從1906到1999年間，台灣地區男性出生時平均餘命增加了43.55歲，女性增加了47.63歲，雖然台灣地區平均餘命不斷地在增加，地區間死亡風險的差異情形則未有所改善。本研究以生命表方式計算台灣地區縣市級、鄉鎮級平均餘命，尤以鄉鎮級為研究重心，配合統計地圖的使用以瞭解小地區間死亡風險的差異情形。 在縣市層級方面，男性與女性出生時平均餘命皆以七大都市較高，西部其他地區次之，東部地區的花蓮縣、台東縣最低。各縣市出生時平均餘命的差異，正指出各縣市之間的死亡風險差異甚大，特別是東部地區明顯地比西部地區更處於不利的狀態。 在鄉鎮層級方面，男性與女性各生命階段平均餘命皆呈現出西部地區高、東部地區低的明顯差異，而且平均餘命數值越低的地區其兩性平均餘命的差距也越大，此種現象尤以男性平均餘命越低的地區越為明顯。在空間模式上，男、女平均餘命最高的地區皆以大都市為中心向外擴散至其鄰近地區，平均餘命最低的地區則廣散在山地鄉之間。總的來說，中央山脈兩側的鄉鎮不僅死亡風險較其他地區高、兩性的死亡風險差異大，山地鄉之間的死亡風險結構更是呈現高度的異質性。 關鍵字：鄉鎮市區、死亡風險、平均餘命、性別差異、統計地圖、空間模式。 / Over the twentieth century (1906-1999), the life expectancy at birth in Taiwan has increased 43.55 and 47.63 years for males and females respectively. Undoubtedly, such a dramatic increase in life expectancy is resulted from the improvement of living quality in Taiwan over the past century. Nevertheless, after detailed examination of historical data, it shows that the areal variation in life expectancy over the life cycle is significant and has never diminished. This study, by applying the life table methods and statistical maps, attempts to analyze the areal variation in risks of death at small areas in Taiwan. The data sources for achieving this purpose come from the vital statistics and death-registration- profiles. The research findings show that life expectancies for both males and females are highest in the most-developed urban counties. On the contrary, the life expectancies are lower in rural counties. The gaps in life expectancies at birth between Taipei City and Taitung county reach 11 years and 7 years for males and females respectively. The spatial pattern of variation in life expectancy at the township-level is consistent with the research findings at the county-level. In general, the life expectancies for townships within the central metropolitan area are highest, and then gradually decrease for townships distant from the metropolis center. The life expectancies for both males and females are lowest in the rural-mountain townships. The gap in life expectancies between males and females is also larger in these rural-mountain areas. Finally, the life expectancies for the aboriginal townships are lowest in Taiwan. However, the age profiles for risks of death are heterogeneous in these aboriginal townships. Keywords: life expectancy, life table, statistical maps, spatial pattern

本論文主要目的在引用華勒斯坦世界體系理論，來探討中共改革開放後珠江三角洲與世界體系資本主義國家接觸融合所引發之社會發展效應。 　　本文係採用歷史研究法與文獻分析法進行研究。內容共計分為五章：第一章緒論；第二章探討改革開放的緣起與戰略設計，藉以了解改革開放前中國大陸內外環境之客觀態勢與改革開放戰略設計，作為關照中國大陸實施改革開放政策而被捲入資本主義世界體系後社會發展之依據。第三章探討珠江三角洲與改革開放戰略的關係，使與前一章形成有機聯繫關係，內容包括珠江三角洲在改革開放戰略中所扮演角色及珠江三角洲捲入體系之過程。第四章引用華勒斯坦世界體系理論歸結出之農業商業化、工業化、無產階級化，及週期性循環等具體步驟來探討改革開放後珠江三角洲的社會發展。第五章結論，檢討引用該理論探討改革開放後中國大陸社會發展之合理性與適當性。 　　筆者發現在引用過程中兩者並非完全契合，需做修正，謹將不適用處羅列如次： 　　一、中共現階段仍是有一定效力的政府體系，與華勒斯坦所謂無效率、無效能甚至無力應付資本主義國家滲透之一般落後地區或國家有極大差別。 　　二、中國大陸歷經杜會主義洗禮，已對資本主義形成一定作用之反省機制後再與資本主義世界體系接觸、融合之情形，與華勒斯坦所謂一般落後地區捲入之情況不同。 　　三、中國大陸改革開放是在中共一定程度刻意設計下捲入資本主義世界體系，故世界體系之叩關方式與途徑和華勒斯坦所謂一般落後國家被捲入之方式不同。 　　四、中國大陸進入資本主義世界體系後，工業化未必發生在農業商業化過程之後，且無產階級社會出現逆向發展趨勢，故中國大陸進入世界體系未必完全依照世界體系理論歸結之步驟與過程進行。

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

早期政府倡導「客廳即工廠」產業發展政策，卻在土地使用分區劃分不明確、法令規範與管制不嚴謹之下，工廠直接將含有毒性與重金屬廢水，排入灌溉系統，導致農地與其生產的農作物遭到污染，威脅到社會大眾食品安全。截至民國100年底，依環保署公告資料顯示，將近8成的污染農地，整治完成並解除列管，故宣稱污染農地之改善，已達一定成效。然而，目前研究指出，台灣污染農地的整治方式，大多以翻土法進行，僅將污染土壤埋入地底，並非真正清除污染物質。另一方面，政府亦無積極改善污染源，使得部分農地即使整治後再度污染，而必須重新整治。如此情況，不禁讓許多學者質疑這樣整治的實質意義何在。 　　近年來，由於整治技術的侷限，以及龐大整治經費的壓力，對污染土地已不再以整治為唯一考量，而是透過風險的概念，藉由轉變土地利用模式，讓受污染土地得以再利用。目前台灣關於污染農地再利用之研究，大抵建議污染農地變更為非農業使用，甚至認為污染農地整治後恢復農用，效益偏低。然而，本研究認為，此等研究未考量到農地維持農用之多功能性，除商品價值外，仍有許多非商品價值，包括環境、生態、景觀等效益。 　　基此，本研究以污染農地整治後再利用，朝向種植非食用作物為主軸，並分為污染農地為何需要再利用，與污染農地如何再利用二大部分進行論述。首先以污染土地再利用的風險原則，融合多功能性之觀點，建立污染農地再利用之理論基礎。而後，進一步研擬三項污染農地再利用方案，包括「植樹造林」、「種植能源作物」、「種植花卉景觀作物」等。本研究認為整治後的污染農地，若推行此三項再利用方案，可兼顧風險原則、發揮農地農用多功能性，並避免繼續種稻威脅食品安全，以及節省政府後續管理成本等。接著，以彰化縣和美鎮作為個案，採用深度訪談的方式，針對和美鎮污染農地農民，與彰化縣污染農地相關承辦人，檢視實際整治與後續利用的困難，以及對於污染農地再利用之想法與建議。 　　最後，透過文獻分析與深度訪談結果，可獲得以下結論：（1）台灣污染農地整治方式以翻土工程為主，對農地造成破壞；（2）污染農地即使整治後，仍可能再度被污染；（3）污染農地整治完成後，以長期休耕為主；（4）台灣處理污染農地，違反再利用之基本原則。有鑑於此，本研究對於污染農地如何再利用，提出以下之政策建議：（1）推動污染農地轉作非食用作物，可創造諸多效益；（2）以中央層級確立污染農地再利用政策；（3）劃設高污染風險農地專區，優先輔導種植非食用作物。此外，必要配套措施包括：（1）依區域條件評選合適的再利用方案，提供技術與後續產銷輔導；（2）重視污染源頭管制，使工業生產者擔負污染責任。 / In the past, government advocated "living room factories" industrial development policies, but without clear land zoning and strict regulations, the factories discharged toxic and heavy metal wastewater into the irrigation system, resulting in agricultural land and the crops were contaminated, and threatened the public food safety. EPA 2011 announcement data shows that nearly 80% of contaminated agricultural land is completely remediated, and it is claimed that the improvement in contaminated agricultural land has reached some success. However, current research indicates that most Taiwan's contaminated agricultural land remediation methods, only buried the contaminated soil into the ground, not really cleaned away the pollutants. On the other hand, the government nor actively improve pollution sources, and therefore some of the agricultural land even after remediation polluted again, which must be remediated again. This situation, many scholars can't help but question what the real significance of such remediation. 　　In recent years, because of technical limitations and remediation　funding pressure on contaminated land, there is no longer only consideration in remediation, but through the concept of risk, by changing land-use patterns, so that contaminated land can be reused or revitalized. The researches on reuse of contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan, most suggest contaminated agricultural land change for non-agricultural use, and even think the benefit of contaminated agricultural land after remediation if keep agricultural use is low. However, this study suggests that past researches neglect the multifunctionality of agriculture, in addition to the value of goods, but there are still many non-commodity values, including environmental, ecological, landscape and other benefits. 　　For this viewpoint, this study concentrates on the reuse of contaminated agricultural land after remediation, and gives first place to grow non-food crops. There are two parts to discuss, including why contaminated agricultural land need to reuse, and how to reuse. First, the study establish the theoretical foundation of contaminated agricultural land reuse, which based on the risk principles of contaminated land reuse and multifunctionality of agriculture. Then, to further develop three contaminated agricultural land reuse programs, including the "trees", "energy crops", "flowers or landscape crop", etc. This study suggests that if contaminated agricultural land after remediation can implement the three reuse programs, it can not only take into account the risk principle and multifunctionality of agriculture, but also avoid threats to food safety, as well as saving the government follow-up management costs. Next, Hemei Township, Changhua County, as a case study, using depth interview for the Hemei town contaminated agricultural land's farmers and Changhua County public servant who deal with contaminated agricultural land remediation. Survey the actual situation and subsequent use difficulties of contamination agricultural land after remediation, as well as their ideas and suggestions of contaminated agricultural land reuse. 　　Finally, through a literature review and interviews results obtained the following conclusions: (1) the main remediation method of contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan is to bury the contaminated soil into the ground, and it causes damage on agricultural land; (2) contaminated agricultural land even after remediation may still be contaminated again; (3) contaminated agricultural land after remediation is mainly long-term fallow; (4) dealing with contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan is in violation of basic reuse principles. Therefore, this study suggests the following policy recommendations for how the contaminated agricultural land to reuse: (1) promote contaminated agricultural land grow non-food crops, it can create many benefits; (2) the central level government establish contaminated agricultural land reuse policies; (3) the designation of the high risk of contaminated agricultural land area, give the first place to help grow non-food crops. In addition, the necessary supporting measures include: (1) select the appropriate reuse program by regional conditions, and provide technical help and sales counseling; (2) emphasize the control of pollution sources, and make industrial producers shoulder the responsibility for the pollution.

近年來，推廣終身學習與培養資訊素養日益受到重視，國內外政府均將推廣閱讀視為重要的課題。由於文化建設成果，台灣各鄉鎮普設圖書館，由於鄉鎮圖書館直接接觸鄉鎮居民，成為推廣閱讀活動第一線角色。 本論文旨在探討台灣地區鄉鎮圖書館推動閱讀活動之現況。首先就閱讀與閱讀活動之意涵、各國的閱讀活動與政策、圖書館推動閱讀的任務與功能、公共圖書館推廣閱讀活動之類型與策劃、台灣地區鄉鎮圖書館閱讀推廣之相關文獻進行研討，並簡要回顧台灣地區鄉鎮圖書館的設置起源與歷年來閱讀推廣活動的概況。 採用深度訪談法，以立意抽樣之方式選擇訪談對象，共計有台北縣深坑鄉立圖書館、南投縣埔里鎮立圖書館、台南縣歸仁鄉立圖書館、屏東縣長治鄉立圖書館等四所圖書館，藉由訪問承辦閱讀活動之鄉鎮圖書館員、閱讀活動中的帶領人、以及參與閱讀活動的讀者等，匯集多方的想法與建議，從圖書館所辦理閱讀活動的類型、內外資源的運用、所遭遇到的困難與問題、民眾參與的程度等面向，分析台灣地區鄉鎮圖書館閱讀推廣活動辦理概況，並探討其成功模式。 根據文獻與訪談結果，建議政府及圖書館上級主管機關應：1.訂定閱讀相關法案與政策；2.輔導鄉鎮圖書館推廣閱讀；3.利用全球性的閱讀節日加強宣導；4.加強應用網路資源推廣閱讀；5.鄉長應慎選熱心館長；6.加強閱讀培訓課程；7.出版閱讀推廣之策劃等相關出版品；8.辦理閱讀推廣有成的圖書館觀摩與交流活動，建議鄉鎮圖書館應：1.積極地舉辦閱讀推廣活動；2.結合教育單位與民間團體，善用社會資源共同推展閱讀；3.倡導愉悅的閱讀；4.利用獎勵推廣兒童閱讀；5.行銷館藏與推薦好書；6.加強購買新書以即時供應閱讀需求。 / In recent years, the promotion of lifelong learning and the training of information literacy have been bestowed a gradual increase in attention. Both local and international governments regard reading promotion as an important subject. Due to Taiwan’s elaborate cultural infrastructure, widespread rural libraries establish direct contacts with nearby residents, playing a major role in promoting reading activities. This thesis aims at exploring the situations of rural libraries’ reading promotion activities in Taiwan. This research discusses the following issues: the definitions of reading and reading activities, the different reading activity policies of various countries, the mission and function of public libraries in promoting reading activities along with the types of promotions and their planning, a discussion of relevant documents regarding the promotion of reading by rural libraries, and a brief review of the establishment of rural libraries and their general situations in reading promotion. The methods of this study are literature analysis and in-depth interview. Chosen through purposive sampling, interviewees include the Shenkeng Township Library of Taipei County, the Puli Township Library of Nantou County, the Gueiren Township Library of Tainan County, and the Changjr Township Library of Pingdong County. By interviewing the rural libraries that hold reading activities, their activity leaders, and activity participants, this thesis gathers different ideas and suggestions. Through rural libraries’ reading activity types, their application of internal and external resources, the difficulties and problems they confronted, and the participation level of local residents, this thesis analyzes the situation of the promotion of reading activities in Taiwan’s rural libraries’ and investigates their successful models. According to research results, this study suggests that the government and the authorities at the ministry of library: (1) institute relevant reading bills and policies; (2) guide and assist rural libraries in reading promotion; (3) utilize the international reading festival to establish recognition; (4) use the internet and the information & communications technology to promote; (5) select enthusiastic library directors by the head of the local government; (6)strengthen the training courses of reading promotions; (7)publish relevant publications on reading planning; (8) inspect and learn from outstanding libraries. This study suggests that rural libraries: (1)actively hold reading activities; (2)combine educational organization and community resources to promote reading conjointly; (3) advocate pleasure reading; (4)utilize rewards to promote children’s reading; (5) market library collections and recommend good books; (6) enhance new book purchases in order to immediately supply the demand of reading.

The people making ceramics were considered as "artisans" (gongjiang) in traditional China. Classifying ceramics as an "art" (meishu) and potters as "artists", was a new development in the twentieth century. This thesis examines this process by comparing the experience of artisans from Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, in which the imperial kilns (yuyao) were located, and from Shiwan, Guangdong province, where only civilian kilns (minyao) were found. / This thesis argues their different historical background led to the differences in their different experience. The reputation of Jingdezhen's world famous "imperial kilns" lasted into the twentieth century, and so, as Jingdezhen was subject to industrial development and technological upgrading, Jingdezhen's craftsmen came from the new technical schools which were founded to revive the ceramic industry. In Shiwan, by contrast, apprenticeship to reputable craftsmen continued to serve as artistic credential, and was made use of by patrons, commentators and publicists in promoting Shiwan's artistic tradition. / 黎麗明. / Adviser: David Faure. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-192) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Liming.

社區的特質和傳播的過程，兩者相似程度甚高，本研究將社區視為研究場域，藉此探索傳播的本質和運作方式。其目的之一，是認為傳播和社區的認同有密切的關聯，因而想從中找到關聯的性質；之二則是相信在社區情境中，可以從更多元而深刻的面向發掘並探討傳播的基本意義。 本研究的脈絡「美濃反水庫運動」，是高雄縣美濃鎮的鎮民因為反對政府的美濃水庫興建案，自民國八十一年開始發動的族群社區抗爭運動。本研究採用運動發動者所使用的論述主題，根據「共識動員」的理論架構分析之，再對照美濃此一客家族群社區原本具備對自身的認同，來檢視上述兩者之間的關係：一、美濃既有的族群認同在論述中如何被呈現；二、在訊息傳播的過程中，認同的意識和機制如何影響運動策略。而經由分析得到的結果，以傳播的角度來觀視，呈現了什麼樣的意義?發掘了什麼過去所末見的觀點? 本研究發現，在一個族群社區中，當發生涉及集體利益的公共議題、攸關族群的存續時，社區應對的機制和過程中，因為祖裔連帶、共同經驗和集體記憶所形成的認同感，往往會成為集結協志力量所動員的主要資源。在美濃反水庫運動的案例中，族群的認同，在整個訊息傳布的過程中，成為論述生產的核心基調。 其次，由於客家族群象徵符號的密集運作，運動的意義已經超越維護性命身家財產安全的現實層次，提升為族群傳統和歷史文化保衛的集體形上意義，召喚出心中對所屬族群和社區共同利益的認同，建構起對社會真實新的認知。 在一個社區內，認同的形塑過程其實也就是傳播的運作過程。人們從社區中吸收和攫取文他特質以形成集體共識，就是透過傳播的機制，藉由符號的傳遞與互動而漸次形成。而每一個成員的活動，也經由轉換成各類象徵符號，傳遞和儲存在社區的集體記隱之中，並形成新的認同。 本研究希望藉由本土的實例研究，開始深刻思索社區傳播此一取向在傳播研究中可以強化既有成果的地方，做為未來進一步研究的紮實基礎，從中累積經驗和論述，逐步建立起一個新的研究領域。 關鍵字：社區傳播、社區、美濃鎮、美濃反水庫運動、社區認同、族群認同、共識動員、社會運動、文本分析、客家、意義建構

近年來我國致力於改善公共圖書館的資源與環境，希望能夠提供更好的服務給讀者，且提升公共圖書館的使用率，但從一些圖書館使用者的相關統計獲知，農業背景使用圖書館的比例皆不達百分之一。另外對於許多政策上的變革，增添農業推廣發展的難度，其中農業推廣人員，也因自認專業知識的不足，無法完善服務農民多變的需求，產生工作上的許多壓力。 基於以上的原因，且在農業推廣的體系中，家政推廣的內容較貼近於一般民眾，所以本研究針對家政推廣人員進行探討，瞭解其資訊需求，以及圖書館要如何提供良好的服務與館藏，吸引並協助家政推廣人員為主要的目的。 問卷調查的對象，以我國農會與漁會的家政推廣人員為主，分作資訊需求、閱讀習慣以及圖書館使用狀況三方面，根據問卷調查結果，發現到家政推廣人員，多基於工作上的需求，透過網際網路獲取所需資訊，所需的資訊內容也多與工作相關；最多家政推廣人員選擇閱讀的地點，是自家與工作的場所，閱讀資料的來源多是農漁會機構所提供，另外在每週閱讀的平均時數以及每年夠書金額，都高於我國國民平均。分析有使用圖書館習慣的家政推廣人員，大部分是平均每週去圖書館一次、一個月平均借書量為1-5本，鄉鎮圖書館是最多人使用的，使用圖書館的主要目是借還圖書，而一般圖書也是最多人使用的館藏，對於圖書館的最滿意的地方是地點設立的便利性，最不滿意的是圖書館的檢索系統。 依據問卷所得結果，提出鄉鎮圖書館改進的項目，以提升家政推廣人員的圖書館使用率，例如：改善開閉館時間、根據家政人員的推廣活動提供適當館藏、加強宣導圖書館服務項目、舉辦兒童教育與醫療保健相關的推廣活動、改善圖書館的檢索系統、與家政推廣人員合辦社區活動。並且建議我國能夠設立農業專門圖書館以及博物館、農業資訊服務中心應彙整網路資源以及農業推廣充電站可導入知識管理的技術，藉以提昇我國農業推廣的發展。 / In recent years, Taiwan government makes efforts to improve public libraries, and hopes to provide better services and environment to the readers for promoting library usage, but a number of library users studies showed that the users with agriculture background did not reach to 1%. Many policy changes make developments of agricultural extensions harder. Even some agricultural extension staffs feel lacking of professional knowledge to serve farmers, and that results in their pressure at agricultural extension work. Based on the above reasons, and the Home Economics’ services are closer to the general public’s life, so this study aimed at Home Economics Extension agents to explore and understand their information needs, and find out how to provide good library services and collections, in order to attract and assist in Home Economics Extension agents. The questionnaires survey aimed at the home economics extension agents in the framers’ association and fishers’ association. It includes three parts: information needs, reading habits and library usage. According to survey findings, the home economics extension agents would like to obtain the required information about working via the internet, most Home Economics workers prefer reading at home or the offices, and the most sources are from the farmers’ associations or fishers’ associations. Home economics extension agents’ average reading hours per week and spending on buying books every year are above the average of Taiwan populace. Analysis of the home economics extension agents with the habit of using libraries demonstrates that most of them go to the library once per week, every month borrow 1 to 5 books from the library, and primarily use the township libraries. They go to the libraries for the circulations as mainly goal, and feel most satisfied with the location of the library, and most dissatisfied with the library's OPAC system. Based on the results of the questionnaire, the township libraries could improve the following to attract and assist in Home Economics Extension agents: regulating the open hour, according to agents’ needs to provide adequate collections, enforcing marketing the services, conducting extension activities about education and health, improving the OPAC system, and organizing community activities with home economics extension agents. The study makes final suggestions to enhance the promotion of Taiwan's agricultural development as follows: establish the agricultural libraries and museums, agriculture science information center shall collect network resources about agriculture, and use knowledge management technology to manage agricultural resources in Council of Agriculture.

本文旨在探討當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工等具有勞工性質的群體，其退休養老保險制度發展過程的政治經濟分析。所要回答的問題有三：一、中國大陸退休養老保險的歷史進程為何？有何特徵？二、中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工的退休養老保險制度現今運行情況為何？可能的整合方向是？三、中國大陸退休養老保險基金的財務當前運行情況是？有何隱憂？以上三點構成了本文的問題意識。 文中檢視中國大陸自1950年代所出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》至今所有關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險法規的演變，並比較2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的實質發展。此外，本文以北京、上海、廣東、河南各省的「退休養老保險金的收支結餘」做為基礎，使用各省的「歷史債務」、「經濟發展水準」、「勞動力流動」等面向分析養老金區域失衡的原因與長期發展的隱憂，以歸納出當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工養老保險制度發展的個案省份分析。 本文發現，中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的發展有著明顯的「路徑依賴」特徵，自《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》出臺以降，關於中國大陸的社會保障歷經了單位保障到社會保險，最後則是具備中國特色的「社會統籌與個人帳戶相結合」制度的建立。關於中國大陸退休養老體制的改革過程是中國社會主義傳統下與改革開放後強調經濟發展相互激盪下的結果。 中共以戶籍制度作為區分城鄉勞工的主要手段，在社會福利制度上形成了差異化的現象。本文認為關於農民工的社會保障制度在過去的社會保險體系發展中乏善可陳，與受到政府保障的城鎮職工形成對比的現象。中共當局開始正視農民工的問題是在改革開放後所形成的龐大民工潮問題，隨著時間的推移，政府也必須替「第二代農民工」建設更公平的社會保障制度進而達成「城鎮化」的目標。 中國大陸的社會保障制度發展有著明顯的地域差異，其財政的制度也高度分權，具體反應在社會保障制度的改革上。北京、廣東與上海享受著改革開放以來的經濟成果，在吸引外來勞動人口上有著先天優勢，相對河南的人口外移有著明顯的對比。背後的意涵代表了富裕省份對於後發省份在社會保障資源上的「榨取」，不利於後發省份養老保險的長期發展。本文認為，2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，對於農民工的社會保障確實有所提昇，也使具有「穩定就業」身分的農民工納入到了城鎮職工養老保險體制內，不過仍然需要觀察其後具體的發展態勢。中國大陸之後的退休養老制度發展，本文認為應該要向實現「全國統籌」的目標邁進，也可以藉由中央分配養老金，使地區養老金收支不均的現象可以有效紓緩。 / This thesis aims to explore the characteristics of labor groups in China, which include urban workers and migrant workers. It also discusses the political economical analysis in the course of development for retirement pensions. There are three important questions that have to be addressed: First, what is the historical course on the Chinese retirement pension? What are the features? Second, how is the retirement pension run for urban workers and migrant workers today? What is the direction for integration? Third, what is the financial situation in running the pensions? Are there any concerns? Above three questions constitute the main issues that will be discussed in this thesis. It is evident that there are changes to today’s law and regulations of endowment insurance for urban and migrant workers. This thesis will use Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Henan province for “Balance of Revenues and Expenditure in Endowment Pension Insurance” as a basis. Also use each province’s “Debt records”, “Standard Economic Growth” “Labor Mobility”, etc. to analyze. In this thesis it also indicates the development of the endowment insurance for migrant workers and urban workers appears to be having a “path dependency” feature. China’s social security has gone from a unit security to a social security. The social welfare system creates a phenomenon of discrepancy in the system. This thesis deems that in the past, migrant workers’ social security reform development is not effective compared to the government security the urban workers received. The government must help “Second generation migrant workers” create a fair social security system and reach “urbanization” as a goal. China’s social security growth has a noticeable regional difference; there is also a high separation of powers in the finance system, which reacts on the reform for social security. Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai enjoy the economic gain after the reform, and attract many foreign labors, gives them dominant advantage. In contrast, Henan, there is big difference in number for migrate workers. Behind this, there is an implication that prosperous provinces create an “extortion” of resources to those less prosperous, meaning there is no care for their endowment insurance growth. Overall this system still has potential for improvement.