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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

隨機波動下利率變動型人壽保險之違約風險分析 / Default AnalysisofInterestSensitiveLifeInsurance Policies underStochasticVolatility

曾暐筑, Tseng, Wei Chu Unknown Date (has links)
資本市場之系統性風險加劇時,對於利率變動型人壽保險所持有之區隔資產將出現大幅波動,進而影響保險公司之清償能力,本研究透過建立區隔資產負債表之隨機模型,檢視系統性風險下對於人壽保險業違約風險之變化,並透過敏感度分析找出對違約風險影響最大的因子。 本研究依據利率變動型壽險之現金流量建立公司之資產負債模型,預期建立Heston (1993)模型描述標的資產的隨機波動過程,相較於以往Black-Scholes (1973)模型更能反映真實的市場波動。本研究藉由資產與負債的變化,衡量保險公司違約風險,同時分析影響違約風險之各項因子,包含解約、死亡與資產配置策略之關聯性。本研究結果顯示,宣告利率、評價時間長度及資產配置策略等皆會影響保險公司之違約風險及其破產幅度。 / When systemic risk of capital markets exacerbates, the segment assets that held by interest sensitive life insurance policies will fluctuate widely and affect insurer's solvency. This paper considers the problem of valuating the default risk of the life insurers under systematic risk, by constructing a stochastic model of segment balance sheet. In this paper, we establish insurer's asset-liability model on the basis of interest sensitive life insurance policies' cash flow.In particular, we use Heston(1993) model to simulate stochastic process of assets, which is better reflect market volatility than Black-Scholes(1973) model in reality. And moreover, by means of the variation on asset and liability, this study evaluating the default risk of life insurers and analyze the factors affect default risk, like the correlation between surrender, death and asset allocation. And using the result of sensitivity analysis to determine which factor is more important, like guaranteed rate, time period of valuation and so on.
12

從傳統民法解除權到特種買賣解約權

游楨德 Unknown Date (has links)
傳統的民法理論與規範架構中,得以解除契約或行使撤銷權,乃基於立法者對於傳統私法體系下,擬欲維持私法自治原則及契約制度嚴格遵守之例外,其要件限制多較嚴苛。然則,在現代社會之消費關係,隨著大量生產下的經濟發展等演變,消費者與企業經營者間,其專業知識、經濟力及交涉力則常處於不均衡之地位,在消費者面對無店舖銷售及業者強力新穎勸誘的行銷衝擊下,傳統民法解除權之機制,似乎很難有效彌補消費者於交易中弱勢地位,使得消費者的權利受到完整的保障。 因之,本文擬先以民法上解除權及撤銷權之相關規範作探討,並進一步檢討消費者無條件解約權之法理、進展及其相關重要規定。此外,消費者之解除權立法後之執行成效及若干問題,亦值得關注。例如,消費者解約權之期間長短、起算期間、數位化商品及企業經營者違反告知義務之法律效果等,似有若干問題仍困擾著消費者與企業經營者,本文擬一併討論之。 最後,本文亦擬透過詳細的分析與檢討,針對消費者無條件解約權的法規範,提出改善建議。並嘗試對現行民法與消費者保護法之立法模式,提出建議,期能對現行相關問題,尋找更佳之解決途徑。
13

解約率模型建構及應用-台灣壽險經驗 / Lapse rate modeling and application- Taiwan life insurance experience

邱珮娟 Unknown Date (has links)
一般而言,壽險公司會在保險契約生效前就支付保單相關之費用,例如核保與承保之成本,並且公司會預期未來保險期間內可以填補上述費用;但若保戶於保險期間內早期解約或是解約情形嚴重,將使壽險公司難達到損益兩平之目標而招受損失,影響公司預期盈收,進而增加公司資金調度上之困難。因此,對於長期穩健經營之壽險公司而言,瞭解各保險解約率變動情形對於公司之財務規劃相當重要,以期降低危害公司之風險。 本文期望藉由台灣保險事業發展中心之實證資料蒐集與相關分析,探討影響台灣壽險業生死合險及不還本終身壽險解約之因素以及其解約率之特性,進而建立與利差及保單年度相關之解約率模型,以期能準確地估計台灣壽險公司生死合險解約率與不還本終身壽險解約率。除此之外,本研究將所建構之解約率模型應用於公司未來現金流量分析,以蒙地卡羅法模擬各險種保單準備金之分配,瞭解各種解約率假設對於公司未來現金流量之影響,進而瞭解解約率參數假設對於準備金風險之評估扮演重要角色。 / In general, the life insurance companies would pay the expenses with respect to the insurance policies before the validity of insurance contracts such as underwriting and insuring costs. If the policyholders are early-surrendered or over-surrendered during the policy period, then it will make the insurance companies hard to achieve their break-even goal and result in affecting the companies’ surplus as well as management of their capital. Thus, for the long-term and stable life insurance companies, it is extremely important to understand the changes of lapse rate in order to reduce the financial risk damage before making any financial decisions. In this article, we expect to focus on the causes and the features of lapse rate changes by collecting and analyzing the empirical data of endowment and whole life insurance in Taiwan from Taiwan Insurance Institute. Based on our analysis, we could build the lapse rate model concerning the relation between the lapse rate and interest rate difference or policy year for estimating the endowment lapse rate and whole life insurance lapse rate accurately. Moreover, we apply the lapse rate model to company’s cash flow analysis. We employ the Monte Carlo simulation to simulate the policy reserve distribution, and we find out that the lapse rate assumption plays an important role in the policy reserve evaluation.
14

分時享有契約與消費者保護-以海外渡假村為中心 / Time-Share Contract and Consumer Protection-Centered on Overseas Resorts

曹能芝 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣近年來隨著國民所得提高與週休二日實施,休閒旅遊已成為現代人生活中必要的調劑,各種新型態之休閒活動應運而生,「海外渡假村會員卡(權)」即為一由國外引進之新興旅遊產品。其係以消費者購買分時渡假權,而得於每年預先固定之時段,利用某特定不動產及其相關設施之休閒類型。由於渡假地點在海外,消費者難以實地瞭解會員權益及服務品質,且可比較的產品亦屬缺乏,較不易獲得正確完整的資訊。加上該產品之銷售,多採取街頭問卷調查等方式來得到消費者個人資料,並以「恭喜中獎」來引誘消費者參加業者所舉辦的說明會,除了長達四、五個小時的推銷攻勢外,並以當天簽約方可享有更優惠價格等促銷手法,促使消費者在對契約內容無所知悉之情形下作出締約之決定。 企業經營者為了銷售方便等因素,對不同之交易相對人適用相同之交易條件,故多預先就契約之內容擬定定型化約款。惟對締約之消費者而言,締約前對於該契約之法律性質及雙方之權利義務常難以獲取資訊,倘企業經營者未就其所擬定之定型化契約於締約前善盡說明義務、或給予消費者充分之審閱期間,消費者多係於未對契約內容有相當程度瞭解之狀態下與業者締約。俟簽訂契約後,發生債務不履行情形時,亦不知如何就契約內容主張權利、救濟。 由於一般民眾對此項產品所涉之權利義務關係及運作方式多未能完全掌握,在部分銷售業者採取不當的行銷手段並使用不公平的定型化契約之情況下,致此類交易頻生紛爭。尤其是渡假村所在地位於國外,消費者對於外國相關法令多屬陌生,不僅締約前欠缺資訊之獲取,締約後如有爭議,更不知如何向業者依法請求損害的救濟。 觀察實務上的訴訟及行政處分案件,發現此類交易主要爭議多在於其銷售手法是否受消費者保護法中訪問買賣之規範所拘束,及其衍生之無條件解約權該如何行使等問題。有鑑於「海外渡假村會員卡(權)」之銷售發生諸多消費糾紛,依照消費者保護法第一條規定:「保護消費者權益,促進國民消費生活安全,提升國民消費生活品質」之意旨,實應對此交易型態之法律性質、契約雙方當事人之權利義務等作進一步之釐清。因此本文擬從我國海外渡假村會員權契約之現況談起,就國內之法律規範及定型化契約範本加以分析,並介紹外國法制之重要規範,與我國法制檢討比較, 再針對此契約類型所衍生出的實務爭議問題,輔以司法實務及學界見解,予以整理、研析,期能藉由檢討行政法制之規定、司法實務之見解,提出相關建議,以避免經濟優勢地位者繼續濫用契約自由,影響消費者權益。
15

含解約權之附保證變額壽險評價分析

林威廷 Unknown Date (has links)
本文針對躉繳保費的附保證變額壽險進行評價,保單形式為生死合險,假設投保人可將期初的投資金額連結到兩種投資標的:股價指數及債券型基金,並以BGM模型描述利率的動態過程,然後分別計算不含解約權及含解約權的附保證變額壽險躉繳保費,進而求算出隱含在保單中的保證價值和解約權價值。針對含解約權的附保證變額壽險,以Longstaff and Schwartz(2001)提出的最小平方蒙地卡羅法處理解約的問題。最後,我們求算不同年齡下的男性保費,並且在投資比例、起始最低保證、最低保證給付成長率、針對解約的保證給付成長率和第一個允許的解約時點變動下,分別討論對於保證價值和解約權價值的影響。 結果顯示:(1)當起始最低保證給付等於期初投資金額時,投資在股票的比例越大,越能凸顯保證價值和解約權價值佔保費的比重。以30歲男性為例,保證價值佔不含解約權之附保證變額壽險的比例,由全部投資在債券型基金的0.03%,成長到全部投資在股票的13.86%;而解約權價值佔含解約權之附保證變額壽險的比例,由全部投資在債券型基金的0.05%,成長到全部投資在股票的9.12%。(2)投資比例、起始最低保證給付和最低保證給付成長率越大,保證價值越高。(3)起始最低保證給付和針對解約的保證給付成長率越大,解約權價值越大;而最低保證給付成長率和第一個允許的解約時點越大,解約權價值越小。(4)投資比例隨著最低保證給付不同對解約權價值有不同的影響。 關鍵字:附保證變額壽險、BGM利率模型、解約選擇權、最小平方蒙地卡羅法 / This study emphasizes on the pricing of variable life insurance with minimum guarantees. As an endowment policy in a single premium form, in this paper, it is assumed that the insured can distribute the initial investment amount into two underlying assets: the stock index fund and bond fund. Simulating the interest rate under a BGM model, computational procedures are performed for the single premium of the variable life insurance policy without surrender option and embedding a surrender option, and further, the guarantee value and surrender value embedded in the insurance policy. For the variable life insurance policy embedding a surrender option, the Least Square Monte-Carlo method proposed by Longstaff and Schwartz (2001) is applied to solve the surrender conditions. Finally, we calculate the premium for a male at different ages, and respectively analyze the variations of the guarantee value and surrender value under the influence of the investment portfolio, the initial minimum guaranteed amount, the growth rate of the minimum guarantee, the growth rate of the minimum guarantee for surrender and the first permitted surrender time. The results show that: (1) when the initial minimum guaranteed amount equals the initial investment amount, higher proportion invested in stock will result in larger percentage of the guarantee value and surrender value to total premium. Take a 30-year old male as an example: the percentage of guarantee value to the premium of variable life insurance with minimum guarantee and without a surrender option, which is 0.03% when the initial investment amount thoroughly goes to bond fund, rises up to 13.86% with the entire amount invested in stock index fund. Likewise, the percentage of surrender value to the premium of variable life insurance with minimum guarantee and surrender option is 0.05% with total amount invested in bond fund, while it is 9.12% with the entire amount invested in stock index fund. (2) The higher proportion invested in stock, the initial minimum guaranteed amount and the growth rate of minimum guaranteed amount, the larger guarantee value. (3) Larger initial minimum guaranteed amount and the growth rate of the minimum guaranteed amount for surrender would contribute to a higher surrender value. The higher growth rate of the minimum guaranteed amount and the first permitted surrender time, the lower surrender value. (4) The influence of the investment portfolio to surrender value depends on the initial minimum guaranteed amount. Key words: Variable life insurance with minimum guaranteed amount, BGM interest rate model, surrender option, least squares Monte Carlo approach.
16

定型化違約金條款之法律問題

歐陽勝嘉 Unknown Date (has links)
於契約成立以後,債權人得按約定內容請求債務人依約履行其義務。若義務不能履行時,法律賦予債權人依債務不履行之規定請求損害賠償之權限。然而損害賠償原則上僅用於填補財產上損害,無法擴及所有值得保護之非財產法益。縱然損害為財產上損害,損害數額之計算與證明經常為雙方當事人所爭執。因此,違約金經常成為當事人簡化損害計算及確保契約履行之工具。 惟自定型化契約條款廣泛使用以來,條款使用人經常濫用其形成契約內容之優勢地位以成就其絕對利益。在許多情況下,定型化違約金條款已然偏離其制度之初衷,成為條款使用人於對價關係外牟取不正利益之工具。如何杜絕定型化違約金條款之濫用,在現代契約法中業已成為不可忽視之重要議題。 本文先從違約金之法律性質出發,參酌德國學說及實務見解確定我國違約金制度之基本內涵,並澄清其相互間之關係。除瞭解國內外法制之內涵外,並藉此確定各種性質之違約金條款間之制度目的及法律規範之模範類型,探求定型化契約條款效力審查之基礎。隨後再分別針對在工程契約、消費者金融契約以及預售屋交易契約中所常見之違約金條款予以類型化分析,透過雙方當事人之利益衡量定性系爭條款之法律性質,並據以歸納出條款效力控制之標準。並期望透過本文之研究,能夠為法院實務與範本制訂提供具體可行之建議。
17

壽險公司責任準備金涉險值之估計 / The Estimation of Value at Risk for the Reserve of Life/Health Insurance Company

詹志清, Chihching Chan Unknown Date (has links)
中文摘要 在本文中,我們依據模擬的風險因子變動,包括死亡率風險,利率風險,解約率風險以及模型的參數風險,來估計第一個保單年度的期末責任準備金之涉險值 (Value at Risk)。本文中,雖僅計算生死合險保單的準備金之涉險值,但是本文所提供的方法以及計算過程可以很容易的應用到其它險種,甚至配合資產面的考量來計算保險公司盈餘(Surplus)的涉險值,進而作為清償能力的監測系統。 本文的特點包括下列幾項:第一,本文提供了一個不同於傳統短期間(Short Horizon)的涉險值計算方式,來估計壽險商品的保單責任準備金(Policy Reserve)的涉險值。第二,本文利用生命表來估計死亡率風險所造成的涉險值。第三,我們利用隨機利率模型來捕捉隨機利率對於責任準備金涉險值的影響。第四,我們考慮解約率對於責任準備金涉險值的影響,值得注意的是,在我們的解約率模型中,引入的利率對於解約率的影響。第五,本文亦考慮風險因子模型當中的參數風險對於涉險值的影響。最後,我們利用無母數方法計算出涉險值的信賴區間,而信賴區間的估計在模擬過程當中尤其重要,因為它可以用來決定模擬次數的多寡。 本文包含六節:第一節為導論。第二節為計算死亡率風險的責任準備金涉險值。第三節是計算加上利率風險後責任準備金涉險值的變化。第四節則為加上解約率後對涉險值的影響。第五節為計算涉險值的信賴區間。第六節是我們的結論以及後續研究的方向探討。 本文包含六節:第一節為導論。第二節為計算死亡率風險的責任準備金涉險值。第三節是計算加上利率風險後責任準備金涉險值的變化。第四節則為加上解約率後對涉險值的影響。第五節為計算涉險值的信賴區間。第六節是我們的結論以及後續研究的方向探討。 / ABSTRACT In this paper, we estimate the VAR of life insurer's terminal reserve of the first policy year by the simulated risk factors, including mortality risk, interest rate risk, lapse rate risk, and estimation risks, of future twenty years. We found that the difference between the VAR under the mortality risk and the interest rate risk is very large because interest rate is a stochastic process but not mortality rate. Thus, the dispersion of interest rate is more then mortality rate. In addition, the VAR will reduce a lot after adding the impact of lapses because the duration of the reserve reduced. If we neglect the impact of lapses to VAR, we will overestimate the VAR significantly. The features of this paper are as follows. First, we provide an approach to measure the VAR of a life insurer's reserve, and it is rather different from traditional VAR with short horizons. Second, we use mortality table to estimate the VAR of a life insurer's reserve. Third, we use stochastic interest rate model to capture the effect of random interest rate to the VAR of a life insurer's reserve. Fourth, we relate the future cash outflows to interest rate and produce a reasonable estimator of VAR. Fifth, we consider the effect of estimation errors to the VAR of a life insurer's reserve. Last, we calculate the confidence interval of the VAR estimates of the policy reserves. This paper consists of six sections. The first section is an introduction. In the second section, we present the method used to estimate the variance of the mortality rate and then estimate the VAR of reserves from these variances. In the third section, we explore how to use stochastic interest rate model to estimate the reserve's VAR and the VAR associated with the parameter risk of the interest rate model. In the fourth section, we analyze the contribution of the lapse rate risk and the parameter risk of the lapse rate model to the reserve's VAR. We also analyze the relative significance of the interest rate risk, the lapse rate risk, and the mortality rate risk in terms of their marginal contributions to the VAR of an insurer's reserves in this section. In the fifth section, we calculate the confidence intervals of the VAR estimates discussed in the previous sections. The last section is the conclusion section containing our conclusions and discussions about potential future researches.
18

消費信用保護 / Consumer Credit Protection

潘玥竹 Unknown Date (has links)
在現代社會中,信用交易普遍存在於每一個角落。急需現金之人,向銀行申辦貸款以應付生活所需;商品或服務提供人為增進消費者購買能力,同意以分期方式收取價金。利用不同形式的信用交易,可使個人之財務規劃有更佳之配置,對於企業經營者及金融機構而言,信用交易更是促進業績及繼續經營不可或缺之手法。然而,無論是消費者過度依賴信用交易、企業經營者或金融機構在定型化契約中設計不合理之約款,或為業績考量過度促銷信用交易,皆有可能對於整體經濟與社會造成傷害。我國在民國九十三年年底發生雙卡風暴後,社會各界對於信用交易多有檢討,本文則從定型化契約及現行法之規定,探討目前信用交易(以金錢借貸契約與分期付款交易為主)之法律問題。
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消費定型化契約條款之行政規制 / Consumption of standard contract terms of administrative control

胡華泰 Unknown Date (has links)
我國公權力對消費定型化契約條款之行政管制,有愈趨嚴密之勢,觀諸國內目前的研究文獻,卻多為個別消費定型化契約類型的研究,針對其整體性的研究文獻卻相當稀少。本篇論文嘗試以較宏觀之角度,從定型化契約條款規制緣由之發展、德國相關契約管制理論之討論,以及契約之法律經濟分析等面向,以現行消費者保護法的規範架構為基礎,以演繹具體之消費定型化契約條款內容控制標準。嗣以此等內容控制標準檢視我國目前有關消費定型化契約條款的行政規制模式,尤其針對定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項的性質,及其相關內容加以分析討論。除此之外,由於我國目前中央主管機關所公告之各類定型化契約應記載及不得記載事項甚多,本文亦嘗試著將這些應記載及不得記載事項予以類型化,並逐一地提出比較評析。 第壹章「緒論」:各國對消費定型化契約條款多有採取立法、行政及司法等相關規制措施加以導正,我國法制(即立法及司法規則)因此亦深受影響,尤其是繼受德國法。惟我國有關消費定型化契約條款行政規制法制的發展則與德國法制完全脫勾,目前係廣泛透過行政立法之方式,發展頗具臺灣特色的管制模式。針對此種運用公權力以積極介入私人間法律關係的發展,從憲法及行政法角度而言,是否違反法治國原則?從民法的契約自由及契約正義而言,是否妥適?公私法彼此間的競合交錯是否造成過度管制的情形?期藉由初步討論能拋磚引玉。 第貳章「消費定型化契約條款管制之發展」:從定型化契約條款規制緣由之發展、德國相關契約管制理論之討論,以及契約之法律經濟分析等面向,探討消費定型化契約條款管為何要加以管制,以及管制所須注意的面向。 第參章「消費定型化契約條款行政規制之發展」:由於立法、司法規制的功能不足,國家遂被進一步地授權以行政手段介入管制。國家藉由行政規制填充、創造私法自治的外圍框架,理論上並非完全無著力空間,也因此造就我國消費定型化契約條款行政規制的發展。而根據我國目前實務,立法者為避免人民權利保障的疏漏,多有授權行政機關針對消費定型化契約條款進行管制的情形,因此傳統論者基於國家應保持中立或公權力不能妨害契約自由等觀點反對行政規制的立場,似未能切中問題重點,本文以為應就「何時適宜動用行政介入手段」、「動用何種行政手段」、「法治國」、「效用」等面向深入討論,並注意所採用的手段是否逸脫消費定型化契約條款的管制緣由。 第肆章「消費定型化契約條款行政規制之種類」:從行政指導、法規命令及行政處分等行政作用面向分述消費定型化契約條款行政規制之種類。 第伍章「違反行政規制之法律效果」:從行政罰及消費者保護官的不作為訴訟分述違反行政規制的法律效果。 第陸章「各類型行政規制之檢討」:針對前兩章消費定型化契約條款行政規制之種類及違反行政規制之法律效果進行檢討,該章是本篇論文的重心。 第柒章「法制上之建議-代結論」:延續第陸章的檢討,對我國現行消費定型化契約條款行政規制法制提出建言。 / With the ongoing changes of official role in the arbitration between the civil contracts, the debate of whether it should be stepping into or reducing is still up in the air. Although both sides have based on profound theories, the administrative authority of ROC still has tighter and tighter control on consumption of standard contract terms. In light of domestic study on such subject, more paper emphasize on individual type of study instead of the comprehensive one. Therefore this paper claims that the administrative authority should aggressively play a role to create the sound framework to provide necessary substances and service to assure the function of the market mechanism. However, its intervention of the contract content freedom should be taken by more conservative approach. Under this circumstance, this study is trying to illustrate the origin and the development of moderation on standard contract terms, also with the related discussion over contract moderation in German, and the analysis in law and economics over civil contracts. Moreover this study elaborates the concrete consumption of standard contract terms under the consumers’ protection regulation architecture. Hopefully we can reexamine the current administrative control over the consumption of standard contract terms, especially for those the standard contract terms should be posted and those should not. We can evaluate the pros and cons about that later. Besides, due to lots of regulation over those should be or not to provisions, this study is also trying to classify all to make comparison and analysis one by one for your own view.

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