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非都市土地農牧用地容許使用之研究 / Study on permitted uses of non-urban farming and grazing lands高鈺焜 Unknown Date (has links)
非都市土地容許使用制度規範之目的係為促進土地資源之適當合理利用,避免土地遭到不當使用、濫用及誤用,並在加強非都市土地使用管制下,防止土地散漫發展侵蝕優良農田,以及天然資源的保育及杜絕自然災害的發生。惟因台灣著重經濟發展,大量的農地開發與利用,造成農地資源急速破壞,亦使農地轉用情形愈趨嚴重。而一般討論農地流失的原因多以變更開發為面向,但不論是都市計畫內或非都市土地現行的規定,農地均有許多的容許使用項目,而該等容許使用項目未必與農業使用相容,因其仍維持農地之編定,造成有變更使用之實,而無變更使用之名,然卻未有太多之論述探討農地因容許使用而產生之問題及檢討。故本研究特從探討非都市土地農牧用地容許使用執行情形,來檢視容許使用制度對農地所產生之影響。
本研究以「管制政策」理論為立論基礎,闡述為保護農地,政府應以公權力主導非都市土地農牧用地容許使用政策,修正容許使用項目現行法規及制度,建立處罰及獎勵之誘因機制,以貫徹農地保護的政策與管制。本研究並從非都市土地農牧用地容許使用法規修正演變情形及執行現況分析,再經由學者、地政、農業及目的事業主管等機關(單位)問卷調查之彙整,確認非都市土地農牧用地容許使用所造成之課題,本研究復針對各課題研擬其改善對策及配套措施。
本研究針對非都市土地農牧用地容許使用探討之結果,認為農業用地容許使用法規演變,朝向大幅放寬容許使用項目。而容許使用項目規範不當,使得農地流失、零碎及危害國土保育。農牧用地容許使用主管機關權責劃分失衡,造成容許使用以目的事業主管機關為導向。容許使用管制成效不佳,導致農牧用地違規使用情形普遍。且未建立分區分級之容許使用項目,缺乏公平之獎勵誘因機制,農牧用地容許使用制度應再檢討改進。對於上述之課題,本研究提出宜依各使用分區劃設目的調整容許使用項目,以保護優良農地。變更主管機關為農業機關,同時制訂一體適用之審查法令。落實違規使用取締,強化非都市土地農牧用地容許使用管制。並依照管制程度賦予獎勵誘因,以符合社會之公平正義等之建議,以供政府未來執行非都市土地農牧用地容許使用政策及修法之參考。
關鍵字:農牧用地、容許使用項目、非都市土地容許使用管制
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健全我國農業金融體制與監理之探討--兼論差異化管理措施 / An investigation to agricultural finance system and supervision -Differential supervision scheme林重境, Lin, Chung Ching Unknown Date (has links)
農漁會組織長久以來於農業發展扮演重要角色,其促進農業生產,增進農民福祉與繁榮農村經濟,對台灣早期之經濟發展貢獻許多。隨著經濟結構的變動,農會信用部面對產業結構的轉變及其他金融機構的激烈競爭,致使其經營陷入困境,經過金融重建基金處理了36家經營不善信用部,宣佈分級管理措施,及12萬農民大遊行,政府為徹底解決信用部諸多問題,於93年1月實施農業金融法,建立由行政院農業委員會一元化管理之農業金融體系,經過一連串之改革,相關財務指標顯示信用部之經營已逐漸改善中。
本研究主要探討我國農業金融體制與信用部面臨的問題,並參考日本農業金融改革之經驗,提出健全我國農業金融體制與監理之建議。
研究發現,農業金融改革後信用部之經營確實在改善中。然而,在80年代農業金融危機下遺留的問題尚未完全克服。對於我國農業金融發展,本研究從組織面、業務面與監理面進行探討,提出改革建議包括:全面檢討修訂農會法與漁會法、儘速恢復股金制、建置合併法規鼓勵合併、儘速處理經營不善之信用部並建構多元退場機制、加強農業金融體系連結與加速資訊共用平台之整合、強化對全國農業金庫與信用部之監理、落實金融監理加強實地檢查與場外監控措施、導入差異化管理與立即糾正措施等,農業金融機構有必要繼續改革,以健全農業金融體系,保障存款人權益,促進農漁村經濟發展。 / The Farmers’ and Fishermen’s Associations played an important role in the field of agricultural production. They helped agriculture develop, increased farmers’ and fishermen’s welfare, flourished the countryside and contributed a lot to the early progress of Taiwan economy. With the transition of economic structure, the whole environment became quite disadvantageous to credit departments of farmers’ and fishermens’ associations, which face the changes of the industrial structure and fierce competition from other financial institutions. With the experiences of the settlement of 36 problem credit departments by the Financial Restructuring Fund, announcement of differential supervision scheme and demonstration of 120,000 agriculturists, the government implemented the Agricultural Finance Act on 30th January 2004 and built an integrated agricultural finance system governed by the Council of Agriculture (COA) to solve many problems of credit departments. Through those reformations, the financial index showed that the condition of these credit departments has improved gradually.
This study aimed to discuss those difficulties that our agricultural finance system and credit departments encountered and bring up suggestions to complete this system and the government’s supervision referring to the reformation of agricultural finance system in Japan.
What our study found is that the operation of credit departments has undoubtedly improved after taking reformations to agricultural finance system in Taiwan. However, problems that the agricultural finance crisis left behind in 1980s have not been completely conquered yet. As to the prospect of our agricultural finance system, from the aspects of organizational structures, business activities and government’s supervision, we suggest the reforms include to examine and amend both the Farmers’ Association Law and the Fishermen’s Association Law from stem to stern, re-enforce paid-in capital system with all speed, draw up laws to encourage mergers, deal with problem credit departments and build up plenty selections to help them exit as soon as possible, strengthen the connection of agricultural finance system and the integration of information sharing stations, intensify our supervision towards the Agricultural Bank of Taiwan and credit departments, reinforce on-the-spot examination and off-site monitoring, bring differential supervision scheme and prompt-corrective action into practice and so on. Hence, we may achieve the goal to complete the agricultural finance system, protect the rights of depositors and prosper the rural villages’ and fishing villages’ economy.
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《波謝洪尼耶遺風》中的地主與農奴生活圖像分析方瑞楊 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文研究內容為分析十九世紀俄國批判寫實主義作家薩爾蒂科夫─謝德林的作品《波謝洪尼耶遺風》中的地主與農奴生活圖像。論文分為三大部份:第一部分探討謝德林的生平與創作歷程,並對其作品《波謝洪尼耶遺風》的創作背景、動機、過程與風格等方面進行深入探究。謝德林借用民間諺語中嘲諷波謝洪尼耶人盲目無知的意涵,來批判生活在農奴制下的俄國地主與農奴的愚昧粗蠻生活;作家筆下的「波謝洪尼耶」實為當代俄羅斯農奴制式生活景況的縮影。論文的第二部份分析《波謝洪尼耶遺風》中的地主階級生活圖像,從形象、物質生活與精神生活等方面來探索十九世紀俄國地主生活。謝德林所描繪的地主階級以人數佔最多數的中等地主與小地主為主,呈現出當代多數地主生活不甚體面的此一事實。地主雖身為貴族,但其言行與內在卻未必高尚,謝德林對地主階級普遍的愚昧與粗俗進行揭露,並給予深刻的批判。論文第三部份分析《波謝洪尼耶遺風》中的農奴階級生活圖像,從形象、勞動生活與精神生活等方面來探索農奴階級(農民與家奴)的生活。農奴與地主的生活緊密相繫,謝德林對農奴生活的描繪,一方面呈現出下層農民與家奴的勞苦境況,另一方面批判地主奴役農奴之野蠻;從中可感知作家對農奴階級的同情,其立場始終都站在農奴這一方。《波謝洪尼耶遺風》寫於十九世紀下半葉,基於農奴解放後的俄國社會中仍然存在著農奴制的遺毒,謝德林藉此書重現上半葉的生活,作為對當代後生晚輩的告誡,而此告誡,不只適用於十九世紀末,乃至二十一世紀的今日,仍具有深刻的警世寓意。
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農業科技整廠輸出之可行性分析 / The research on agriculture technology with turnkey project as the business model詹淑珠 Unknown Date (has links)
台灣農業科技之技術及研發能量在國際上頗負盛名,同時也是目前行政院推動六大新興產業-精緻農業中相當重要的一環,然而應該如何將此具有優勢之農業科技實際落實並轉換成經濟價值就變成是一個相當重要的議題。
台灣在七○年代開始由政府推動整廠輸出之貿易方式,不論是在政策上給予特定協助或是組成專門機構輔導從事從廠輸出之業者,因此,在政府的支持及業者的努力之下,確實為台灣創造了許多的經濟發展成果,並且一直持續到現在,顯見整廠輸出的確是一種可行的交易方式,因此在本論文中將從農業科技的本質、特性以及整體環境等面向來討論農業科技是否是適合採用整廠輸出模式做為交易的方式。
整廠輸出的交易由標的選擇、業務爭取、設計建廠、測試訓練、移交營運等五個連續的階段所構成,每一個階段都包含不同的工作項目、不同的交易標的。整廠輸出是一種交易項目複雜、交易時間長、風險高、帶有強烈整合性質、但相對地能創造更高附加價值的交易方式,而採用這類方式的技術多是較高階或是較為複雜的技術組合,因此做為輸出的一方,需要擁有相當的資源與整合能力才能夠順利完成整個交易。
就農業科技本身而言,多數人對於交易的標的都仍停留在「產品」的階段,而忽略實際上在農業科技應用的過程中所形成或產生之技術、know how、原料、設備資材、半成品等也能夠做為交易的標的,但是因為農業的本質上有其特殊性,因此也會連帶影響到農業科技商品化的選擇,如商品的選擇及組合多元、技術實施可能受限、知識經驗含量深,容易因人而異、保護複雜性高及需考量繁殖特性、悠關生活,安全性要求高、回收期較長等都是在將農業科技商品化過程中需要考量的重要議題。
從整廠輸出執行中呈現出四大特色:複合性交易、經驗之必要、環境之創造與異業之結合來看,整廠輸出的模式實際上可以視為是創造或是維持一個該項技術適合實施與應用的環境,而這樣的特色對於農業科技因其本質在商品化過程中所形成之需求剛好互相呼應,能夠借此更加確保農業科技在應用過程中的成效與價值。因此對於農業科技來說,整廠輸出確實是一種可以做為商品化交易的一種選擇。但是在農業科技進行整廠輸出之前,輸出方也需要就輸入地區對於該技術之接受程度、輸入地區對於該技術之發展限制、保護方式、以及與輸入地區之政策競合等問題進一步了解,以確保該項技術市場之存在,而技術於輸入之後的確有足夠的資源來支持,並能夠獲得適當的保護以避免技術輸出方反而因此失去競爭力,同時也能更了解該輸入區對技術的需求目的以及可能的行銷或合作對象。
除此之外,在本論文中針對目前環境對於農業科技採用整廠輸出模式可能會遭遇到的問題進行討論。由於農業在台灣發展歷史悠久,但絕大多數是透過「產品」交易的方式進行,因此業者對於技術交易的知識與經驗不夠充分,所以在商品化的過程中可能會碰到許多困難無法解決;再者,農業以往多半被視為傳統產業,因此外界的資源、資金、人力等資源也較難主動投入到農業領域,同時再加上業者目前發展的規模都較小,面對整廠輸出這樣複雜而長期的交易過程是否有足夠的能力、資源、彈性去面對也是一項需要克服的問題。
整體而言,台灣所擁有的農業科技技術含含量及know how均有相當高的水準,有能力擔任技術輸出方,而面對食品安全、糧荒議題備受重視、新興市場興起及對技術的需求急切,因此對於農業科技整廠輸出這樣的需求是存在且相當必要的,是以對台灣來說整廠輸出的確是一種可行的交易選擇。
然而,在目前的整體環境之下,若要採用整廠輸出的交易模式仍有一定之挑戰,因此於本論文最後分別對業者及政府提出建議。對業者來說,最重要的是要了解技術與產業之發展,挑選適當的技術做為整廠輸出之核心,並對此技術嚴加保護及掌握,如此才能長久保持競爭力,同時業者也應該更加強對商業化活動的了解與多元人才的引進,強化企業的經營與規模;而對政府而言,最重要的則是建構一個有利於整廠輸出模式執行的環境,包括整廠輸出模式之宣導及推廣,提供業者在執行過程中的實質協助,並協助將分散於學研單及民間業者或個人的技術整合,組成技術組合,同時也應就行政管理層面整合,減少業者在執行整廠輸出過程中因為行政程序或是不同單位之規定而造成時間或資源上的浪費,且應積極透過政策來導農業加速產業化,改變一般人對於農業的觀感,吸納更多的能量與人才進入農業,促進成正向的循環。 / Agriculture technology developments and the research abilities in Taiwan are well known around the world. Nowadays in Taiwan agriculture technology development is one of the most important strategies, so that how to transform the technology into real economic value is becoming a big issue.
In this research, we will discuss whether the turnkey project is suitable for agriculture technology or not from several points of view, such as the nature of agriculture technology, the characteristics in its commercialization progress, the outside environments, ect.
In 1980’s, governments in Taiwan began to promote the’’ Turnkey Project ’’ model to the industries and gave them assistances in both policy making and consulting institute establishing. These strategies really contributed to the economic development in the following years. So the turnkey project could be a workable and useful business model.
The turnkey project business model consists of five phases, including target setting, project bidding, design and construction, testing and training, and transferring the management. Each stage has different tasks and different issues awaited to be accomplished. It’s a complicated, high-risk, and long-term deal. Usually, we will use the turnkey project when having a high-level technology or complicated technology portfolios in one trade. Thus as being the technology supplier, highly integrative ability and lots of resources are requested.
When talking about trade in agriculture, it comes out ’’products ’’ in most people’s minds. Actually, there are more than products which could be viewed as the trading subjects, such as the supporting technologies, know how, raw materials, equipments, etc. Therefore, agriculture has many distinctive characteristics when commercializing, and these characteristics will lead to different results. All these characteristics are important issues to deal with.
The turnkey Project is a kind of environment creating and preserving. It creates the appropriate environment for the technology to practice. When this model used on agriculture technology, it is just compliance with the distinctive characteristics of agriculture technology. Therefore, turnkey project model could ensure the better results and higher value of agriculture technology.
Before choosing turnkey project as the business model, the technology owner or supplier needs to confirm several conditions about the target importing country or area. He has to check whether the acceptance of the technology is high, the developing restriction of the technology is few, the protection of the technology is easy, and the local government policies is supportive, to make sure this agriculture technology can enter, exit here and not to reduce his own competitiveness at the same time.
Viewing the world as a market, the demand of agriculture technology is urgent and serious because the food safety and the food shortage issues are becoming more and more critical and the emerging countries are eager to have new and good technologies in developing their own countries. Taiwan’s agriculture technologies are both good at quality and quantity. Therefore, being the technology exporter with the turnkey project model is a great opportunity to Taiwan.
However, there are still some challenges now in Taiwan when using turnkey project as the business model. To solve the problems, as the private firms, they have to figure out the development of the industry and the technology, and then find out the core of technologies, set up an appropriate protection and design a proper trading package. Also they need to learn more about business language and logics for better communication with their customers in the future. For the government sections, their missions are to create a friendly environment for the business executing turnkey project.
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共產黨.地方菁英.農民:鄂豫皖蘇區的共產革命(1922-1932)陳耀煌 Unknown Date (has links)
本文試圖以鄂豫皖蘇區的例子來說明,共產黨最初必須藉由與地方菁英的合作來深入地方與動員農民,當地方菁英後來成為了共產黨建立群眾政權的阻礙時,張國燾藉由肅反解決了那些桀驁不馴、尾大不掉的地方菁英。但是,這並不意味著共產黨自此之後能夠建立一個真正的群眾政權,由於大多數的群眾對於共產黨仍是缺乏認識與信仰,因此,共產黨依舊必須透過地方菁英來控制群眾與掠奪地方資源。只不過,與前一階段的地方菁英不同,這一批由張國燾所培育的新的地方菁英(有的仍是由舊的地方菁英轉化而來,有的則是自下層群眾提拔上來),較前一階段的地方菁英更為馴服。這就說明了,事實上,共產黨政權與國民黨政權最大的不同,並不在於前者是群眾政權,而後者不是;相反的,兩者其實都必須藉由地方菁英來進行統治,只不過,共產黨比國民黨更懂得如何去控制地方菁英罷了!整個說來,這是一個從合作到控制的過程。
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民間集體行動的機會、動員及對政策的影響:以「一一二三與農共生」運動為例林御翔, Lin ,Yu Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
當代社會運動研究有三大途徑,「政治過程理論」探討運動所鑲嵌的政治機會和限制,「資源動員理論」強調正式與非正式組織匯集、轉化資源的能力,「新社會運動理論」關注行動者的理念與文化因素對運動的形塑過程。二○○二年十一月廿三日,超過十二萬名農漁民走上台北街頭,抗議政府企圖消滅農漁會,使民進黨政府面臨執政後最大的統治危機。本文企圖結合政治過程理論與資源動員理論,探討農民抗爭背後的政治機會結構,農漁會與「農漁會自救會」所扮演的角色,及其對農金政策的影響。
從政治機會結構觀察,以農會及以在野黨為主的政治聯盟利用政府不同部門的利益矛盾,迫使行政院放棄原有的政策;由財政部主導的金融改革小組一開始便未考量農會代表的意見,在正常溝通管道被封閉的情況下,農會自然只能透過體制外的抗爭企圖影響政策。從動員結構來看,農漁會既有的組織網絡降低了抗爭的組織成本,但其獨特的人脈化特質,很難成為其他集體行動仿效的對象。面對來自農會體系的反彈,民進黨政府迅速以農業金融法的制定釋出善意,但在相關制度未改變的基礎上,將設置的全國農業金庫與農會體系間其實存有嚴重的制度衝突。而「一一二三與農共生」運動的事過境遷,也代表重新檢討農村福利體系機會的再次喪失。
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原住民族農地利用與部落發展之研究-以新竹縣尖石鄉泰雅族部落為例 / Study on Farmland Utilization and Tribe Development of Indigenous Peoples-An example of the Atayal indigenous community of Jienshih Township in Hsinchu County劉佩琪, Liu, Pei Chi Unknown Date (has links)
原住民族、土地利用、農業與部落發展具有密切關係,並受到族人土地觀、社會經濟環境與政府政策等諸多內外因素所影響。
過去以來,主流社會常將山林環境災害歸諸於高山地區不當的土地利用,導致原住民在高山地區進行農業活動受到諸多法令規章限制。政府近年來致力推廣造林與部落觀光事業,以期防止山林環境惡化、滿足國人休閒需求與將經濟效益引至部落,惟部分舉措因未適切於族人普遍經濟能力、在地就業需求與對部落發展之想望,恐無益部落永續發展。
為進一步理解原住民族農地利用與部落發展相關課題,本文提出以下課題:一、高山農地利用是否必然造成環境災害問題?二、影響原住民族農業進行的跨尺度網絡為何?該網絡如何提供部落發展農業與增進土地利用之實質助益?再以新竹縣尖石鄉石磊部落作為研究對象進行實證分析,透過參與式觀察與文獻回顧等研究方法,兼以Leopold土地倫理與Adger跨尺度網絡理論,探討石磊部落族人推展有機與自然農業時之轉型歷程與內涵,並分析各項跨尺度網絡要素的關連性互動。
最終,本研究認為,倘原住民族農地利用能兼顧環境保護、經濟效率與社會公平,也能帶給部落具有主體性的發展實益,則外界應毋須再以災難眼光相待,反應思考如何從部落角度,協助原住民族實踐更友善於環境的農地利用,以發揮農地多功能利用之特性,並促使部落朝向兼顧環境及經濟的永續發展。 / There are close associations among tribe developments, indigenous peoples, land-utilization, and agriculture. Many internal and external factors such as indigenous peoples’ intellections of land, social economics environment, and government’s policies influence tribe development as well.
For the past few decades, mainstream society usually have attributed forest environmental emergency to inappropriate land utilization in mountain regions and it caused aborigines to be confined by many laws and regulations when undergoing agriculture activities in mountain regions. For the past few years, the government has dedicated to promoting forestation and tribe tourism to avoid worsening of the forest environments as well as to satisfy the leisure demands of country people and to bring economic benefits to the tribes. Nevertheless, parts of initiatives may not help the sustainable development of the tribes since neglecting the average economics ability of indigenous peoples, demands of local employments, and visions of tribe development.
To further understand related issues about farmland utilization and tribe development of the indigenous peoples, this research proposed the following issues.
The first issue is whether farmland utilization of mountain regions inevitably causes environmental emergency. And the second issue is to analyze what is the cross-scale networks in resource co-management that influence agricultures of indigenous peoples and how this network provides real benefits to tribe development and improvement of land utilization. Then we took Shi-Lei indigenous community of Jienshih Township in Hsinchu County as a case study to undergo empirical analyses. Through research method such as participant observation and literature reviews as well as Leopold’s land ethics theory and Adger’s cross-scale networks in resource co-management theory, we analyzed the transformed experiences and contents of organic and natural agriculture developed by Shi-Lei indigenous people. Also, we analyzed the related interactions of each element in cross-scale networks.
Finally, this research supposes that if indigenous peoples’ farmland utilization can well consider in every aspect of environment protection, economics efficiency, society justice, and bringing real development benefits with subjectivity to the tribe, other people should not link the farmland utilization to potential natural disasters. On the contrary, we should stand in the view of tribes to consider how to help indigenous peoples to reach more eco-friendly farmland utilization. By developing more eco-friendly farmland utilization, farmland can display multi-function characteristics to promote tribes’ sustainable development that give consideration to both environment protection and economics.
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東三河に見られる谷戸景観の変遷と人間活動の影響森田, 佳代子, Morita, Kayoko 10 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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植民地樺太の農業拓殖および移民社会における特殊周縁的ナショナル・アイデンティティの研究中山, 大将 23 March 2010 (has links)
Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第15417号 / 農博第1802号 / 新制||農||978(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H22||N4516(農学部図書室) / 27895 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 末原 達郎, 教授 野田 公夫, 准教授 川村 誠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当
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農產電商平台如何與消費者建立信任關係之探討 / The research of how agricultural e-business platform build trust relationship with customer張寧恬, Chang, Ning Tien Unknown Date (has links)
從1980年代開始,台灣的食安事件頻傳,各種食安問題讓民眾更重視自己的飲食議題。而在食安問題中,背後牽涉到相當複雜的原因,而對消費者而言,在生產者與消費者間如何建立信任就是最直接的議題,通路即是關鍵的角色。
農產銷售的通路相當多樣,尤其以電子商務為未來的趨勢,因此本研究即以農產電商平台為個案。
採用訪談法與觀察法的方式,去整理電商平台的運作活動,再分析其是如何影響信任的構面,並建立與消費者之間的信任關係。
平台與消費者建立信任關係的過程,初期必須透過平台的易讀性與易用性,把握第一印象的好感度,並透過各種跨界的行銷與通路管道,來擴大與消費者互動的範圍;長期而言,透過產品與服務上的穩定性與一致性來維持品質,並在企業的內外,實現對消費者、生產者、供應商甚至是公司內部員工們的承諾,貫徹平台的價值,更是建立長遠信任關係的關鍵,讓消費者能產生黏著與回購。 / Started from 1980s, there are many problem of food safety, so that people pay more attention to their own food issues.
There are very complex reasons, behinded food safty issue.
For consumers, how to build trust between producers and consumers is the most important and immediate issue.
Agricultural marketing channels are quite diverse, especially of e-commerce, which is the trend in the future.
Using agricultural e-business platform as an example,
this paper will use interview method, observational Method to analyze that how operational activities of platform affect aspects of trust, as well as how to build trust relationship between platform and customers.
In the progress of building trust relationship with customers, platform should make a reliable first impression by readability and ease-of-use in initial stage, and increase the exposure rate and online to offline trading, in order to expand reaction range of customers.
In long term, platform should maintain quality of products and service by stability and consistency, and make good on the promise of stakeholders.
These are the key to establish long-term trust relationship, and effect adhesion and repurchase rates.
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