自1980年代政府再造潮流以來，績效管理及資訊通信技術業已成為政府提昇績效的重要工具，在此一背景下，我國亦於民國94年完成「政府計畫管理資訊網（GPMnet）」整合，用以協助執行績效管理作業。不過，由於資訊科技涵蓋面向相當寬廣，影響層面頗為廣泛，因此也引發樂觀、悲觀及務實主義等不同立場的爭辯，其運用成效確實有待進一步的評估。在相關文獻的基礎上，本研究採用交易成本理論途徑，首先透過問卷調查瞭解GPMnet使用者的態度及行為偏好，其次則經由訪談資料進一步解析資訊通信科技對於政府績效管理成本的增加與減少。 本研究採取混合方法論（mixed methodology）進行研究設計，兼採量化資料及質化資料蒐集分析。量化資料部分，以GPMnet使用者為分析單位進行問卷調查，回收148份有效樣本；質化資料部分，依主辦、主管、會審及研考等4項權限功能，選取8位GPMnet使用者進行訪談，以了解不同權限受訪者使用GPMnet的經驗與看法。 資料分析部分，本研究以偏最小平方法分析問卷資料，調查結果分析顯示，GPMnet系統使用的交易成本認知與態度、主觀系統績效有顯著負向關係；不確定性、資產專屬、使用頻率與交易成本之假設則未獲實證資料支持。此外，訪談資料分析發現，制度環境下，因受限於現行不同機關有不同資訊系統、GPMnet多個子系統，以及紙本流程仍然存在的情況下，使用GPMnet執行績效管理作業會增加行政成本負擔；此外，在實際使用的情形之下，因為系統可以保存過去資料、提供清楚欄位、網路化傳遞、進行進度控管及主動公開資訊等功能，減少了行政作業交易成本。相對的，也造成學習時間不符成本、溝通費時、校對、資訊過載、介面不友善及系統不穩定等負面影響，增加績效管理作業的交易成本。 最後，本研究建議在學術研究上，結構模式的觀察變項應更謹慎設計，資訊系統評估理論應重視成本觀點。至於在實務面則應全面落實電子化績效管理，在GPMnet系統資源環境更應進行資料備份，以減少資訊的過度負荷。 / Governments invest much more attention, time, and money on performance management and evaluation on the public sector today than ever before. To better utilize agency program management systems under the Executive Yuan, the Research, Development and Evaluation Commission (RDEC) has completed the planning of the "Policy Program Management Information System" (Government Program network, GPMnet). The system is a common service platform created to integrate various policy implementation management information systems to enhance the performance of different agencies in program management. However, the performance of GPMnet needs to be evaluated. In order to evaluate the system, this study introduces an empirical research which focuses on a transaction cost approach that has often been used to support the idea of information and communication technology and its positive impact on the economic system. The data was collected by mixed methodology, combining quantitative data from 148 users and eight interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire. The Partial Least Squares was used to analyze the quantitative data. According to the research findings, information-related problems represent only some of the elements contributing to the transaction costs. These costs also emerge due to the institutional factors contributing to their growths. The study of the consequences associated with ICT design and its implementation, based on the transaction cost theory, should therefore consider the costs of ICTs.

隨著商業環境的快速變動，企業為因應市場快速變化，管理階層傾向於將專案規模縮小、目標明確來定義專案的範圍，以助於專案的執行，因此企業大多會執行一個以上的專案，然而專案彼此之間或多或少都會有些關聯與互動，良好的互動關係對於專案執行成效與企業均有其正面助益，因此本研究的目的在探討軟體專案特性對專案管理與專案間互動的影響之研究。 本研究以全球防毒軟體領導廠商-趨勢科技為例，其獨特的企業文化和指標性的企業管理模式，皆已成為國際型企業的典範。因此探討該公司運用雲端運算技術所成立的兩個專案進行研究，藉以探討專案特性、專案管理、專案間互動之關係。本研究經由個案訪談以及次級資料的分析探討，本研究之發現如下： 1.企業在執行軟體專案管理時，充分授權有助於激進式創新專案的開發進行。 2.領導者在軟體專案管理各階段所扮演的角色不同。當技術為外部來源時，領導者需要扮演協調溝通角色；當技術為內部來源時，領導者需要扮演技術支援角色。 3.企業在執行軟體專案管理時，會用師徒制來進行隱性知識的傳承；並利用文件管理系統來管理外顯知識。 4.當激進式創新的產品開發專案運用外部技術來源時，提供員工自我學習的空間，並透過知識分享討論會、知識管理系統、非正式溝通的多個群體協調活動，有助於專案間互動。 / In order to adapt to rapidly changing markets, cooperate managers tend to downsize the scales and define specific goals of projects for effective execution. Therefore, cooperates simultaneously deal with multiple projects which are inter-connected to each other. Good interactions benefit both projects and cooperate itself. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate how the characteristics of software projects influence the managements and interactions of projects. The study subject is Trend Macro Incorporated, the world-wide leading company of antivirus software. Its unique culture and foremost management style have become the model example of international companies. Therefore, this study investigated two projects of this company, which apply cloud computing, to explore the relationships of the characteristics, management and interactions within and between projects. By case interview and secondary databases, the main findings of this study are listed below. 1.Enterprise in the implementation of software project management, the fully authorized to contribute to the development of radical innovation projects carried out. 2.Leader in software project management role of the different stages. When the technology to external sources, the leaders need to play the role of coordination and communication. When the technology for internal sources, leaders need to play a technical support role. 3.Enterprise in the implementation of software project management, we will use the apprenticeship system to carry out transmission of tacit knowledge; and to use document management system to manage explicit knowledge. 4.When the radical innovation of the product development project the use of external technology sources, to provide space for staff self-learning and knowledge sharing through seminars, knowledge management systems, informal communication between the various groups of coordination activities to facilitate interaction between projects.

In the service economy, as markets change from offering physical products to offering service products, organizations across many industries must embrace this transformation to remain competitive. Mobile technology plays an important role in this transformation because of characteristics such as mobility. According to customer variability in service encounters, we identify several individual differences that affect the quality of the service encounter and try to determine how these factors moderate the effect of mobility in the design of the mobile service. Therefore, we argue that a fit exists between mobile service design and individual difference that increases service performance. The results of this inquiry can guide service providers in developing more attractive mobile services through mobile technology.

長期以來，商業交易多半是單純為取得某種物品或權利，由交易雙方協商並訂立合約，如買方為取得房地而願給付價金，賣方為取得金錢乃願出售房屋。然而二十世紀之後，經濟型態的轉變為交易的內容帶來了重大的轉變，智慧財產權的讓與或授權交易漸趨熱門，在商業經營中時時刻刻上演。如同典型的交易一樣，就取得權利者而言，其願意將所有的專利、商標、著作權等權利加以利用，以獲取金錢利益；反之，欲利用者則透過與權利擁有者訂立合約的方式，將之利用於所生產的商品或服務，增加其邊際效用，獲取更大的利潤。 在此背景之下，智慧財產的讓與或是授權，其交易的型態與方式漸行複雜，對於企業的經營更是有著決定性的影響，加上智慧財產權，可說是法律所創設出來的權利，其異於傳統財產實體的特質，更難以令習慣傳統交易的我們加以掌握，因此有深入研究的必要，本論文即基於此背景，開始關於智慧財產諸多活動中的一個課題-「授權」活動展開研究。 因此，本篇論文研究有以下的目的： 一、 從高科技產業獨特的環境去瞭解智慧財產授權所扮演的角色。 二、 智慧財產授權對於高科技企業經營策略之影響與作用，反之，高科技經營策略之擬定後，是否可以傑由授權達成其目的。 三、 高科技企業在面臨智慧財產授權契約談判時，應如何爭取最佳利益。 四、 高科技企業營運策略中，關於簽訂授權契約可能引發的法律相關議題應如何面對。 本研究即基於上述目的，從法律面及商業管理的角度去探討智慧財產授權活動所引發企業經營的策略意涵，以三個層次分別來說明：一、企業經營層次；二、授權契約談判層次；三、相關法律議題層次。透過三個層次的分析與歸納，本研究針對高科技企業之經營與智慧財產權授權的策略運用提出下列數點之建議： （一） 智慧財產授權是一個複雜的領域，涉及法律、管理、技術等面向，因此我國高科技企業必須走出權利金追索與授權的泥沼中，重新架構授權與企業的經營策略。 （二） 我國高科技企業若欲藉由授權活動予以獲利，則最重要的是將企業轉型為真正的知識型企業，持續研發，蓄積優質的智慧財產權，如此才能將智慧財產授權活動的功用發揮到最大。 （三） 企業應培養相關智慧財產權授權相關人才，並考量是否建制一個獨立的智慧財產授權部門。 （四） 授權契約的簽訂將會影響企業未來研發的發展方向，因此建議企業於簽署授權契約時，必須考量企業本身是否可以自行研發該技術，或是其他替代性技術的可行性，切勿因為被國外的企業一警告，即簽署智慧財產權的授權契約。 （五） 反之，既然專利訴訟需耗費大量的人力、物力、時間與金錢，因此面對專利侵權訴訟時，應考量接受授權的可能性，授權所付出的成本與進行訴訟的成本相較後取其較低者。但是需注意的是，縱使獲得他人授權，然亦不代表會侵害第三人之專利，換言之獲得一家企業的授權，並不表示已經一勞永逸的無侵權可能性。故建議企業在接受專利授權時，必須詳細的評估該專利的範圍。 （六） 授權與智慧財產的保護與執行有緊密的關係，因此企業應加強智慧財產的保護與執行，才可以降低授權活動所面臨的風險。 （七） 智慧財產授權，基於智慧財產的無形性的特性而生，與傳統的有形財產有迥然不同的性質，善加利用智慧財產權的特性，將可使企業擺脫傳統的營業模式，邁向新的獲利境界。建議企業應重新的審視自己所有的智慧資產，加以稽核與評估，結合本研究所提出的授權策略架構，重新思索企業的營運方向與智慧資產的利用是否完善，有效的提升企業的競爭地位，創造更多的經營優勢。

在現今以知識經濟為主的世界經濟潮流之下，尋求高附加價值的產業經營模式，已經成為各國政府與各類產業致力追求的目標。台灣的傳統農業以生產、銷售農產品為主，根據近幾年來的經濟統計資料和經濟發展趨勢都顯示，其所能創造的經濟價值已經相對低微；且在整體經濟環境改變之後，並未善用所擁有的知識、技術為產品注入較高的附加價值，以致使台灣的優質農產品淪為激烈競爭下的相對弱勢，實屬可惜。在遭受如此不利的衝擊、處於充滿挑戰的環境之下，台灣的傳統農業必須有所覺醒與改變。以台灣所具備的優勢農業科技研究條件，並擁有大量且優秀的農業技術為基礎，由生產農產品的傳統農業，進一步發展為以經營、管理、運用農業科技為主的知識型農業，將成為台灣傳統農業尋求轉型以及未來發展機會的重要契機。 要發展以經營、管理、運用農業科技為主的知識型農業，則必須先進行農業科技的商品化；農業科技能否成功地商品化並成功地銷售，乃至於進一步成功地產業化，其是否具備良好的經營模式設計將會是重要的關鍵。唯有具備良好的經營模式，農業科技才有機會成功地商品化，商品才能夠成功地進入市場，進而成功地建立市場地位，也才可能成功地進行產業化。 本研究即以農業科技商品化之經營模式為研究題目，探討台灣在發展農業科技商品化時，其經營模式之設計與需關注之重要議題。本研究共分為六章，依序為序論、文獻探討、台灣對農業科技之管理與運用現況、台灣發展農業科技商品化之挑戰與未來、農業科技商品化之個案研究、結論與建議；藉由以上各章節主題的安排，對研究題目與研究議題進行深入的探討。本研究除就現況進行分析與鋪陳相關理論外，另以個案研究驗證所述理論，以期對台灣農業科技商品化之經營模式規劃有深入的學習與瞭解。 / Presently, the Knowledge-Based Economy is the main trend of the world economy. Under the circumstances, to seek business models with high added value is the major job that each of governments and enterprises must do. The main activity of Taiwan’s traditional agriculture is to produce and sell agricultural products. According to the presentation of world’s economic trend and economic statistical data, the economic value of Taiwan’s traditional agriculture is very low. And after the change of economic conditions in Taiwan, we never add high value to agricultural products with our business experience and agricultural technology. Unfortunately, Taiwan’s excellently agricultural products become victims in this intensely commercial competition. In order to avoid the unfavorable environment and competition, we have to make some change in Taiwan’s traditional agriculture. There are advantaged conditions of agricultural research and a lot of excellently agricultural technology in Taiwan. So to develop the Knowledge-Based Agriculture, that it means to apply, to manage, and to operate the agricultural technology in agricultural operation, is the major way and opportunities that we can do to transform Taiwan’s traditional agriculture. If we want to develop the Knowledge-Based Agriculture, we have to commercialize our agricultural technology first. I think that the good business models will become the key points to influence the successful commercialization of agricultural technology and successful sale of technology-products. If we do not have good business models, we cannot commercialize the agricultural technology successfully, and cannot sell technology-products into markets, and cannot develop the industrialization of agricultural technology. The title of this research is “The Research on Business Model of Commercialization of Agricultural Technology in Taiwan.” I want to study the design of business models and some important subject matter of the commercialization of agricultural technology in Taiwan. There are six chapters in this research, and these are Ch.1 Introductions, Ch.2 Probing for Previous Documents, Ch.3 The Present Circumstances of Application and Management of Agricultural Technology in Taiwan, Ch.4 The Challenges and Opportunities of Commercialization of Agricultural Technology in Taiwan, Ch.5 The Case Study on Commercialization of Agricultural Technology, Ch.6 Conclusions and Suggestions. I will study the subject matter and concerns of this research deeply in the light of the chapters’ order. In this research, I will complete the work by analyzing present circumstances, explaining and illustrating related theories, testing and verifying theories by case study. I want to get deep learning and understanding in the design of business models of commercialization of agricultural technology in Taiwan through this research.

中小企業一向是經濟成長的主力，然而受限其資源的短缺，往往無法提供顧客更好的商品或服務。雖然文獻指出中小企業可以透過資訊科技與夥伴和顧客合作來克服它先天的弱勢並提供更好的服務，但仍有許多模糊未解的問題。例如，哪一種中小企業較願意導入以資訊科技為基礎的協同合作模式(IT-enabled Collaboration)？而這樣的合作模式是否能真正的提升他們的績效表現呢？本研究以資源基礎理論和服務導向邏輯理論(service-dominant logic)為基礎，將資源分為operant資源、operand資源、資源互補性及資源相似性，試圖找出在何種資源模式下，中小企業會偏向使用以資訊科技為基礎的協同合作模式。研究方法採用個案研究，並以宜蘭縣枕頭山休閒農業區的八家中小型業者為目標進行訪談。在資料蒐集和分析之後，本研究發現operand資源與operant資源皆會正向的影響到中小企業對科技化合作的參與，其中又以operant資源的影響為更大。此外，從研究中也驗證了科技化合作能促成中小企業績效的提升。根據研究結果，本研究將operant資源視為影響中小企業導入科技化合作模式進而達成績效提升的主要關鍵資源。 / Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are the main force to economic growth, but they usually restricted by resource shortage when they want to upgrade goods or services. Past literature has indicated collaboration with partners and customers through information technology (IT) may overcome their weakness and serve better. However, there still are blurs, like what kind of SMEs are more likely to engage IT-enabled collaboration? Will IT-enabled collaboration really enhance SMEs performance? Our research framework based on resource-based view and service-dominant logic categorizing SME resources into (1) operand resources, (2) operant resources, (3) resource complementarity and (4) resource similarity. We attempt to find out what key resources in SMEs are related to the usage of IT-enabled collaboration and the contributions to SME performance. We conduct case study with 8 SMEs in Mt. Pillow Leisure Agriculture Area. After data collection and analysis, we figure out that both operand and operant resources have positive impact on IT-enabled collaboration; furthermore, operant resources contribute more for SMEs to communicate and coordinate with each other and customers. In addition, from our research, we demonstrate that IT-enabled collaboration helps SMEs to perform better. Therefore, we suggest operant resources as important resources for SMEs engaging in IT-enabled collaboration and consequently enhancing their performance.

中國做為一個崛起的東亞大國，對於建立自己的高科技產業與自主創新能力的急起直追也經歷了許多轉變的過程，這些演變體現在中央領導的科技政策與區域建設的創新系統上。自1988年的北京市新技術產業開發試驗區以來，從沿海到內陸所設置的大大小小的科技園區，在在說明了中國希望藉由這種模式追求創新集群的效益。然而本研究中的北京中關村做為中國的高科技產業龍頭，其空間發展出現了有別於其他東亞後進國家中科技園區的分散樣貌。這樣的空間樣貌乃基於地方治理結構的特殊性，演化出各個分散在北京市下不同市轄區的園區都被稱為中關村科學園區、都各自建立起華麗而昂貴的辦公大樓、研發中心之現象。 本研究欲透過回顧中國的科技產業政策以及地方治理模式的轉變，來說明這樣的分散樣貌，是源自於中國在改革開放後的地方治理權責下放導致北京市轄下的各區縣都採用了一種近似於滾動開發的模式來大興土木以追求快速的成長的情況。換言之，在中關村，土地開發帶來的多階段收入在地方政府的眼中的重要性幾乎超越了對創新能力的追求。本研究將以上述脈絡為主旨，深入探討中國在全球化的壓力以及治理結構轉型過程的拉扯下，致使中關村的發展進入到一種看似快速但卻相當矛盾的情結當中，並進而勾勒出現今中關村的空間樣貌。 / China has been trying to catch up with the Western world since its economic reform. In the process, China imitated the successful experience of Silicon Valley in the U.S. and trying to establish special science parks to speed up technological upgrading and innovation. Beijing’s Experimental Zone for Developing New- Technology Industries, which later was named Zhongguancun(ZGC), was the first one following this policy and proven to be the most successful one in China. However, the prosperity of ZGC or any other science park in China does come with a price. There is a lot of problems raised referring to the highly growing land price such as the overwhelming high rent has affected smaller innovative enterprises to survive in Beijing. The thesis tries to discuss the production of space in Beijing’s ZGC through two theoretical views: The Innovation Theory and The Growth Machine Theory. This thesis argues that there are two different forces which have driven ZGC to its status today. The first is China’s overall goal of economic catching up strategy that gives ZGC the legitimacy to develop and grow with relatively greater freedom from existing regulations. The second is Beijing’s various district governments’ strategy in using the construction of science parks as a site to generate economic development. This thesis argues that China’s tax reformation in 1994 has reinforced the importance of land politics to a higher level, through which the development of real estate sector of ZGC has played an important role for the creation of an innovation cluster. As a result, the local government, together with its land politics, eventually plays the leading role in ZGC’s production of space and makes the best use of ZGC’s shining brand.

當今智慧型手機成長快速，市場潛力大，影響消費者的智慧型手機購買決策因素成為近年來值得研究的議題。但過去有關智慧型手機購買決策的研究中，大多著重在手機的作業系統或是功能層面，並未將行動應用程式(APP)及人際面的影響因素納入考量。因此，本研究以網路外部性、科技接受模型及理性行為理論為基礎，分別從智慧型手機及行動應用程式的屬性面和人際面來探討，目的為找出影響台灣地區現有智慧型手機使用者對智慧型手機再購意圖的因素，並進一步探索這些因素如何影響使用者的態度及再購意圖。本研究結果發現： 1.智慧型手機屬性面：當使用者認為智慧型手機是越有用的、越具娛樂性的，則使用者對智慧型手機的採用態度越正向；當使用者認為智慧型手機是越容易使用的，並不會直接影響其對智慧型手機的態度。 2.智慧型手機人際面：當使用者認為有越多人使用智慧型手機，則使用者對智慧型手機的購買意圖越正向；而無論使用者認為其家人、伴侶、好友、同學或同事支不支持其使用智慧型手機，都不會影響其對智慧型手機的購買意圖。 3.行動應用程式屬性面：當使用者認為在短時間內行動應用程式的數量成長的越快速，則其對智慧型手機的態度會越正面；而無論使用者認為APP數量、種類的多少、價格是否可被接受以及APP的設計品質完不完善等，都不會直接影響使用者對智慧型手機的態度。 4.行動應用程式人際面：當使用者認為其家人、伴侶、好友、同學或同事越支持其使用行動應用程式時，使用者對智慧型手機的態度會越正向。

近年來，中小企業(SMEs)於經濟中扮演與日俱增的重要性，使得產官學界希望能知道更多如何提升其企業績效的方法。本研究定義企業主動積極性(proactivity)為一關鍵影響因子，可使企業預期改變、想要改變，進而執行改變，以提高企業績效。本研究亦視資訊科技基礎下之協同合作(IT-enabled collaboration)為增加企業主動積極性各面向的可能方法。本研究採用個案研究(case study)，對象為臺灣宜蘭縣枕山休閒農業區。研究結果顯示，中小企業確實可透過資訊科技基礎下之協同合作，塑造其企業主動積極性，進而提升企業績效。本研究亦可協助中小企業認識企業主動積極的重要性，並協助其透過資訊科技基礎下的協同合作，增加其主動積極性。 / The emerging importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has led to an increased interest in how to improve performance. In our research framework, we define proactivity as an essential factor that enables a company to anticipate change, to have the desire to make a change, and to implement that change to improve the performance of SMEs. We hypothesize that Information Technology (IT)-enabled collaboration has the potential to help firms achieve all dimensions of proactivity. To verify the research framework, a case study was conducted in the Mt. Pillow Leisure Agricultural Area in Yilan County, located in the northeast of Taiwan. Our research found that SMEs can enhance their performance after developing proactivity through IT platform-based cooperation. The results of this study can assist SMEs in improving their performance by signaling the importance of proactivity and assisting SMEs in improving their proactivity through IT-enabled collaboration.

近年來服務產業迅速的擴張與發展，對於經濟的影響力也不斷提升，其中中小型的企業(SMEs)扮演了相當重要的角色。先前許多研究顯示回應能力對於中小企業績效成長的重要性，然而卻少有文獻提及如何定義中小企業的回應能力與如何發展中小企業的回應能力。本研究從文獻回顧中分別定義出了三個層面的回應能力：市場感應能力、顧客連結能力與敏捷度。此外，我們認為中小企業可以透過資訊科技為基礎之協同合作促進本身的回應能力，提供更佳的服務給顧客，進而提升企業績效。因此，我們提出研究架構來驗證資訊科技為基礎之協同合作、企業回應能力以及企業績效三者之間的關係，並且選擇宜蘭縣枕頭山休閒農業區為我們的實驗對象。從研究結果中我們發現中小企業透過 資訊科技為基礎之協同合作來提升回應能力並且也使績效有正向的成長。也幫助中小企業更了解如何運用科技化協同合作提升企業績效。 / The service economy has been expanding recently, with small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) playing an important role. Previous research has shown that responsiveness is one of the most important strategic capabilities that SMEs should consider for enhancing their performance; however, how to define responsiveness and how to develop it in the SME context are seldom discussed. A review of the literature leads us to propose three dimensions of responsiveness in the SME context: market sensing, customer linking, and promptness. Moreover, we propose that IT-enabled collaboration should facilitate this capability. We develop a research framework to examine the relations between IT-enabled collaboration, responsiveness, and organizational performance. To verify our research framework, a case study that was deployed in the Mt. Pillow Leisure Agricultural Area in Yilan County. We observe that SMEs can achieve higher level of performance after they have enhanced responsiveness through cooperation via the IT-enabled platforms. The results of this study can also help SMEs improve their performance by realizing the importance of responsiveness and how to enhance responsiveness through IT-enabled collaboration.