二十一世紀企業的價值不再僅止於帳面資產所反映的價值，許多無形資產所隱藏的價值更甚於有形資產，這部份即是所謂的智慧資本，其中又以人力資本最為重要，尤其在二十一世紀的知識經濟時代，更須正視「人」所扮演的角色，因為人所具備的知識、技術與能力，已成為企業競爭優勢的來源。近幾年來，台灣資訊電子業之所以能蓬勃發展的主要原因即在於具備了技術密集與知識密集的特性，本研究有鑒於人力資本的重要性日增，而技術又是資訊電子業的關鍵成功因素，因此擬探討技術人力資本強度是否對公司經營績效有顯著的正向影響。 　　本研究以我國資訊電子業之57家上市上櫃公司1991年至2000年共241個觀察值為樣本，蒐集公司內部技術人員人數之實際資料，運用實證分析方法，探討技術人力資本強度與公司經營績效間的關聯，並將研究發展強度、員工薪資報酬水準、員工生產力、公司規模這四個公司特性一並納入分析。 　　實證結果顯示，無論以資產報酬率或權益報酬率衡量經營績效，皆與技術人力資本強度呈顯著正相關，且無論是以營業利益、營業毛利、稅前息前淨利、稅前淨利或稅後淨利計算報酬率，結果均支持本研究的假說。至於其他公司特性方面，除公司規模外，研究發展強度、員工薪資報酬水準及員工生產力多與經營績效呈正相關，亦符合本研究的預期。 　　此外，本研究亦探討技術人力資本的變動對經營績效的解釋程度，研究結果顯示，技術人員人數每增加10%，營業利益即增加4.4%，顯示技術人力資本不僅與公司經營績效有顯著正相關，當技術人員增加時，營業利益也會隨之增加，代表技術人員的人數對公司本業經營績效之影響相當大。另外，研究發現以營業毛利作為獲利的替代變數時，模式的解釋力(Adj-R2)最高，代表技術人員對公司經營績效的影響主要還是反映在製造成本與銷貨成本的降低。 　　本研究結果可供我國資訊電子業制定人力資源管理決策的參考，在全球競爭日益激烈的環境下，未來我國資訊電子業公司在人才的招募上，應提高技術人員所佔的比例，來增強本身在技術上的競爭力，進而提昇公司的經營績效。 / Management theory has gradually accepted that ‘hidden assets’ or most recently ‘intellectual capital’, especially human capital, increasingly play a major role for the survival of companies. With the coming of knowledge economy, knowledge and competence of employees have become the most important sources of competitive advantage. The reason why Taiwanese information and electronic industry has grown rapidly these years lies in the key factor of technology intensity and knowledge intensity. Since technology is the soul of this industry and technology must be realized directly through technicians, this study intends to examine the association between technical human capital intensity and corporate operating performance. 　　The sample used in this study consists of 57 information and electronic companies listed on TSE and ROSE from 1991 to 2000, totally 241 observations. We collect the data of number of technicians from Public Offering Prospectus. This study uses multi-regression model as the empirical method to test the hypothesis that the technical human capital intensity and corporate operating performance are positively related. In addition, we include R&D intensity, labor compensation level, labor productivity and company scale as the subordinate independent variables. 　　Our results provide strong evidence that higher technical human capital intensity leads to better operating performance. Besides, when the gross profit is used to measure profitability, the Adj-R2 of the model achieves 50%, which means the major impact of technicians on corporate performance is reflected in the reduction of manufacturing costs or cost of goods sold. We also investigate more about how the variation of technical human capital influences the operating performance. The result shows that when the number of technicians increases 10%, the operating income increases 4.4%. As for other subordinate variables, R&D intensity, labor compensation level and labor productivity are all significantly positively related to operating performance.

行政院會於民國八十八年十二月十六日通過保險法修正草案，修正草案中針對強化之監理機制與增進保戶大眾之權益係以強化其資本適足性為其修法目標，所採之方法即建立風險基礎資本額制（Risk-based Capital, RBC）。而保險法修正案於民國九十年六月二十六日業已經立法院三讀通過，然RBC制度將於民國九十二年中實施。台灣保險監理機關的確有必要對於壽險公司之投資效率及經營上的安全作一考量，所以便引入美國監理關協會（National Association of Insurance Commissioners, NAIC）早於1993年便推動的風險基礎資本額制。 　　本文檢視美國壽險業者在風險基礎資本額制實施後，其資本結構與資產風險是否產生顯著之變化，研究保險公司之冒險行為之增減，以作為台灣監理機關未來施行RBC制度的參考。然基於此，本文利用三階段最小平方法來分析壽險業者其風險、資本與風險基礎資本制度的關係，實證結果發現RBC ratio較高的業者在風險基礎資本額制實施後，雖然增加風險但也同時調高資本比率，另一方面，RBC ratio較低之保險公司不僅僅增加公司整體風險外，也降低資本比率。 / The risk-based capital requirements developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) were intended to raise the safety net for insurers and provide regulators with the authority to intervene when capital falls below a minimum standard of capital adequacy that is related to risk. The paper examines the simultaneous impact of RBC had on life insurer’s both capital and risk. We employed a three stage least squares (3SLS) model to analyze the relationship between life insurer’s capital, risk and the risk-based capital requirements. The results suggest that life insurers with lower RBC ratio would not only increase their capital ratio but also increase their company-wide risk. Besides, the life insurers with higher RBC ratio would reduce the capital ratio and increase the risk.

近年來，隨著臺灣醫療產業的重要性漸增及其所面臨的種種挑戰，個別醫院面臨的生存壓力漸增，醫院組織的策略議題也漸受重視，過去文獻多著重於營利組織的策略管理探討，醫院組織雖非以營利為目的，卻仍須重視成本控管與績效表現，以提供更優質的醫療服務，其中，提升資源運用與配置效率是相當重要的課題。 智慧資本導航分析法(ICN)過去多應用於營利企業，本研究目的在於引進ICN分析技術，以量化指標和圖形呈現輔助，分析醫院對於智慧資本資源運用之管理議題。本研究以某個案醫院為例，研究期間歷時10個月，訪談對象為8位來自醫院各部門的高階經營主管，於專業領域的經歷與年資皆相當豐富，各主管針對醫院資源的相對比重及資源間的轉換進行評估，並提出理想狀況的資源轉換關係，作為未來策略發展的參考依據。 研究結果分別回答三大研究議題，就醫院中各項資源的轉換關係來看，「人力資本」主要貢獻於醫師、醫療人員及聲譽形象，且期望於未來投入更多於組織策略與行銷的能力提升和顧客關係的建立；「組織資本」主要貢獻於行政人員、醫師、醫療人員、資訊管理、創新學習、財務管理和流程管理，以吸引人才、提升人力素質和提升組織管理效率為組織創造價值；「關係資本」主要貢獻於強化組織與外部利害關係人之關係。就各項資源間轉換的對稱性而言，各項資本對「關係資本」的投入普遍大於從「關係資本」所獲得的反饋，代表組織未來可思考提升「關係資本」對其他資本的貢獻。此外，傳統資源對智慧資本的貢獻亦大於從智慧資本所獲得的反饋，部分原因可能來自智慧資本的反饋較難具體衡量，而未來仍應以策略目標作為提升智慧資本運用效率的前提。最後，就個案醫院而言，「人力資本」不僅是最重要的資源，同時也是組織價值創造的來源，其中又以醫師、醫療人員和高階管理為主，代表知識與專業是醫院高績效表現最重要的兩項資源。 / This research aims at adopting the intellectual capital perspective and its analytical approach in the managerial practice of a health-care organization. The concept of intellectual capital has been applied to the practice of for-profit organizations. However, health-care organizations, which were regarded as non-for-profit, have not been paied close attention to their resource management. Based on intellectual capital perspective, this research introduces Intellectual Capital Navigator (ICN) approach to evaluate the efficiency of using resources.. This research is conducted by an in-depth study on a hospital, demonstrating the importance of needed resources and analyzing the resource transformation among human capital, organizational capital, relational capital, physical capital and monetary capital. The conclusion of this research found that human capital contributed more to itself and organizational capital. Moreover, it is expected to contribute more to relational capital in the future. When it comes to the symmetry of transformations, ICN analysis shows that each capital contributed to relational capital more than getting from it, and that traditional capital contributed to intellectual capital more than getting from them. This study also found that human capital is the most important value source in the hospital. Therefore, the hospital should pay more managerial attention to the balance and asymmetric transformation among resources to enhance the effectiveness and efficieny of its resource management. The adoption of ICN analytical approach into health-care organization extends the application of intellectual capital management.

自1997亞洲金融風暴以來，區域性金融危機的傳染現象(Contagion, or Spillover Effect)便受到經濟學界高度重視，其重要性在2008年雷曼兄弟事件所引發的全球性金融海嘯後更加突顯，而相關的資本管制也陸續出籠，其中最引人注目的當屬2010年通過實行的三代巴賽爾條約(Basel III)。本文奠基於Allen and Gale(2000)所提出的銀行同業拆借市場(Interbank Market)模型，配合資本適足率的導入，試圖驗證在資本管制的設定之下，是否能有效預防銀行恐慌與其蔓延現象之發生。其結果證實提高資本適足率後，藉由銀行本身主動的提高緩衝性準備(Buffer)，銀行倒閉的發生機率將顯著降低，換言之，資本適足率管制有效提高了銀行倒閉門檻。同時，本文亦證實資本管制對於銀行同業拆借市場所衍生的傳染現象具有顯著的改善效果。 然而，資本適足率之管制雖具有穩定金融體系的作用，其對存款人消費之緊縮效果卻無可避免會降低其效用。本文在考慮銀行倒閉風險機率後，建立一兩期之社會福利涵數，並利用計算代表性個人(Representative Agent)預期效用極大化條件下的最適資本適足率。在特定參數之下，所得到最適資本適足率為6.375%。我們並且進一步證實，在權益資金報酬率小於長期資產報酬率之下，最適之資本適足率將同步增加，進而使社會福利最大，此符合一般的經濟直覺，同時再次突顯金融體系穩定性對於社會福利的重要性。 / The financial contagion phenomenon, or the spillover effect, has become a crucial issue in recent years after the breakout of the financial crises in 2008. To deal with such problem, some regulations such as the capital requirement, has been introduced as a solution. In our paper, we develop a model based on Allen and Gale (2000) to testify whether the introduction of the capital requirement can successfully reduce the risks of bankruptcy and contagion phenomenon for the interbank system when suffering from the regional liquidity shock. We conclude that after the introduction of capital requirement, the bank will voluntarily hold more buffers to lower the bankruptcy risk and reduce the spillover effect. What’s more, we construct an optimal level of the capital requirement that maximize the social welfare utility and depends on the probability of bankruptcy, the percentage of early withdrawals, the relative cost of capital and other parameters. By simulation, we have the optimal capital requirement at 6.375% in our benchmark case, which is a reasonable one compared with the current Basel Accord. Finally, the paper shows that as the cost of capital is getting lower, bank uses more capital which enhances the social welfare significantly in equilibrium, indicating the great importance of financial stability.

從Coleman至Putnam甚至是Lin及Ikeda以來，社會資本的研究幾乎都是橫斷性（Cross sectional）的研究，並沒有使用嚴謹和跨時的個人社會資本和社團參與的組織社會資本及信任的資料來釐清這些概念之間的因果關係。信任作為社會互動的一個重要機制，究竟是如何被影響的? 本文採用林南及熊瑞梅等對於個人社會資本及組織社會資本的概念，以及對於測量社會資本的定位法（position generator）來展開本研究，並使用OLS及SEM來進行統計分析。 據此，本研究有以下幾點發現：首先，第一是釐清了前後期個人社會資本及信任的關係。後期個人社會資本並不會直接影響後期的信任，主要是前期個人社會資本來影響後期信任；其次，為後期個人社會資本是前期組織社會資本及後期信任的中介變項，華人的信任看似是由個人社會資本所影響的，但其實是透過早先的社團參與的組織社會資本影響著後期的個人社會資本，而後期的個人社會資本又深深影響著信任的高低；最後，教育和個人社會資本對於信任有著交互作用，而中等教育者在是隨者低社會資本、中等社會資本及高社會資信任增加，符合本研究所採用的觀點，林南及Ikeda對於社會資本與信任的看法。都認為社會資本愈高或是網絡異質性愈高，對於創造信任是有幫助的。

本研究探討我國反資本稀釋稅制在國際會計準則導入後之影響，並以各國目前對於金融工具應分類為負債或權益的規定，以及相對應之股利收入與利息收入課稅方式，了解各國對防止自有資本稀釋的規範，並提出因應國際會計準則導入，我國之反自有資本稀釋條款的可能調整方向。 研究結果分為兩部分：在各國相關稅制上，主要以固定比率法作為反避稅的方法，而美國與德國則以盈餘減除法計算超額利息，英國藉由常規交易原則判斷經濟實質；導入國際會計準則影響上，主要係因具有融資性質的融資租賃分類標準從我國會計準則的規則基礎轉換為國際會計準則的原則基礎，而產生租賃交易的分類變動。另外金融工具在國際會計準則下以該工具的經濟實質予以分類，也與我國過去規定不甚相同，例如特別股、可贖回公司債或附賣回權之金融工具等。此外，對於關係人的認定方式，我國目前現行反自有資本稀釋法規亦與國際會計準則之範圍不同。這些項目在導入IFRS皆有稅法適用上是否配合改變之問題須待釐清。 / This study focused on thin capitalization rules and the impacts of adopting IFRS. It also emphasized the classification of debt and equity instruments of foreign countries, as well as the taxation issues of dividend and interest revenue, to introduce thin capitalization rules of other countries, and the available adjustment of Taiwanese thin capitalization regulation as to respond the adoption of IFRS. The conclusions of this study are divided into two parts. The first part is for other countries’ related regulations. Most countries employ fixed debt/equity ratio approach as the way of anti-avoidance. United States and Germany employ earnings stripping rules approach, while United Kingdom use arm’s length approach. The second part is for the impacts from adoption of IFRS. The impacts are mainly from finance lease and financial instruments’ classification due to the transfer from rule-based to principle-based under IFRS. In addition, financial instruments may have to reclassify with the economics substance, such as preferred stock, callable bonds, and puttable bonds, which are different from Taiwanese original rules. The definition and scope of related party in IFRS are also different and should be clarified.

過去組織生態研究多半探討環境與組織死亡、創建等議題，較少從組織衰退的角度來看待仍然生存於環境中的廠商與環境的互動關係。本研究試圖瞭解企業所擁有的無形資產與企業衰退的關連，並從人力資本與社會資本理論的角度來分析，企業擁有無形資產的程度越高是否企業越不容易衰退，此外，本研究欲探討企業的人力資本與社會資本是否對環境與組織衰退的關係產生干擾效果。 本研究使用長期資料追蹤法分析資料後發現，外部環境會對企業的衰退產生影響，包含較差的經濟條件與較高的產業競爭強度都容易讓企業面臨衰退的命運。但是，當企業內所持有的人力資本與社會資本程度越高，環境對於組織衰退的影響將會減弱，此外，本研究亦發現了社會資本若干變項與企業衰退的直接效果。然而，其中若干假說出現與研究預期不一致的結果，將在論文中進行詳盡的分析。 本研究企圖處理過去較少文獻進行實證的組織衰退議題，並發現組織衰退所隱含的概念並非單純是成長的相反詞，企業在追求成長的過程中，也可能造成另一個角度的衰退跡象，亦即財務風險的增加。然而，成長與高風險亦非同時存在。透過本論文的研究結果將發現不同的人力資本與社會資本對於不同角度的組織衰退會產生不甚相同的結果。總結來說，無形資產在企業面對外部環境壓力卻必須追求生存的情況下，扮演著重要的角色。 / Most previous researches in organizational ecology field focused on the relationships between external environment, organizational death, and foundings. Organizational decline studies are relatively undeveloped, especially from the perspectives of human capital and social capital. I extend the resource-based viewpoint and dynamic capability perspective to explain the relationship between environmental pressure and organizational decline. The purpose of this study is to test the model that examines the relationship between environmental factors, human capital, social capital, and decline, and the moderating effect based on a ten-year panel data collected in Taiwan. An unbalanced panel data consists of 3,634 firm years from 399 companies in Taiwan was utilized for data analyses. Research results indicate that environmental pressure significantly influences organizational decline variables. This study also finds that the higher human capital and social capital will reduce the effect of environmental factors on decline. However, some indicators of human capital and social capital do not predict outcome variables. Contrary to expectations, some predictors represent opposite results. Although some research results do not agree with previous findings, they do contribute the knowledge and understanding of these fields.

金融業是一個對資訊科技（Information Technology, IT）需求相當高的行業，相對於多數產業，其IT的建置時間較早，電子化程度亦趨向成熟。然而，由於市場激烈的競爭，為了提高企業整體營運績效與獲取競爭優勢，該產業仍必須投入龐大的資金於IT的應用。近年來，隨著國內政策的改革，跨產業併購已成為金融業未來發展的趨勢，其併購後所面臨的IT整合與更新再次帶動金融業對IT的需求。網際網路的蓬勃發展，亦提供金融業者新的競爭市場與商機，例如網路ATM等金融服務紛紛推出，隨之帶來的線上交易模式使得資訊安全議題更加受到重視，相關的IT應用成為金融業所考量的重點之一。 　　如此龐大的IT投資突顯了資訊科技評估的重要，一直以來，金融業的IT投資僅次於高科技產業或製造業，其資訊科技支出常佔營收一定的比例，若能有效掌握IT資本，必可協助企業做出最佳的投資決策。本研究即以資本的觀點定義IT資本，並以此為依據，建構一套IT資本的衡量構面與指標，透過個案訪談的方式深入了解金融業IT資本的概況以及驗證指標的適用性，藉此了解金融業所重視的衡量指標為何並進而探討之。 / The Financial service industry places high demands upon information technology (IT). Compared with other industries (except for manufacturing-related industry), it not only begins IT implementation early but also has a better IT infrastructure. Owing to fierce competition in the financial markets, however, companies in the financial service industry still have to invest a huge amount of money in IT in order to enhance their whole performance and gain competitive advantages. In recent years, due to reformation of policies, across the field mergers and acquisitions have become the financial industry’s current trend. It not only makes financial firms spend more money on the integration and updating of IT systems after mergers and acquisitions but also stimulates the demand for IT at the same time. The growth of the Internet also provides financial service firms with new competitive markets and opportunities, such as e-ATM. In addition, due to the extensive use of the Internet and information systems, it makes firms pay close attention to information security issues and consider relevant IT applications to be a key point to focus on. 　　As described above, the huge amount of investment in IT has shown the importance of IT assessment. In general, the financial industry’s IT investment is no less than in high-tech or manufacturing industries; and its IT spending often takes a large part of revenue. Therefore, if financial firms could have a good understanding of IT capital, it will help them to plan the best IT investment strategy. In this research, we define what IT capital is from the viewpoint of capital, and develop the performance dimensions and indicators of IT capital to help firms to understand and assess their IT capital. In addition, we observe the overview of IT capital and verify the applicability of performance indicators through interviewing five benchmark companies in the financial industry. By way of case study, we understand what performance indicators the financial industry values most and then discuss the relation between IT investment and firm performance.

各國的產業群聚發展久已，隨著知識經濟時代的來臨，企業的真正價值取決於無形智慧資本之累積，故如何透過產業群聚資源帶動其智慧資本表現，進而創造價值，已成群聚內企業的重要課題。 本研究採用個案研究法，以位於我國新竹科學工業園區內的一家公司為研究對象，探討企業智慧資本受產業群聚影響之具體項目，及企業如何管理與蓄積，進而，連結策略性智慧資本，說明產業群聚如何透過智慧資本以協助企業策略執行。得出結論如下： 一、個案公司受產業群聚影響之智慧資本項目共有27項，主要分佈在人力、關係及流程資本。 二、個案公司針對前述項目設有13項管理制度，加強對產業群聚資源之利用。 三、部份產業群聚資源能直接透過策略性智慧資本對個案公司策略之執行產生貢獻，其他部份則透過支援策略性智慧資本之創造或累積，對個案公司策略產生間接影響。顯示產業群聚能提供公司發展上所需之策略性資源。

本研究旨在分析台灣上市公司外匯避險和資本結構策略的運用。本文利用資本市場法，作為外匯曝險衡量模型，並利用預期和非預期的匯率變動探討對企業價值的影響是否有顯著差異，本文以2007~2009年期間的月頻率資料，篩選摩根台灣指數基金(MSCI Taiwan Index Fund-March 09, 2010)成分股共108家台灣上市公司為樣本對象，並進一步利用所量化出的外匯曝險，應用至公司資本結構上，採平衡追蹤資料(balanced panel data)進行分析，探討外匯曝險與其他影響因子對公司資本結構的關係。 　　而研究結果發現，在外匯曝險衡量方面，在2007~2009年間，不論是預期或非預期外匯變動下，負值的外匯曝險係數家數明顯超越正值的外匯曝險係數家數，此研究結果也符合了台灣為一個出口導向的經濟體，當台幣相對貶值時，使得出口較具競爭力，企業的營收增加。此外，從顯著的企業樣本來看，金融證券業占大多數，顯示出匯率變動對金融證券業的影響尤其嚴重。 　　在資本結構上，本研究以營運風險、公司成立年數、抵押資產價值、自由現金流量、外匯風險、成長率、稅盾效果、獲利性和公司規模共九個因子作為影響資本結構的變數，在Panel data固定效果模型中，除了成長性和公司規模兩變數在1%顯著水準之下呈現正相關，其餘變數為顯著負相關。且該模型對公司資本結構的解釋能力相當高，Panel data固定效果模型調整後的R2為78.96%。 　　最後，本研究將產業別列入考量變數之一，結果發現，電子業與非電子業在資本結構決定因素上有顯著差異，且顯示電子業公司的負債比率較低，符合現實情況下，電子業公司在有資金需求時，大多不選擇舉債而較常採取權益融資的方式。而電子業受到外匯曝險對資本結構的影響力並不顯著，表示外匯曝險對公司負債比率並不會因為產業別而有不同的影響力。 / This study examines the foreign exchange rate exposure and capital structure strategy for the Taiwan’s Corporations. The research sample is MSCI Taiwan Index Fund, and the sample period is 2007 to 2009. To see how foreign exchange rate exposure affects the value of corporations, this study uses Capital Market Approach to be the model. Moreover, this study uses balanced panel data to see how exchange rate exposure and other variables affect the strategy of capital structure. 　　According to the result, the numbers of negative significant samples are greater than the numbers of positive significant samples no matter when measured in expected exchange rate exposure or in unexpected exchange rate exposure. This result can exactly explain that Taiwan is an export-dominated economy. When Taiwan dollar depreciates, which means corporations in Taiwan could improve export competitiveness, thus increasing profits. Moreover, this study found that exchange rate exposure has a greater impact especially on the finance and security industry. 　　In the capital structure part, this study selects nine variables to see how they affect the capital structure, including business risk, age, collateral value of assets, free cash flows, foreign exchange risks , growth, non-debt tax shields, profitability and size. In panel data fixed effect model, growth and size are found to be positive significant in 99% confidence level; other variables are found to be negative significant. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination, R2 of this panel data fix effect regression model is 78.96%, which means the regression line has a high explanatory power to explain the capital structure.