本研究旨在探討中等學校輔導教師在校園中同時擔任個案的任課教師和諮商員的雙重關係經驗，以訪談法蒐集資料，經由立意取樣邀請四名任教國中、高中且面臨師生諮商雙重關係的新手和資深輔導教師參與研究訪談，呈現其工作樣貌，並輔以生態系統觀點探討面對雙重關係一事的考量。 　四名輔導教師皆曾聽過師生諮商雙重關係一詞且理解其意涵，但在何時聽聞以及考量原因等則印象不一。受訪教師認為雙重關係的優點包含提供學生觀察老師的機會、較易建立關係，可看到學生不同面向的表現並滿足教師本身對親近感的需求，此外亦可連結資源改善學生環境並推廣輔導工作；而其困擾多為內在感受，如擔心個人身為教師的價值觀介入或需要不時思考此議題的煩惱，至於其他負面影響則因皆可處理而未感困擾。 在師生諮商雙重關係的經驗中，受訪者因學校制度而進入雙重關係，並提及同事期待輔導教師協助個案輔導所給予的壓力，然而受訪者也利用自身教師角色連結校內資源提供學生協助。在外圍系統的決策考量上，因受訪老師選擇接受校園中輔導教師同時授課和個案輔導的限制且忘記當初的矛盾，故無法探究各老師的思考過程。在鉅視系統層面，受訪教師認同自身教師角色，皆有責任崇高或需要更主動付出的自我期待屬之。 　　整體而言，受訪教師接受師生諮商雙重關係的存在，然則不受限制而在此情況下依各自期許盡力而為是其主要因應方式。 / / / To explore the teacher-student dual relationships of middle school counselors, four study participants facing dual-relationships in junior and senior high schools including novice and veteran teachers were interviewed through purposive sampling. The results show their work appearances, assist with the discussion of the consideration facing dual relationships in eco-systems perspective. 　　The four participants all have heard the teacher-student dual relationships and understand its meaning, but have different impressions of when they heard, and the reasons of consideration. Interviewed teachers think the advantages of dual relationships include providing students the opportunity to observe the teachers, being able to build relationships easier, understanding students’ different performance, and meeting the teachers’ own needs of the close feelings, they also can link resources in order to improve the students’ environment, and promote counseling works. However, the distresses are their inner feelings, such as teachers worry about the personal values involving, or the need for thinking of this topic from time to time. Otherwise, they aren’t troubled with the solvable negative effects. 　　From the interviewees’ experiences, their duel relationship with students resulted from the system of school environment. They were under the pressure of student individual counseling from their colleagues’ expectations. However, they were able to provide more resources in the school under their role as a teacher. In terms of the decision making of exosystem, how the interviewees processed their conflicts of duel relationship is hard to explore since they have already accepted the reality of teaching and counseling in the same time as guidance counselor (guidance teacher), and forgot about their first thought. When we look at the macrosystem, interviewees’ identified their roles as teachers, and considered it as a high responsibility career, and expected themselves devoted to their career more. 　　Generally speaking, the interviewees accept the teacher-student dual relationships. Their way to deal with this inner conflict is trying their best according to their own expectation without other limitation.

物聯網 (IoT): 將為汽車產業打造一個全新的商業模式 / We are living in an era of the “Internet of Things” as we are more than ever connected to the Internet with our smartphones, tablets, PCs, and etc. With technological advancement in terms of increased broadband coverage and changes in customer behavior, more and more “things” will be connected in retail, infrastructure, home and office buildings, and etc. The communication of devices opens up new business opportunities with increased involvement of services including IT, financial, data analytics, media, and etc. Smart mobility is on the rise, specifically with the Connected Car. Vehicle owners and potential consumers are interested in having connectivity inside a car in addition to services that give them access to applications for information, content and entertainment. With many benefits and opportunities in the Automotive IoT field, stakeholders within the IoT ecosystem including service providers, software developers, automakers, hardware manufacturers, and etc. can reap a great deal of revenue through unique business models that require strategic partnerships, technological innovation and value-added services to deliver to the customer.

區塊鏈原為支援比特幣交易所提出的一項分散式演算法，然而，近期各個產業開始對其感到興趣，並在各領域催生出了許多破壞式創新的應用服務。然而其去中心化的特質，使得利害關係人的溝通和資源管理在區塊鏈生態系統中更具挑戰性，並且也興起了許多相關議題。 本研究以賦權理論的觀點去檢視這些議題，並提出方法論來解決改善這些議題，期望能夠加速輔助創業家或服務設計者建立去中心化生態系統的過程，並且讓每位利害關係人認知整個生態系統的共同的目標，進一步的為之作出貢獻，達到能力和資源的綜效。 / Blockchain, a de-centralized infrastructure which can breed many kinds of disruptive applications, is a promising platform for next generation digital ecosystems. All applications built upon blockchain benefits multiple advantages, including transactions manageability, scalability, security, visibility, affordability, high availability, etc. However, stakeholder management in blockchain-based businesses will become a very challenging issue for entrepreneurs to deal with their de-centralize characteristics. Without the management and enforcement of a central party, creating collective efficacy and achieving collective commitment among all stakeholders will be crucial for these entrepreneurs. This research adopts the empowerment perspective to propose a method to solve this issue and facilitate the design of a blockchain ecosystem toward collective efficacy. The method can be divided into three parts. The first is to analyze and collect necessary data from the source of business logic in the context of blockchain smart contract. The second is to utilize these data and liquefy the resources available in the current ecosystem so that the stakeholders can empower each other without the support of central party. The third is to measure the degree of collective efficacy and collective commitment in the ecosystem design in order to identify the effectiveness of our empowerment method.

近來服務生態系統席捲全球亦顛覆許多傳統產業。服務平台的最大宗旨是提供一個環境來媒合服務提供者與顧客，而本質是消弭提供商與顧客之間的中介者，但不論在平台或生態系統中仍存在中心的統治角色，而這情況出現矛盾，也造就機會。區塊鏈則是可提供解決的機會所在。不僅如此，生態系統運作中，服務為多個利害關係人共創價值的過程，其互動是極為複雜的。因此在生態系統中營造流暢體驗是關鍵議題。本研究發展一個工具讓生態系統設計者可以設計橫跨基於區塊鏈的生態系統並整合各流程的串連流程機制，讓利害關係人在互動過程中具有流暢體驗。 / In recent years, the service ecosystem flourishes around the world and disrupts the traditional market. Originally, matching customers’ needs with providers is the most important mission of a service platform. However, the nature of creating a platform or ecosystem is to get rid of the intermediators, but either in the platform or in the ecosystem, there is still a central firm to dominate them. This situation seems to both be a contradiction and be an opportunity. The chance to deal with this problem is blockchain. Moreover, in ecosystem, service which is provided not only by one stakeholder but also by interactional stakeholders, it becomes more complex and intricate. As a result, creating a swift and even flow in the ecosystem is a critical issue. In this study, we develop a conceptual framework to build a tool for designers of ecosystem to design the ideal linkware. This study focuses on creating a linkware that can integrate processes across the service ecosystem, achieving the maximum flow experience for the stakeholders within their interaction, and utilizing blockchain.

開放原始碼軟體平台與互補性資產建構—以Google與 Intel 為例 / Open source software is Open Innovation only if it has a business model driving it (West and Gallagher 2006). Open Innovation is the paradigm describing the scenario in which firms use a broad range of external sources for innovation and seek a broad range of commercialization alternatives for internal innovation (Chesbrough 2003). The Platform Leader builds the platform and concentrates its efforts on promoting and directing innovation of complementary products in favor of its R&D direction (Cusumano and Gawer 2002). The author has chosen leaders in two distinctive industry sectors— Google, the leader in search engine industry, and Intel, the leader in the microprocessor business for the personal computer industry—as the case study companies for this research. Both cases fit the definition of open innovation since both Google and Intel have specific business models for their open source software platforms. This research explores how industry leaders exploit open source software platforms to realize their specific strategic intents. The research problems are: (1) how companies can incorporate external creativity and innovation to maintain their own innovative momentum; (2) what are the key factors and strategies for building a successful open source software platform and its ecosystem; (3) how can a company use an open source software platform as part of its strategy to enter new markets and promote development of complementary assets to build its competitive advantages. The author proposes the following framework to analyze how leading firms design open source platform strategies: (1) analyze the firm’s core competencies; (2) analyze the firm’s strategic intent for their open source software platform; (3) analyze the firm’s strategies for designing the architecture of their open source software platform; (4) analyze the firm’s strategies for designing the ecosystem around the platform. Based on the analysis of the two comparative cases, the author has been convinced of the following propositions: 1. Firms can use open source software platform to incorporate external creativity and innovations that promote the development of complementary assets and to build or at least maintain their competitive advantage against competitors. 2. Instead of a purely open or purely proprietary platform strategy, platform owners can utilize a hybrid strategy, which combines the advantages of open source and closed source to retain control and differentiation. 3. As opposed to a company-owned open source software platform, a community-owned open source software platform will attract more communities’ involvements and stimulate more innovation. 4. When developing complementary assets, firms should adopt an open innovation approach to incorporate external creativity and innovations; however, when building their core competencies, firms should adopt a more closed innovation approach to maintain their distinctive competitive advantages. 5. One of the key determining factors of a successful open source platform strategy is the platform owner’s ability to create value and enable every partner within the ecosystem to share some portion of it.

本研究運用質性研究方法，加以個案研究方式，對於第三方支付模式和實體信用卡虛擬化之非第三方支付模式進行個案分析，以探討在超競爭下，行動支付業者如何透過競爭以及合作策略，形成行動支付生態系統發展模式。本研究所得結論如下： 一、中國和肯亞等開發中國家之金融體系尚不發達，交易雙方出現信任缺口，銀行服務並不健全，金融資源分配不均，因此透過破壞傳統支付體系架構，發揮網路外部性之雙邊市場效應，打造出第三方支付模式之行動支付生態系統，以達到普惠金融發展目標。 二、歐美日等已開發國家之金融體系已臻健全，金融匯兌服務普及，金融監理重視市場公平與金融穩定，因此未破壞傳統支付體系架構，而是透過跨產業競合方式修改現有支付面前端程序，型塑出實體信用卡虛擬化支付模式之行動支付生態系統，以達到優化金融服務目標。 綜合上述結論，可歸納出二項管理意涵：第一項為在金融服務普及率較低的體系，傾向於發展填補信任缺口之第三方支付模式，而在金融服務普及率較高的體系，則傾向於發展提高安全性之實體信用卡虛擬化支付模式。第二項為企業藉由競合策略，既爭取價值也創造價值，其中爭取價值的本質是競爭，而創造價值的本質則是合作，以達到雙贏。 台灣傳統金融服務與超商密集度高，客戶需求被高度重視及滿足，銀行、超商與第三方支付業者形成跨產業競合關係，發展出多元支付方式，因此建構使用單一裝置即可提供多元支付功能之行動支付平台，可做為台灣行動支付生態系統健全發展之解決方案。具體建議為尋求跨產業競合，金融監管持開放態度，培訓金融科技人才，加強資訊安全，以建構完善的行動支付生態系統。 / In the view of hyper-competition, sustainable competitive advantage does not exist, and only by constant innovation in order to obtain a series of short-term competitive advantage. However, business ecosystem could clarify the competition and cooperation relationship between businesses. In this study, qualitative research and case study methodologies are used to find the adoptable mobile payment ecosystem. The third-party payment would fill the trust gap between the parties. Therefore, developing countries should adopt third party mobile payment ecosystem, in order to achieve financial inclusion. The non-third party payment would improve the security of cardholder transactions and reduce the risk of banking. Therefore, developed countries should adopt non-third party mobile payment ecosystem, in order to optimize financial services. The above conclusions can be summarized as two management implications: First, low penetration of financial services tends to develop third-party payment, and high penetration of financial services tends to develop non-third party payment. Second, business co-opetition strategy has the nature of value creation and value capture to achieve win-win situation. Taiwan’s financial service-intensive, customer needs are met, banks, stores can be formed with the third-party payment industry co-opetition relations, the development of a diverse payment methods, and therefore the construction using a single device to provide pluralistic payment function of mobile payment platform, will be suitable for robust development of Taiwan’s mobile payment ecosystem. Suggestions include cross-industry co-opetition, open-minded financial supervision, training financial technology professionals, and strengthen information security.

在社會科學的領域中，以生態觀點所發展出的命題一直受到相當的注意，東西方學者在這方面的實證與論述，或具體而嚴謹，或抽象得類似哲學，研究面向雖有不同，但是基本的思維邏輯卻是一致的。他們的特色是跳出既定的範疇，從環境的角度來審視整體的互動與平衡。本研究從較為寬廣的視野將特定的商業環境視為一個「企業生態系」，此生態系中的企業群聚由共生的企業族群所組成，單一個體或族群皆可能受到其他個體或族群的影響。 　　根據這樣的想法，本研究直接援引生物生態學中的「共同演化」觀點發展出觀念性架構並做實務現象的觀察與映證。因為共同演化的作用，一個企業族群的演化將直接對共生的企業族群產生選擇壓力，從而促成另一企業族群在同一方向上跟隨演化。在觀察演化的過程時，本研究認為產業環境的「制度力量」往往左右了演化的方向，因此將個別組織間的規範同形、模仿同形、強制同形與依賴同形等制度力量作為分析企業族群共同演化的基本驅動因子。 　　為觀察實務現象，本研究以兩岸的自行車成車與零件族群為個案分析的樣本，並實地走訪臺海兩岸業者，對兩岸自行車業發展、分佈的共同演化過程做了完整的觀察。根據實務分析的結果，本研究得到下列映證：一、自然生態界的共同演化現象同樣存在與產業界；二、制度同形過程是企業族群的演化機制；三、共生企業族群間的相互選擇壓力是促成共同演化的主要力量；四、共同演化是循序漸進的互動過程。在學術方面，本研究的主要貢獻是突破傳統組織生態學「結構惰性」與「獨立性」的基本假設，進一步觀察與映證更高層次的族群互動現象。 　　在實務上，對企業經營也有重要的策略涵義：一、要成為企業族群的領導者就必須率先發動演化；二、臺灣企業處於「大陸化」的生態體系中，應該在共生族群間主導同形與共同演化；三、跨海峽的共同演化不但提攜夥伴也扶植競爭者。因此，臺灣企業在演化過程中，中國大陸的改革開放是契機、轉機也可能是危機，臺灣企業必須持續掌握優勢資源、緊密合作攜手演化。

從共用資源理論觀點暨公共選擇角度而言，原住民部落資源與傳統領域土地乃一「封閉式共用資源」，若由原住民部落團體共有並自主經營管理，社群內部將可能透過個體的合作，創造共同利益，發揮傳統生態知識、善用在地組織，避免原住民地權流失，並進一步達到資源永續發展的目的。但由於受限於「經濟人」與「國家理性主義」之假設，且忽視了人與自然資源會相互影響、相互限制的事實，人們常引用Hardin（1968）的「共用地悲劇」，指出共用資源必將陷於過度使用的危險之中，最終肇致環境的退化。 為釐清此議題，本研究以新竹縣尖石鄉後山兩個具有共用資源自主治理個案的泰雅族部落為例，選取現今既有的「部落地景」、「河川魚群」、「森林產物」等三種形式之共用資源進行觀察；在時間上則以這些資源在保育目的下被部落共同維持開始，到被賦予促進部落經濟期待後的發展為主要的範圍。以新制度經濟學為理論基礎，藉由實證調查和比較，並經「組織中的個人制度選擇」、「社會中的共管組織」以及「社會生態系統」等三個層面的分析，討論有哪些因素影響個人遵守集體的正式與非正式規範？群體如何制定符合當地條件的共用資源治理規範，並維持組織的長期存續？而社會與自然生態之間的互動關係又是如何形成？冀以探討影響「以部落為基礎的自然資源自主治理」之內外部因素及其互動關係，俾提供後續共用資源管理制度設計思考的基礎。 / From the perspective of “common pool resources” (CPR) theory and public choices, the tribal resources of aboriginals and traditional territories are a “closed-access” type of common pool resources. If aboriginal tribes manage the CPR in a self-governing way, the communities may be able to, through the cooperation of individuals within, create collective interests, leverage traditional knowledge regarding the ecosystem, utilize local organizations in order to avoid the lapse of aboriginal land, and achieve the sustainable development of resources. However, people are limited to the hypotheses of “homo economicus” and “raison d’état” along with an overlook of the fact that mutual influences and restrictions lie between humans and natural resources. They often quote the essay “Tragedy of the Commons” by Hardin (1968), according to which common resources are under the constant threat of overuse that will eventually degrade the environment. To establish clarity on this issue, this paper uses an Atayal county with two CPR self-governing cases to observe three types of common pool resources currently seen today: tribe landscape, river fish and forest produce. The time horizon starts at the time point when these resources were placed under tribal management for conservation purposes, and ends at the time point when these resources are expected to prompt economic development. This paper conducts empirical investigations and comparisons based on the theoretical foundations of new institutional economics, and analyzes three aspects of these issues: choice of personal systems within an organization, collective management organizations in a society, and Social-Ecological Systems (SESs). This paper discusses the factors that affect how individuals conform to social norms, formal and informal. How a public choice is made to design the rules which are proper to local CPR situation and maintains the organization long-term sustainability? How do the interactions between society and the natural ecosystem come into being? By exploring the internal and external factors of self-governance of natural resources by tribes and the resulting interactions, this paper aims to provide a foundation for subsequent studies in the design of the management systems for common resources.

台灣自1994年起由文建會推動社區營造，有別於中央主導的方式，，試圖以「在地行動」、「由下而上」的核心概念，讓社區發展以在地居民需求為導向，自發性地營造出各具特色的社區。但社造是涉及許多共用資源管理的複雜議題，早期臺灣地區居民缺乏社造經驗，參與公共事務的意願不高，加上未有一套完整的模式進行輔導，導致二十年來實際成功之案例並不多見。近年來隨著公眾議題發燒，臺灣民眾自主意識提升、開始重視公共事務，正是積極發展社造之際。但環顧國內社區對於共用資源的管理，能在期盼有一套良好的制度或模式得以依循。 本研究案例木柵二期重劃區，其自主組織「木柵二期重劃區促進發展協進會」透過社會生態系統(Social-Ecological System；以下簡稱SES)的應用，有效將自主治理理論(Self-governance Theory)運用於社造，用以解決共用資源的問題，甚至曾受邀請至世界衛生組織(WHO)，分享成功經驗。但本研究發現，將自主治理理論應用於社造之研究竟付之闕如，更沒有一套可供社造工作者參考的模型。故本研究試圖以木柵二期重劃區為案例，建立一套社造自主治理之量化模型。 本研究整理自主治理領域的相關文獻後發現，自主治理的研究雖以質化研究為主，但隨著SES的演進與簡化，是有建立量化模型之可能性。故本研究先對本案例「木柵二期重劃區」進行深度訪談及問卷調查，匯整其成功自主治理之社造沿革、社造過程、社造結果的要素，並將其與SES各種核心子系統進行對應，發現有其適用性。據此，再參考2014年的架構，提出資源體系、資源單體、治理體系、參與者四個構面皆顯著影響作用情境之假設，建立本案例之社造社會生態系統模型，於2014年11月對區內20歲以上居民發放問卷。 因素分析的結果顯示，模型整體的建構效度良好；但核心子系統需修正為三個(因本案例之資源體系與資源單體的重疊性較高，故歸納為資源體系稱之)。其次，迴歸分析驗證之結果亦顯示本案例所提出之資源體系、參與者顯著影響作用情境，此兩個假設獲得支持；另外由於當初將治理體系的設定為地方政府，將自主治理組織木柵二期重劃區促進發展協進會歸納為參與者，導致結果顯示治理體系不會顯著影響作用情境。 故本研究的結果顯示，透過SES模型將自主治理理論導入社造是一條可行的方式，然社造的議題涉及層面與考量因素甚廣，且於世界各地亦有許多官方、民間的組織仍不斷的實作以及推廣。唯本研究僅以自主治理理論是否可導入社造為角度切入，與當前主流理論不盡相同，須就其優缺點、以及對現象的解釋力進行比較，然受限於本研究之時間、人力、成本，仍待後續研究者的協助。 研究者本身為協進會理事長，經由近十年之實務操作經驗，並透過本研究之驗證，深知社造之特徵實與自主治理理論概念相近、本研究所建立之社造SES模型，亦有良好的建構效度。故期望能將此實證建構之模型推廣到更多地區，建立社造成功的模式、營造更多桃花源般的社區，使人安住休息，並希望人類從此幸福、和諧、安康。 / Ever since 1994, the Council for Cultural Affairs (CCA) in Taiwan has pro-moted a placemaking movement totally different from the programs previously offered. With the core concepts of “local activities” and “bottom-up” in mind, the movement aims to help develop the communities around the island that could meet the demands of the local residents and automatically display their unique-ness. In the early days, however, the residents in Taiwan did not seem to get very actively involved in public affairs and have access to a good model to follow. Successful cases were rare in the past two decades. In the recent years, public issues have been under heated discussion and autonomous consciousness, raised among the general public. The time has come to develop the placemaking. Considering the management of common-pool resources involved with placemaking and the people’s total lack of the experience, a good system or model is needed to follow. However, the problems faced with the management of common-pool resources, home or abroad, have not been solved, either through the free market or the government centralization, until 1990 when Ostrom proposed his self-governance theory. But no research has been found on the application of self-governance theory to placemaking so far. Taking this into account, this research is intended to apply self-governance theory to the placemaking in “the second phase of re-planning the Mu-zha District” as an example. Through depth interviews and questionnaire survey, this study tries to know how residents themselves have worked on their placemaking, what are the key factors for their success, and, further, have a good grip of how their self-governance organization—The Community Development Association of the Second Phase of Re-planning the Mu-zha District —has applied self-governance theory to the placemaking so successfully. To illustrate, first, through depth interviews with experts, scholars, and local opinion leaders, this researcher collected the data on the evolution of placemaking in the second phase of re-planning the Mu-zha District, its process and outcomes, finding that “community resources in place” and “leaders with strong leadership” are the key factors for residents’ high satisfaction. Then, in the qualitative study, this researcher compared each of the counterparts both in self-governance system and social-ecological system (SES), finding that the self-governance theory has its applicability. Next, to establish a SES framework suited for this study, this researcher adapted the SES set by McGinnis and Ostrom in 2014 and proposed the resource system, the resource unit, the governance system and participants for factor anal-ysis. In November, 2014, questionnaires were handed out to the district residents aged 20 and over. Through factor analysis, it is found that the construct validity of the so-cial-ecological system for this study is good. Since there is a considerable overlap between the resources system in this study and the resources unit, we called them the resources system. The regression analysis also concludes that the resources system and participants proposed in this study are gaining support. Because the hypothesis of governance system in this research is local government, the inhab-itant trusts the Development Association; therefore the governance system cannot obviously affect the focal action situation. With one decade’s practical experience in the placemaking and through the verification of this study, this researcher, also the chairman of Community De-velopment Association realizes that the features of placemaking are quite close to the concept of self-governance theory. And the construct validity of the estab-lished SES in this study also proves to be good.It is therefore highly expected that the model of placemaking proposed in this study could be promoted to more re-gions around the whole world in the hope of building more wonderful communi-ties, where people could live peacefully and happily.

在後數位化時代，有無數的數位服務生態圈在爭奪著有限的市場。而要贏得這場競爭最好的方式就是遵照服務設計的理論來滿足顧客的渴望。本研究期望運用科技化的輔助方式來幫助服務設計者建立一個以顧客主導邏輯為基礎的區塊鏈服務生態系統。在這個方法裡面，我們必須要解譯服務設計者的服務價值主張，並且找出與之相關的價值活動來作為之後服務設計的樣本。最後透過服務渴望度、創新度以及利害關係人認可程度三個面向來衡量整個價值結構設計是否可行並有發展潛力。 / In the post-digital era, there are countless digital ecosystems to fight for the limited market share. Using service design theory to fulfill customers’ desire is the best way to win the competence. This paper proposes a technology facilitating approach to help service designers configure their blockchain-based service ecosystem with customer-dominate logic. We rephrase the service value proposition inputted by service designers and filtering related value activities as the model of designed ecosystem. To make the decentralized ecosystem become a destination, we have to examine the value configuration from three different perspectives which are desirability, disruption, and consensus. These three dimensions provide service designers with a method that can help assess if a configuration is making sense or not. After all, this paper is aimed to support service designers to create a digital destination ecosystem by recommending activities and evaluating score of ecosystem configuration.