我國目前管制金融機構合併行為之相關規範，雖已有金融機構合併法與公平交易法等明文規定，然而該等法律中所列示出之審查因素與核駁標準實在過於抽象模糊，以致難以令申報金融機構得以明確依循，而不同主管機關間之衡量基準如相互間未能適度配合，亦可能產生若干之扞格與衝突情況，阻礙適當合併之進行。另鑒於金融機構合併屬現代社會中與人民財產權密切相關之重要法律事實，和其他財產交易事實相較下更顯複雜，需要有較細緻之規範來建立適當之概念體系，以符合公平正義與人民對法律規範之期待。因此，本文嘗試從有關金融機構合併之經濟分析理論與各國之管制規範整理出相關之考量因素，期能藉此檢視金融機構合併除擴大經濟規模基礎外，是否得繼續維護有效競爭以保護消費者權益，並同時探討我國金融機構合併之產業政策考量以及現行管制規範在程序面與實體面上之適切性與正當性，以供作主管機關制定法令和推行政策時之參考。 本論文共分為五章： 第一章為緒論，說明本文研究之動機、目的、方法、範圍、限制與論文架構，以供知悉本文之研究重點與方向，並開始介紹我國金融機構合併之背景，以供初步瞭解我國金融機構目前所面臨之實際金融環境。 第二章開始對金融機構合併為經濟分析，首先對金融產業作ㄧ簡單的概述，先對金融市場、金融機構與金融體系所提供之金融服務等方面進行介紹，再就金融機構合併之意義、動機和種類加以說明，最後則再從各重要經濟學者之理論出發，對金融機構合併在競爭秩序影響方面為經濟效果分析，以作為後文建議應如何建構金融機構合併管制規範之基礎。 第三章在介紹美國、日本、歐盟及我國之金融機構合併相關規範，除先具體闡明金融機構合併規範應有之立法目的與功能外，並從程序規範與實體規範兩方面介紹各國之現行規定與相關案例，期能藉由他山之石突顯出我國金融機構合併規範之不足，並希望能從各國之管制特色中檢擇出相關之規範論點，以作為後述對我國金融機構合併管制規範進行檢討與提供建議時之佐證資料。 第四章就前三章所呈現出之研究所得，檢討我國目前對金融機構合併行為之規範現況，並從審查程序與審核標準兩方面提出建議。在審查程序方面，本文主要針對結合申報標準、簡化審核程序、縮短結合期間、統合主管機關執掌，以及對問題金融機構強制合併之審核程序等方面進行研討，並提出建言。在審核標準方面，本文則先就公平交易法第十二條規定之「對整體經濟利益大於限制競爭之不利益」進行研究，於探討「限制競爭之不利益」與「整體經濟利益」之規範意涵後，並建議我國應參考前述各國之規範模式，建立ㄧ完整之金融機構合併審查準則，該審查準則中並應包含金融機構市場力量之測定方法、金融機構合併之反競爭效果分析、整體經濟利益之考量因素，以及金融產業政策與競爭政策間地位之衡量等相關規定，以使申報金融機構能有較明確之準據可資依循，主管機關亦得有較客觀之標準可供操作，以避免其決定流於主觀與偏執。 第五章則為結語，就本文研究之結果為概括整理，以呈現出各章節之研究重點。

本論文主要是透過產業經濟學中的產業組織研究，運用J. S. Bain及F. M. Scherer 為首的市場結構－行為－績效(S-C-P)的分析方式，來探討中國大陸汽車產業市場結構、廠商行為與績效之間的關係。 運用產業組織S－C－P的分析方式來研究產業的發展及績效的關係已經相當普遍，從早期的E. Mason、J. Bain到W. Shepherd、F. M. Scherer以還，此領域的研究成果相當豐富，然而多集中在實施市場經濟的西方國家，對經濟轉型的國家如東歐、中國及蘇聯等則較為少見。 本論文研究的主要目的，即在探討大陸地區汽車產業之市場結構、產業特性、產業內廠商之營運行為及彼此間的競爭型態；並進一步運用現有的資料，以實證方法對汽車產業市場結構、廠商行為及利潤之來源加以檢定，再由實證中所發掘出的資訊，評估研判大陸汽車產業發展的走向及相關問題。由於中國大陸是一個在二十世紀八十年代開始才自計畫經濟體制逐漸轉型為市場經濟體制的國家，本身仍具有計畫經濟的一些特質，產業政策的制訂及強制實施，對大陸汽車產業結構及行為均具有一定的影響力，因此本文亦透過大陸官方頒布的汽車產業政策來探討其對汽車產業的影響。 經由本文對中國大陸汽車產業的分析顯示，產業組織中市場結構（S）、行為（C）與績效（P），彼此間是處於相互影響之動態關係。而實證研究亦顯示，市場結構及行為對廠商績效的產生有密切的關聯。 在市場結構方面，大陸汽車產業的市場結構有逐漸大型化、集團化的趨勢，大型企業的市場占有率也逐年提升，市場集中度（CR4、CR8）相對提高；唯有轎車生產廠商在進入業者增多及競爭激烈之下，市場集中度有下降的現象，未來大陸汽車產業整體的市場結構有進一步緊縮並向寡頭壟斷發展的趨勢。在廠商行為方面，廠商的併購重組及價格競爭行為有助於市場結構的改善，投資研發及行銷策略等廠商行為則與市場結構及績效有相互影響。另外大陸汽車產業政策對市場結構、行為、績效則有大小不一的影響，部分產業政策目標得以實現，部分政策目標則無法完成。 在汽車產業集中度與績效之直觀性分析方面，根據1995至2003年的相關數據顯示，不論是整車生產廠商、企業集團或轎車生產廠商，其市場集中度愈高，其績效表現相對較佳（工業增加值率愈高）。 另外從實證分析的結果來看，與市場結構相關的5個變數，其中市場集中度（H）、市場占有率（MS）與績效為正相關；而市占率平方（MS²）及勞動密度（Labor）為負相關，大致上與我們的假設相符。另外資本密度（Capital）的實證結果則與假設有所不同，其中34家車廠樣本的檢定為正，而15家集團的結果為負，顯示大陸汽車產業目前並不具資本優勢，尤其是部分汽車集團的資產對績效的產生並不具正面效益。在行為變數方面，投資行為（Investment）對績效的影響為正相關，與我們的假設相同，顯示持續的投資對汽車廠商績效的產生具有重大正面的影響。時間趨勢（Time）變數也有所不同，實證顯示34家車廠的績效隨時間趨勢有逐漸下降的情形，而汽車集團的績效則隨時間趨勢呈上升現象。 正如產業組織理論所述，廠商的績效可以有多個評定考核的標準，一般均以利潤最大化或搶占最大的市占率為目標，但以大陸目前汽車產業狀況而言，本土汽車企業或大陸官方控股的汽車集團能否開發出知名的自有汽車品牌應當是重要的績效之一。根據本文的研究也發現，中國大陸目前汽車集團或大型汽車企業的短期目標是做大規模，利用規模經濟及擴大市占率來鞏固利基。但卻忽略其基本目標或長期目標應是做強企業，所謂做強企業應是運用研發成果或提升經營效率使成本降低，以提高企業的利潤率或附加價值，才算是一個成功的企業。做大企業固然不易，做強企業更是困難，但唯有持續不斷地突破、創新、研發，才能在競爭激烈的中國汽車大戰中脫穎而出，立於不敗之地。 / This thesis aims to explore the relationship between market structure, firm conduct and performance of the automobile industry in mainland China by applying the structure-conduct-performance (S-C-P) model of industrial organization. There are many outstanding studies using S-C-P approach to examine the dynamics between industrial development and performance, such as E. Mason, J. Bain, W. Sherpherd, F.M. Schere, etc. However, most of them focus on the market economies in western countries. Few of them discuss the situations in Eastern Europe, China and former Soviet Union countries that undergo economic transitions. The thesis intends to explore the characteristics of the market structure, firm conduct and economic performance in China’s automobile industry, to examine the dynamics of S-C-P in automobile industry by regression analysis, and to evaluate the development and problems of the automobile industry in mainland China. Although China has been undergoing economic transitions from a planned economy to a market economy since 1980s, not all the characteristics of the planned economy are replaced. The regulatory policy making and implementation have significant impacts on its automobile market structure and firm conduct in this industry. In this regard, the thesis intends to discuss how China’s policy influences its automobile industry. Paramount findings of this research suggest that, in China’s automobile industry, market structure, firm conduct and performance interact with one another. Regression analyses indicate that market structure, firm conduct and performance are strong associated. The market structure of the automobile industry in China characterizes large firms and groups, the growing market share rate of large-scale enterprises on a yearly basis and the rise of market concentration degree (CR4, CR8). However, the value of market concentration degree of sedan manufacturers decreases due to the increase of competitors in this market. As a result, the market structure of China’s automobile industry will evolve to oligopoly in the future. Firm conducts such as merger, reorganization and price competition help to improve the market structure. Other firm behaviors like investment, R&D, and marketing strategies influence the market structure and performance and vice versa. Moreover, China’s automobile industrial policies have various impacts on market structure, firm conduct and performance. In practice, some goals of the automobile policies are attainable, however, others are unattainable in practice. Based on the data between 1995 and 2003, a statistical analysis of concentration degree and performance in automobile industry suggest a positive relationship that higher market concentration degree results in better performance (higher industrial added-value rate), regardless whole-car manufacturers, group enterprises or sedan manufacturers. The multiple regression analyses of five variables related to market structure represents that the values of concentration degree (H) and market share (MS) alike have positive effects on the value performance whereas the values of market share rate squared (MS²) and labor density(Labor) alike have negative effects on the value of performance. These results support our hypotheses in this study. Nevertheless, the result of a relationship test for capital density（Capital） and performance is different from our hypothesis. The value of capital density of 34 car firms and the value of performance have a positive relationship, which echoes our assumption. Yet the hypothesis test for capital density of 15 groups leads to the opposite. It suggests that: capital advantage does not emerge in China’s automobile industry so far. In particular, assets of some automobile groups do not have beneficial effects on business performance. Firm conduct includes one variables: investment. Regression analysis indicates a positive relationship between investment and performance. The result is consistent with our hypothesis and concludes: constant investment contributes to automobile firm performance. Relationship testing for time and performance shows that: when the value of time increases, the value of 34 automobile firms’ performance decreases whereas the value of 15 groups’ performance increases, accordingly. The theory of Industrial organization provides multiple criteria to assess firm performance which usually aims to maximize profit or market share. In the case of current automobile industry in China, whether or not local automobile firms or state-owned enterprises achieve a successful brand building of China-made vehicles should be an important indicator of performance. This research also discovers that on one hand the automobile groups and large-scale enterprises in China embrace short-term goals to maximize firm scale and market shares so as to maximize revenues by exploiting the advantages of economy of scale, however, on the other hand, they ignore fundamental, long-term goals to be sustainable, successful and competitive corporations that invest R&D to increase business efficiency, reduce costs, and boost marginal revenue and added-value rate. Being a big firm is never easy yet being a competitive enterprise is even more difficult. Only with constant improvement in management, investment in R&D, the invention of production can an enterprise survive and succeed in the competition in China’s automobile market.

上世紀80年代中國產生了許多的變化，在經濟上採取較為開放的態度。汽車產業也在這樣的趨勢下與國外的跨國汽車企業合作，發展自己的汽車製造工業，至今中國已經成為最大的汽車製造國。為了發展汽車產業，中國透過國有企業與跨國企業合作成立許多合資公司，本文所取用的東風汽車集團與廣汽集團旗下都存在許多這樣的子公司。國家透過國有企業作為帶動產業發展的火車頭，但國有企業複雜的所有權問題牽涉中央與地方關係的運作，影響著汽車產業的發展。運用國有企業作為中介制度的同時，中央與地方關係也同時在運作，在長時間的發展下因國企所有權差異而產生的不同發展模型也逐漸變化，最終中國的汽車發展模式趨於類似。在這過程中，國家的影響實際上分做中央與地方同時進行，短期而言似乎看不到到中央的影響力，但就長期而言中央確實引導了中國汽車產業並助其發展。在理論方面，筆者以為中國汽車產業的成長長久以都是在國家資本主義的途徑上進行的，而非是發展型國家或管理型國家的模式。因為中國雖然引進市場經濟相當長的一段時間，但是實際上不管是中央還是地方的手都不曾離開過這個領域，即便是現在中國最主要的汽車生產與銷售仍舊以國有企業為主。 / China had has series transitions since 1980s years, and it had adopted open attitude at economical work. In this trend, state owner enterprises cooperated (SOEs) with foreign cross-national enterprises (CNEs) to develop self’s automotive industry. Now, China had become biggest country of automotive produce. For developing automotive industry, it established many companies by Chinese SOEs and foreign CNEs, for example Dongfeng motor group, Guangzhou automobile group. SOE like locomotive that it brings development, but it has problem of property that affect working of central-local relationship. While state utilizes SOE to be intermediary institution, central and local is continually interaction. In long time, ownership led to differently developmental model that was changed that trend to similar model. In fact, national affection is divide two parts: central and local. In short term, we difficultly observe central affection but, in long term, central affection is remake. In theoretically, I argue that Chinese automotive industrial development below to approach of state capitalism and it is not developmental state and regulatory state. China had work market economy but government, central and local, still intervenes domestic market, instead of major firm of Chinese produce and selling is SOEs.

近年來，寬頻網路與數位內容的興起，受到世界先進國家的注意。在台灣，寬頻網路與數位內容不僅是產業界及學術界熱門的研究及發展課題，也是政府既定的產業政策方向，但卻少有研究同時針對兩者進行完整的討論和其關連之研析。 本研究旨在針對科技、產製、市場、經營與政策五個面向，透過文獻分析與深度訪談法，從趨勢發展的角度探討數位內容與寬頻網路彼此的前景和關連。 本研究認為，寬頻網路與數位內容在科技、產製、市場、經營及政策等面向上的發展關連緊密，彼此相輔相成，並可以產生整合的效果： （一）科技面：寬頻網路傳輸效能與效率的提升，加上科技匯流與IP網路的整合，提供內容已成為寬頻網路必然的發展趨勢。 （二）產製面：數位內容可以發展多元創新的應用，主要仍是寬頻網路的推波助瀾，因此寬頻網路未來勢必成為數位內容最重要的傳輸通路。 （三）市場面：寬頻網路與數位內容的市場需求彼此重疊。提供加值內容可以創造寬頻市場的範疇經濟優勢，透過寬頻傳輸則可以擴大數位內容的市場規模。 （四）經營面：寬頻網路與數位內容經營者的核心能力不同，彼此價值鏈的關連緊密，並可以提供創新和多元的經營模式。 （五）政策面：世界重要國家都很重視寬頻網路與數位內容的推展，同時推展寬頻網路和數位內容可以滿足彼此在政策上的供給和需求關連。 在台灣，近年來寬頻網路和數位內容產業發展迅速，但少有相互合作以發揮整合優勢的成功案例，另外在寬頻連線速率和線上內容的品質方面，也還有進步的空間。因此，政府除應持續加強寬頻網路和數位內容的推展，也可以同時思考寬頻網路與數位內容產業政策之間的支援與整合。 / While the upsurge of broadband and digital content has attracted considerable attention in developed countries recently, in Taiwan, despite the fact the fixed official policy has propelled the R&D on the subject either in the field of industry or academia respectively, integrated program researches are inadequate. This research aims to explore the prospects and correlation of digital content and broadband through literature analysis and intensive interviews, focusing on five dimensions of technology, production, market, operation, and policy. In conclusion, the broadband and digital content developing cooperatively and coordinately results in synergy out of the five facets as below： A.Technology：The upgrade of transmission effect and efficiency, as well as the digital convergence and IP network integration, broadband entrepreneurs offering content has inevitably become a trend. B.Production：Broadband fostering the growth of digital content enables it be applied in an innovative way, making it definitely a significant transmission material for digital content. C.Market：The market demand of broadband and digital content overlaps, and the economy scope advantages in broadband market is reachable when broadband is provided with value-added content. D.Operation：Broadband operators and digital content operators, closely correlating with each other in value chains, vary in core competence, which may innovate and variegate business models. E.Policy：Most advanced countries have been making efforts to promote broadband and digital content, while the policies of broadband and digital content are both enforced, the supply and need of both industries can be fulfilled. Despite of broadband and digital content industries developing in Taiwan in recent years, successful synergy cases out of cooperation between broadband and digital content run short. The speed rate of broadband access and the quality of online content issues remain to be strengthened. It is suggested that the government persist in popularizing broadband and digital content, besides working out interdisciplinary policies for broadband and digital content.