行為的論點遭受質疑，於是本研究應用到最近自尊文獻中的兩股趨勢：自尊內部的結構—單向度與雙向度（自我喜愛感與自我能力感）；以及自尊本質的可變動性—程度與穩定度，希望能從自尊的多面向來分別探討自尊與憂鬱、以及自尊與攻擊行為之關係。 單向度自尊與憂鬱的關係而言，根據Brown與Harris（1978）的研究認為整體自尊偏低會傾向憂鬱；Butler, et al.（1994）的研究指出預測整體自尊不穩定者會傾向憂鬱；而根據Greenier et al.（1995）的研究則認為不穩定低自尊將對憂鬱有最顯著的預測關係。在單向度自尊與攻擊行為的關係中，Anderson（1994）認為穩定低自尊有較多的攻擊行為；而Baumeister et al.（1996）則主張不穩定高自尊者會較多的攻擊傾向。上述各種理論對憂鬱與攻擊行為的預測仍有不一致之處，是本研究希望能釐清的。 若是在雙向度的架構下，Tafarodi與Vu（1997）認為雙向度中特別是自我喜愛感低者對憂鬱更具影響力；而Mruk（1995）與Tafarodi（1998）認為雙向度中自我能力感與自我喜愛感的矛盾性（自我能力感顯著的大於自我喜愛感），最能預測攻擊行為。從雙向度架構探討不同自尊面向，何者對憂鬱與攻擊行為有最顯著的預測力也是本研究的主要目的。 本研究以296名台北地區的大學生為樣本，進行為期一個月對受試自尊、憂鬱與攻擊行為的追蹤研究。研究工具包括社會讚許性量表、自我喜愛感與自我能力感量表（普通版與此時此刻版）、貝氏憂鬱量表、與波氏攻擊量表。 研究結果首先發現自尊結構在因素分析中不盡如Tafarodi雙向度的假設，因此按因素分析結果將整體自尊區分為自我喜愛感、自我肯定感、自我期望感、與自我懷疑感四個向度再進行與依變項（憂鬱與攻擊）的分析。 在自尊與憂鬱之間的關係中，低程度的整體自尊與憂鬱後測呈正相關；區分多向度後低自我喜愛感、低自我肯定感、高自我期望感、與高自我懷疑感分別與憂鬱呈正相關，在四個自尊面向中則以低自我喜愛感對憂鬱有最大的影響。整體自尊穩定度與憂鬱後測的關係未達顯著，但是不穩定的自我喜愛感與穩定且高的自我期望感，分別可以預測憂鬱情緒的提升。自尊與攻擊行為的關係，在低程度的整體自尊，與低自我喜愛感、高自我懷疑感分別與攻擊後測呈正相關。以攻擊行為為依變項，不同矛盾性自尊組差異的ANOVA達顯著，說明了若個體的自我肯定感高於自我喜愛會比自我喜愛感高於自我肯定感者更容易攻擊。整體研究結果顯示，預測憂鬱與攻擊的自尊面向仍然是整體性低自尊為主，其中預測憂鬱最主要的貢獻是來自於低程度的自我喜愛感。 進一步將依變項（憂鬱與攻擊後測）按照高低區分，再分別以各自尊面向預測憂鬱、攻擊。高憂鬱組裡低整體自尊，與多向度的低自我喜愛感、低自我肯定感、高自我期望感、高自我懷疑感都對憂鬱有預測力；而加入穩定度的因素後，穩定且低的自尊，與穩定且低的自我喜愛感預測憂鬱達顯著。在低憂鬱組中，自我期望感高且不穩定者較能預測憂鬱情緒提升。在攻擊依變項中除了低攻擊組的自我肯定感穩定度與攻擊呈正相關之外，其餘無論高、低攻擊組中的自尊與攻擊關係都不達顯著。 最後本文針對研究結果、自尊的不穩定性、自尊的結構、攻擊者的自尊現象、與研究方法（受試）等問題逐一討論，並對未來的研究提出可能的建議。

本研究主要是在探討共同基金投資人對於投信公司所提供服務品質的期望與實際感受？以及這些因素對於滿意度與忠誠度的影響程度？以及瞭解共同基金投資人對於最常往來的投信公司進行的關係行銷活動是否能增加其信任程度？對滿意度與忠誠度影響如何？整合上述兩支研究架構，建立一整體概念模型，以目前共同基金投資人為研究對象，瞭解共同基金投資人感受服務品質與關係行銷過程對於滿意度與顧客信任的影響。 　　由實證結果可以瞭解滿意度的決定因素為關係行銷活動與正面的失驗程度大小。至於理論上認為投資人對於投信公司服務品質的期望水準與實際感受應該影響顧客滿意度，在數據上並未獲得支持，推論原因可能是受訪者具備較高的知識與涉入程度，因此有能力與動機去分辨投信公司及其代銷機構服務品質優劣，並予以比較，造成期望水準與實際感受的影響不顯著。顧客信任的決定因素則有服務品質的實際感受、正面的失驗，與關係行銷活動。 　　根據實證所得結果，提供業者如何創造顧客滿意度、顧客信任、及忠誠度的建議。

Simth and Sedransk(1982)採用雙相抽樣的技術推估魚群年齡層的分布，並且在總成本給定的情形下，尋求使事後之前期望損失函數最小的一組最適第二相樣本數。由於期望損失函數過於複雜，而不易於計算處理，所以，他們考慮了一個較為簡單的近似事後之前期望損失函數，由此導出了近似的最適第二相樣本數之公式解。其後Jinn, Sedransk and Simth(1987)繼續探討選取最適第一相樣本數的問題。由於過程中的運算龐大複雜而無法導出公式解，因此Jinn, Sedransk and Simth便提出了近似法和電腦模擬法來解決最適第一相樣本數選取的問題。近似法中仍須使用程序曲折龐雜的演算法以求解，而電腦模擬法則更是必須先執行多次繁複的模擬抽樣後，再以演算法求解；雖然以此所得的解較為精準，但步驟仍難脫於繁瑣複雜。本文中，我們分別就給定各層抽樣率和比例抽樣的情況下，提出了如何藉由簡易的計算便可求得第一相樣本數粗估值的方法。

在解釋變數含測量誤差的簡單線性迴歸模式中，欲使第t+1期之產出Y達到某一目標值Y^*，則必需控制第t+1期投入變數Z，若參數α，β為以知時，可以將其設定為θ=(Y^*-α)/β。但當參數α，β為未知時，我們利用LSCE控制法則的設定方法，得到第t+1期設定的控制值Z_t+1，而且在機率為1下，Z_t+1 收斂至θ=(Y^*-α)/β。而貝氏最佳控制法則部份則是由第t+1期的預測期望損失，找出使其為最小的Z值即是所應設定的第t+1期控制值Z_t+1，並利用模擬結果來說明。

「風險決策」行為非常普遍的存在於吾人之日常生活中，而選項所帶來的風險和獎勵是吾人進行決策時的重要考量因素。風險選擇的適當與否，對於個體的生存扮演著相當重要的角色。在以往的文獻中，對於決策的行為歷程已有所關注及探討，但對於風險選擇行為的神經生理機制迄今未明。本研究藉由大白鼠於T字迷津中，選擇確定之低酬賞或高不確定性之高酬賞的行為表現，進行風險選擇行為的探討。本研究中以兩項主要實驗，探討風險選擇行為之神經行為機制。實驗1a中，確定之低酬賞端固定呈現1顆食物粒，而高不確定性之高酬賞端則同時操弄酬賞物機率(50%、25%及12.5%)以及酬賞物的量(2、4及8顆)，以系統性地檢驗期望值(0.5、1和2)於此風險選擇行為中扮演的角色。行為結果顯示當風險較低時，大白鼠會選擇高不確定性之高酬賞端；而風險較高時，則轉為選擇確定之低酬賞端。實驗1b中，系統性地施打不同劑量之安非他命，探討多巴胺系統在此風險選擇行為中之機制。實驗結果顯示施打安非他命後，大白鼠表現出相對地追求風險之行為，亦即選擇高不確定之高酬賞端之比例顯著高於控制組。實驗2中，藉由毀除大腦特定部位(依核、背外側之紋狀體、眶前額皮質、內側之前額皮質)，檢驗風險選擇行為之神經基礎。毀除後之結果顯示，僅有依核受到毀除之大白鼠表現出相對地趨避風險之選擇行為。綜合以上結果，本研究建立之風險選擇行為與多巴胺有關，而依核在此行為歷程中扮演重要的調節角色。 / Many decisions people make every day involve uncertainty where both risks and rewards associated with each option need to be considered. Behavioral performance associated to risk-based choice appears wildly over the lifespan, and the fitness of risky choice behavior plays an important role in individual survival. Despite a growing body of research has focused to investigate the neurobiology of decision making, little is known about the neurobehavioral mechanisms of risky choice behavior. Based on a pilot work, this study used a T-maze to study decision under a probability-based risk in the rat. The subject was assessed on making choice to obtain either a large reward associated with risk of non-reward “empty” or a small reward ensured for every entry. Two experiments were conducted in this project to investigate neurobehavioral mechanisms of probabilistic risky choice behavior. In Experiment 1a, probabilistic risky choice behavior was systemically assessed under three expected values (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) by manipulating the probabilities of reward presence (50%, 25%, and 12.5%) and the reward magnitude (2, 4, or 8 pellets) in the probabilistic high reward (PHR) arm. Behavioral data showed that the subject chose the probabilistic high reward in a lower risk condition but would shift to the choice of certain low reward (CLR) as the risk is increased. In Experiment 1b, the dose effects of amphetamine on this probabilistic risky choice task was tested to verify whether the dopaminergic mechanism was involved. Amphetamine, presumably activating brain dopamine systems, produced a relatively risk-seeking effect on the present behavioral task. In Experiment 2, the excitoneurotoxic lesion was conducted in the nucleus accumbens, the dorsolateral striatum, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex to examine the neural substrates for this probabilistic risky choice behavior. The results showed that the lesion of the nucleus accumbens significantly produced a relatively risk-averse effect on the present behavioral task, as compared to the lesions made on the other three brain areas. In conclusion, the probabilistic risky choice behavior established in the present study is dopamine dependent. And, the nucleus accumbens plays a major role of mediating this behavioral processing.

本研究以女性主義觀點，從女性生活空間,女性主觀的經驗感受以及彼此不同屬性間差異所反應的社會脈落價值觀問題等角度來探討女性休閒課題。在滿足女性休閒期望的前提下，考慮阻礙女性參與休閒的影響因子，探討女性的休閒認知, 休閒活動, 休閒設施三者間的特性及相互關係，作為建立女性休閒環境架構之基礎研究。 　本研究受限於個人時間, 人力, 財力等因素，問卷抽樣限於居住在臺北市及臺北縣的二十歲以上女性為研究對象，僅針對女性日常休閒活動及日常使用之休閒設施做調查研究，不涉及較長時間長距離之國內外休閒遊憩活動。本研究透過相關理論文獻回顧與評述，由心理學，社會學，休閒學，女性學，地域設施論等各種不同角度來探討女性休閒概念，女性休閒設施計畫，女性休閒相關研究與議題，並對臺灣女性生活時間及休閒狀況做一回顧。 　基於對研究主題，問題內涵，及個人認知觀念之考量，主要調查分析方法是並用焦點團體訪談的質性研究與問卷調查的量化統計二種研究方法。由女性自身角色認知及女性休閒認知來解析女性休閒目的，休閒選擇主動權及休閒訊息來源。並由區位，頻率，交流性等三指標分析休閒活動特性，掌握阻礙女性參與休閒因素及對休閒活動的期望。將女性休閒設施特色依區位，性質，類型等指標做解析，並分析女性對休閒設施的考慮因素，休閒設施區位及增設類型等的期望。 　從研究結果得知，不同屬性之女性對休閒目的，休閒活動，休閒設施的需求不同，休閒環境所呈現的特質亦不同。休閒目的與休閒活動間具有互換性，兩者關係屬於行為科學研究範疇。休閒活動與休閒設施間關係屬於環境行為學研究範疇，具有規範性。而休閒設施與休閒目的間具有觸發性，屬於環境認知之研究範疇。 / The suqeject of this paper is to survey leisure issues of women from a feminist perspective,to satisfy wonen`s leisure expectation as a prerequisite,also to consider the facrtors which influence wonen`s leisure activity patterns and priorities,I try to survey the characters and the relationshipw of women leisure consciousness,women leisure activity patterns and the leisure facility;to build a framework of wonen leisure environmental structure,Due to the limitaion of time,manpower and moneuy, this study focus on women Whose age are above20-year-old and live in Taipei city. the research range is not include long-time＆long－distance recreation activity but focus on wom'ens daily leisure activity. According to the previous studies, I defined three meanings of leisure and various leisure activities Were divided into three leisure categories depending on the tendency of their meaning. In order to analyze the leisure characteristics,frequencies, site are used as indexes. Leisure activities were analyzed and categorized into the following four types of leisure activitiey;regional activity; urban activity and natural activity The spatial characteristics of the leisure facilities based on physical characteristics were examined. The conclusion reaches that three aspects of leisure were clearly found and these aspects strongly influence each other Women had different needs of leisure consciousness,leisure activities and leisure facilities within different clusters.Also there were different characteristics appeared in women leisure environment.