Global ETD Search

141	Development of an indigenous Chinese personality inventory based on the principle of Yin-Yang and the five elements and on the ancient Chinese text “Jen Wu Chih” Hsu, Chung-Jen 21 September 2006 (has links) No description available. Tao (Dao) or Yuang Yi Seminal essence
142	När spårket brister : En fenomenologisk studie som lyfter förskollärarens upplevelse kring arbetet med barn som har språkliga svårigheter / When language fails : A phenomenological study that highlights the preschool teacher's experience of working with children who have language difficultiess Lickander, Maria, Laine, Tove January 2023 (has links) Syftet med denna studie var att lyfta fram sex förskollärares upplevelser kring arbetet med barn som har språkliga svårigheter. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ forskningsundersökning där förskollärarna intervjuades genom frågor som handlade om deras förutsättningar, metoder, stöttning för barnen, utmaningar och samarbetet. Studien utgår ifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv där epoché, fenomen, livsvärld, meningsbärande enheter och essens är de centrala begrepp som används i koppling till analysen. I resultatet och analysen framställs det som ansågs vara kärnan i förskollärarnas upplevelser utifrån det som togs upp under intervjuerna. Här läggs fokus på språkmedvetet arbete, synligheten av svårigheter, tiden, vikten av att se varje barn och det viktiga samarbetet. / The purpose of this study was to highlight six preschool teachers' experiences of working with children with language difficulties. The study is based on a qualitative research where the preschool teachers were interviewed through questions about their conditions, methods, support for the children, challenges and cooperation. The study is based on a phenomenological perspective where epoch, phenomenon, lifeworld, meaning-bearing units and essence are the central concepts used in connection with the analysis. In the results and analysis, what was considered to be the core of the preschool teachers' experiences is presented based on what was raised during the interviews. Here, the focus is on language-aware work, the visibility of difficulties, time, the importance of seeing each child and the important collaboration. language difficulties language development preschool teacher phenomenology preschool teachers' experiences life world essence phenomenon language disorder interviews språkliga svårigheter språkutveckling förskollärare fenomenologi förskollärares upplevelser livsvärld essens fenomen språkstörning intervjuer Pedagogy Pedagogik
143	La raison à l'épreuve du sensible : depuis Husserl et Levinas / The Sensible or the Challenge of Reason : from Husserl and Levinas Lorelle, Paula 01 December 2014 (has links) Avec la phénoménologie, naît une nouvelle idée de la raison qui, au-delà de l’alternative du rationalisme et de l’irrationalisme et contre sa réduction kantienne à une faculté, est redéfinie à l’aune de l’expérience qu’elle permet de décrire. Mais la difficulté survient lorsqu’il s’agit d’atteindre la raison de l’expérience sensible elle-même, en son irréductibilité à toute exigence rationnelle - en son caractère particulier, complexe, lacunaire ou indéterminé. Dès lors, à quelles conditions peut-on penser une logique du sensible, sans aussitôt trahir le sensible ou perdre la raison ? Le projet husserlien d’une « logique-du-monde » exige en sa compréhension comme en son renouvellement, une réévaluation des concepts de « raison » et de « sensibilité ». Notre travail consiste donc en l’étude problématique et critique de ces concepts, depuis deux moments de leur déploiement :leur inauguration husserlienne et leur radicalisation lévinassienne. Le choix de ces deux oeuvres a pour intérêt historique de mesurer l’ampleur de l’élargissement phénoménologique de la raison – d’une conception« intellectualiste » de la sensibilité chez Husserl à sa profondeur lévinassienne ; et pour intérêt problématique de mener le problème à son terme et dans ses dernières contrées, là où le sensible n’apparaît plus comme pétri de sens mais dans son irrationalité même, là où la sensibilité n’est plus la saisie perceptive d’une identité mais l’expérience affective radicale d’une exposition à l’altérité. C’est donc en sa fondamentale équivocité que la sensibilité doit se faire le lieu d’une épreuve renouvelée de la raison, le principe critique de la rationalité mobilisée par sa description. / A new idea of reason was born with phenomenology. Beyond the opposition between rationalism andirrationalism, and against its Kantian reduction to a faculty, reason is redefined in the light of the experiencethat it enables to describe. But the difficulty arises when we attempt to reach the rationality of the sensibleexperience itself, in its own irreducibility to the demands of reason - in its irreducible peculiarity, complexity,lack and indetermination. Under which conditions can we think a logic of the sensible without betrayingsensibility or compromising reason? Husserl’s project of a “logic-of-the-world” requires, in its understandingas in its renewal, a reevaluation of the concepts of “reason” and “sensibility”. This dissertation consists in acritical study of these concepts, from these two main moments of their unfolding: their Husserlian inaugurationand their Levinassian radicalization. From a historical point of view, this choice enables us to assess thisphenomenological extension of reason - from an intellectual conception of sensibility in Husserl, to itsLevinassian depth. From a problematical point of view, this choice enables us to lead the problem to its finalterms, where the sensible is not made of meaning anymore, but appears in its very irrationality - whensensibility is not the perceptive grasp of an identity, but an affective exposure to otherness. Thought in itsfundamental equivocity, sensibility must be the place of a renewed challenge of reason, the critical principle ofthe rationality used by its description. Phénoménologie Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) Raison Sensibilité Perception Affectivité Signification Essence Herméneutique Éthique Autrui Jouissance Vulnérabilité Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) Max Scheler (1874- 1928) Phenomenology Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995) Reason Sensibility Perception Affectivity Meaning Essence Hermeneutics Ethics The other Jouissance Vulnerability Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) Max Scheler (1874- 1928)
144	Массовое искусство и национальный миф: проблема взаимовлияния (на материале кинематографа США) : магистерская диссертация / Popular art and national myth: problem of interaction (movies by USA as an example) Gudova, Iu., Гудова, Ю. В. January 2014 (has links) MA paper is devoted to the researching of interaction between national myths and popular arts in American movies. The philosophical Ideas of G. Bodriyar, M. Kastels, E. Said, A. Kostina, K. Razlogov, and E. Shapinsky are in the basic of methodology. And anthropological ideas of Levi-Strouss, Ealiade, Meletinsky and Zhuladze are in the methodological foundation too. The paper consists from three parts. The specialty of contemporary cultural and social situation is analyzed in the first part of paper. The conceptual approaches to the definition of interaction between national identity and popular art are recovered in the second part. The third part of the paper is rewired the content and function of American’s myths in the American popular movies. The author gives conclusion that popular art represents national myths and therefore national identity is constructed by popular art. / Магистерская диссертация сосредоточена на взаимовлиянии национального мифа и массового искусства на примере кинематографа США. В качестве методологии исследования используется философско-культурологическая методология, представленная идеями Ж. Бодрийяра, М. Кастельса, А.В. Костиной, К.Э. Разлогова, Е.Н. Шапинской, Э. Саида, и других; культурно-антропологическая методология, выработанная К. Леви-Стросом, Е.М. Мелетинским, М. Элиаде, А. Цуладзе и другими. Работа состоит из трех глав. В первой главе рассматривается характеристика современной социокультурной ситуации, в которой существует массовое искусство. Во второй главе анализируются концептуальные походы к определению механизма взаимовлияния национальной идентичности и искусства. В третьей главе исследуется содержание американских национальных мифов и то, как они функционируют в американском массовом кино. В конце работы делается вывод, что массовое искусство репрезентирует национальные мифы и тем самым конструирует национальную идентичность. MASTER'S THESIS GLOBAL MASS CULTURE POPULAR ART REPRESENTATION ESSENCE APPROACH ANTI-ESSENCE APPROACH CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY APPROACH MYTH POLITICAL MYTH NATIONAL MYTH NATIONAL IDENTITY USA’S MOVIES AMERICAN MYTH “AMERICAN DREAM” EDWARD SAID CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AMERICAN CULTURAL IMPERIALISM ORIENTALISM “SIMPSONS” “SOUTH PARK” МАССОВОЕ ИСКУССТВО РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ МИФ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МИФ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ МИФ КИНЕМАТОГРАФ США АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ МИФ «АМЕРИКАНСКАЯ МЕЧТА» ЭДВАРД САИД ОРИЕНТАЛИЗМ «СИМПСОНЫ» «ЮЖНЫЙ ПАРК»
145	An investigation into problem solving skills in calculus : the case of Unisa first year students Mugisha, Stella 02 1900 (has links) Students’ performances in mathematics in an Open Distant Learning setting have not always been impressive. An exploratory study into the problem solving skills of the University of South Africa students in the Calculus module MAT112 is being conducted using past examinations scripts between 2006 and 2009. The study re-assesses the work done in the end-of-year Calculus examinations, by both looking at the distribution of marks awarded and assigning new scores based on an assessment rubric adapted for the problem at hand. Further assessment of qualitative dimensions that is important for problem solving in Calculus is developed from the data obtained from the assessment rubric. Using factor analysis, a hesitation factor, transfer-of-knowledge factor as well as ingenuity factor, are identified in successful Calculus problem solving. The study proposes two conceptual models; the first is to guide students in solving Calculus problems while the second one is meant to assist lecturers in the assessment of students of Calculus. / Science and Technology Education / M. Ed. (Technology Education) Value of Calculus Problem solving skills Factor analysis Hesitation factor Transfer-of-knowledge Essence of Mathematics Qualitative assessment Problem of poor performances Rigour and proof in mathematics Problem solving approach in Mathematics Calculus assessment with the rubric Mathematics in an ODL environment 515.071168
146	Optimisation énergétique de chaînes de traction hybrides essence et Diesel sous contrainte de polluants : Étude et validation expérimentale / Energy Optimization of Gasoline and Diesel Hybrid Powertrains with Pollutant Constraints : Study and Experimental Validation Simon, Antoine 05 July 2018 (has links) L’hybridation électrique de la chaîne de traction automobile est l’une des solutions adoptées pour respecter les règlementations futures sur ses émissions. La stratégie de supervision de la chaîne de traction hybride répartit la puissance produite par le moteur à combustion interne et la machine électrique. Elle répond habituellement à un problème d’optimisation où l’objectif est de réduire la consommation de carburant mais nécessite à présent d’y ajouter les émissions polluantes. La chaîne de dépollution, placée à l’échappement du moteur, permet de diminuer la quantité de polluants émise dans l’atmosphère. Cependant, elle n’est efficace qu’à partir d’un seuil de température, et dépend de la chaleur apportée par les gaz d’échappement du moteur thermique. La première partie de ce travail est donc consacrée à la modélisation de la consommation énergétique et des émissions polluantes de la chaine de traction hybride. La modélisation de l’efficacité de la chaîne de dépollution est réalisée selon deux contextes. Le modèle zéro-dimensionnel est adapté aux contraintes de calcul de la commande optimale. Le modèle unidimensionnel associé à un estimateur d’état permet d’être embarqué et calculé en temps réel. À partir de ces travaux, la seconde partie de cette thèse déduit des stratégies de supervision à l’aide de la théorie de la commande optimale. Dans un premier cas, le principe de Bellman permet de calculer la commande optimale d’un véhicule hybride Diesel selon des critères de supervision ayant plus ou moins connaissance de l’efficacité de la chaîne de dépollution des émissions de NOX. Dans un second cas, une stratégie issue du Principe du Minimum de Pontryagin, embarquée sur un véhicule hybride essence, fonctionnant en temps réel et calibrée selon deux paramètres est proposée. L’ensemble de ces travaux est validé expérimentalement au banc moteur et montre une réduction significative des émissions polluantes pour une faible pénalité de carburant. / Powertrain hybridization is a solution that has been adopted in order to conform to future standards for emissions regulations. The supervisory strategy of the hybrid powertrain divides the power emitted between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine. In past studies, this strategy has typically responded to an optimization problem with the objective of reducing consumption. However, in addition to this, it is now necessary to take pollutant emissions into account as well. The after-treatment system, placed in the exhaust of the engine, is able to reduce pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. It is efficient from a certain temperature threshold, and the temperature of the system is dependent on the heat brought by the exhaust gas of the engine. The first part of this dissertation is aimed at modelling the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of the hybrid powertrain. The efficiency model of the after-treatment system is adapted for use in two different contexts. The zero-dimensional model conforms to the constraints of the optimal control calculation. The one-dimensional model associated with a state estimator can be embedded in a vehicle and calculated in real time. From this work, the second part of this dissertation deduces supervisory strategies from the optimal control theory. On the one hand, Bellman’s principle is used to calculate the optimal control of a Diesel hybrid vehicle using different supervisory criteria, each having more or less information about the after-treatment system efficiency over NOX emissions. On the other hand, a strategy from Pontryagin’s minimum principle, embedded in a gasoline hybrid vehicle, running in real time and calibrated with two parameters, is proposed. The whole of this work is validated experimentally on an engine test bed and shows a significant reduction in pollutant emissions for a slight fuel consumption penalty. Véhicule hybride électrique Moteur essence Catalyseur 3-voies Moteur Diesel Catalyseur d’oxydation, Réduction catalytique sélective Optimisation énergétique Émissions polluantes Estimation Commande optimale Principe de Bellman Programmation dynamique Principe du minimum de Pontryagin Hybrid Electric Vehicle Gasoline Engine 3-Way Catalytic Converter Diesel Engine Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Selective Catalytic Reduction Energy Optimization Pollutant Emissions Estimation Optimal Control Bellman’s Principle Dynamic Programming Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle 621.436 621.46
147	Commerce informel des hydrocarbures au Bénin / Informal trade of hydrocarbons in Benin Diakite, Aboubakar 17 November 2016 (has links) D’abord sur une échelle réduite puis sur une large échelle la contrebande du kpayo, essence et produits pétroliers occupent aujourd’hui un nombre de plus en plus grand de vendeurs, on estime que 100 000 personnes sont impliquées dans ce trafic du Nigeria au Bénin. Il revêt plusieurs aspects selon qu’il emprunte la route maritime, le fleuve ou la route. Ce transport génère un grand nombre de petits métiers que nous évoquons dans la thèse qu’il s’agisse d’apporter les bidons sur la plage, de transformer les scooters ou les camions. Plus que tout, cette activité suppose aussi un réseau souvent d’origine familiale, mais aussi des accointances avec du personnel des emplois régaliens de la République. Les recherches empiriques réalisées sur des territoires aussi variés et circonscrits que peuvent l’être une station-service, un village lacustre, un marché frontalier, un débarcadère, un entrepôt ont permis d’appréhender les conditions d’approvisionnement des contrebandiers, identifier les modalités d’acheminement des produits pétroliers vers le Bénin, saisir les stratégies de contournement des contrebandiers et les risques encourus tout au long de leur trajet, examiner les interactions entre les transporteurs et les forces de l’ordre à l’occasion du passage des barrières de contrôle, apprécier l’animation des marchés et enfin cerner le rôle des différents acteurs en présence. L’analyse des réseaux marchands, des parcours biographiques, des stratégies d’acteurs, des logiques d’accumulation et des rapports de l’économie informelle à la loi situe cette recherche au croisement de l’anthropologie économique, de la géographie du commerce, de la sociologie de la précarité, et de la sociologie politique. / First of all on a small scale, then further along, on a much larger scale, the kpayo trade which means smuggling of gas and other oil products from Nigeria to Bénin, depend on almost 100 000 persons living on this sale activity. This trade might be quite different if gas transported by means of ships on the sea, by the river, or by scooters or trucks on the road. This kind of informal trade gives way to different kinds of odd jobs we mention in the PHD: bringing the jerrycans to the beach, reshaping scooters and trucks in a garage. Most of all this illicit activity needs some kind of a kinship network and political pull among the police and customs officers of the Republic. Empirical research has been done in different fields such as a gas station, a seaside village, a market on the country border, a landing stage, a warehouse, it led to the comprehension of the way smugglers are supplied. I was thus able to understand the process by which gas was transported from Nigeria to the Republic of Bénin, and see all the byways the smugglers are used to take, and the risks taken all along the journey. I examined the interaction process between the racketeers and the police when they passed a checkpoint; see how the markets were busy, and last managed to see how the the different roles of subjects interact. The racketeers networks analysis, life stories, different action strategies, the way they accumulate and the study of informal economy related to law contribute in this PhD to an essay in economic- anthropology with geographic standpoints, and a sociological analysis of precarious lives and Big Shots. Bénin Nigéria Contrebandiers Produits pétrolier Essence Frontière Police Douane Rançonnement Gros bonnets Réseaux La contrebande par la mer La contrebande par le fleuve Contrebande par la route Kpayo Bénin Nigeria Smugglers Gas Petrol Border Customs Racket Big Shots Networks Smuggling on sea Smuggling by the river Smuggling on the road Kpayo 382.4 364.1
148	因果歷程偏離與故意歸責—新標準：「獨立評價說」 / The deviation of causal course and the attribution of intention —new standard: theory of independent assessment 戚本律, Chi, Pen Lu Unknown Date (has links) 國內通說將因果歷程偏離當作構成要件錯誤的一種類型。認為因果歷程作為故意認識的對象；並且對於因果歷程重要部分沒有認識，則阻卻故意。德國實務所提出的重要性理論（相當性概念與其他正當化評價事由之欠缺）是建立起國內通說看法的主因。不過，近年德國學界普遍對這種說法提出質疑，認為因果歷程偏離不再是「心理事實」的問題，而是「規範評價」的問題。因而從過去的錯誤理論漸漸轉向歸責理論。對於因果歷程偏離的難題也從「故意」範疇轉向「故意歸責」的範疇。在故意歸責層次下，德國學界提出幾種具體的處理方式，但都不脫離傳統部分主客觀對應的看法。本文認為透過檢驗行為人主觀與客觀事實間是否一致（或者部分一致），無助於解決因果歷程偏離的難題。結論上，本文提出一個嶄新的想法—「獨立評價說」，期待能適當且方便的解決因果歷程偏離的問題。 / The general opinion in Taiwan’s academia considers the error of causal course as an error occurred in the composing elements of a crime. The academia is also of the opinion that the intent of crime shall include the essential parts of the causal course. If any such part is left out of account, the intent of crime shall also be excluded. The theory of essentiality (Theorie der Wesentlichkeit) brought forward by the German court is the main fundation for the opinion of Taiwan’s academia. German authors have questioned this theory in the recent years. They hold that the problem of deviation of causal course is rather a problem of norm assessment rather than a problem of psychological facts. Thus the past fallacy has been gradually replaced by the theory of attribution of intention, and the research on deviation of causal course which was undertaken under the category of intention has also been changed to the category of attribution of intention. As regards the attribution of intention, the German authors have developed some specific approaches to solve the error of the chain of causation. Nevertheless, these resolutions are much the same, for they all emphasize a partial coincidence between the intent and the real causal course. As a conclusion, the author claims that the coincidence can't solve the problem of deviation of causal course, and proposes a new theory, - the theory of independent assessment, with the hope of facilitating the research of the problem of deviation of causal course. 因果歷程偏離因果歷程錯誤重要性理論錯誤理論歸責理論故意對應獨立評價再現想像力 Tthe Deviation of Causal Course the Error of Causal Course the Theory of Essence the Theory of Error the Theory of TAttribution Intention Attribution of Intention the Theory of Risk coincidence Independent Assessment
149	資通訊服務公司策略經營模式研究—以NEC公司為例 / Strategic business model of ICT servicescorporation-case study of NEC group corporation 邱炳煌, Chiu, Ping Huang Unknown Date (has links) 2008 年擁有158 年歷史的美國投資銀行，雷曼兄弟控股公司( Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. )的破產，掀起全球性的金融風暴，進而促使全球經濟同時性大衰退。曾經是美國、甚至全球最大的企業的通用汽車也蒙受嚴重波及，而宣告破產重整。百年歷史的GM 公司的倒閉，使得『企業規模越大，越不會倒閉』的傳統觀念破滅了！根據統計，一般企業的壽命，約在30 年，而世界上仍有許多維繫超過百年甚至更久遠的企業。促使那些擁有百年歷史的企業，永續經營特質是什麼? 回顧1990 年，普拉哈(C.K. Prahalad) 和蓋瑞‧哈默爾 (Gary Hamel) 於「哈佛商業評論」上發表了企業核心競爭力（Core Competence）模型的論文以及唐納．薩爾 (Donald N. Sull) (2003) 在「成功不墜」所闡述企業永續經營模型。還有，日本京都大學經濟學研究所的末松千尋教授於2002 年提出京都企業經營模式研究論述。三者構成本論文研究的理論模型基礎架構。藉由NEC 的個案，以質化個案研究的方式，對照這個模型架構，探討NEC 公司永續經營的特質，印證本理論架構基礎的實用性與完整性。研究成果將可提供國內企業，邁向國際化、全球化、永續經營上策略思考之參考。本研究從NEC 個案中獲得企業永續經營準則、永續成功經營模式為：一、擬訂企業策略發展意圖，建構企業願景。二、藉由不斷創新，建構企業核心競爭能力。三、認識企業存在的意義，重視顧客滿意。四、建立開放平台，與供應商的水平分工。五、隨著經營環境變遷，勇於適時變革。關鍵字：永續經營特質，企業核心競爭力，企業經營模式，成功經營模式 / A 158- year-old firm, the 4th largest investment bank in the USA, Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. announced its bankruptcy in 2008.Rapidly stirred up a global financial credit crisis and became to a worldwide economic recession concurrently. The ever being biggest company in the USA and even in the world, General Motors Corporation was engulfed seriously and finally also sank into bankruptcy protection by the economic recession. Even having hundred years history company like GM Corp. was forced to reorganize by bankruptcy protection. The traditional concept, 「The larger of the scale of a company the less possibilty of the company will collapse」,was ruined！According to some statistics a company can last for about 30 years for average. But there are still many firms lasting for more than hundred years in the world. What is sustainable managerial essence of those firms? Let us review their theses of core compentence of the corporation in the article of Harvard Business Review in 1990 by Mr. C.K. Prahalad and Mr. Gary Hamel. and the theses of company`s sustainable managerial model in the book of「Revival of the Fittest」in 2003 by Mr. Donald N. Sull. Also let us review the theses of 「Kyo-siki strategic business model」in 2002 by Mr. Chihiro Suematsu, Professor of Kyoto University Graduate School of Economics. These three above expounding form the basic model of theory of this research. By the case study of NEC Corporation, taking antithesis of these expounding, a case study of qualitative research oriented, tries to find sustainable managerial essence of NEC and to prove the practicality and the completeness of the basic model of theory of this research. The research thesis is trying to offer some strategic references to the company in Taiwan during creating its sustainable managerial essence for company on the way of internationalization and globalization of company. From this research of NEC case study it has found some conclusions about company`s sustainable managerial priceples or company`s sustainable successful business model as the followings： 1. Implementing strategic intents and setting up visions for the company. 2. Building core competencies for the company by constant innovations. 3. Realizing the meanings of company`s existence and taking customer satisfaction as the first priority. 4. Constructting an open platforms for business collateral integration with vendors and partners. 5. Being brave in timly transfoming for the company fitting changes of the business environment. Key Words：sustainable managerial essence，core competence，managerial model，sustainable successful business model 永續經營特質企業核心競爭力企業經營模式成功經營模式策略發展意圖 sustainable managerial essence core competence managerial model successful business model strategic intent
150	Platonic Craft and Medical Ethics Bader, Daniel 14 February 2011 (has links) Platonic Craft and Medical Ethics examines the Platonic theory of craft and shows its application to different ethical problems in medicine, both ancient and modern. I begin by elucidating the Platonic use of the term “craft” or “technē”, using especially the paradigmatic craft of medicine, and explicate a number of important principles inherent in his use of the term. I then show how Plato’s framework of crafts can be applied to two ancient debates. First, I show how Plato’s understanding of crafts is used in discussing the definition of medicine, and how he deals with the issue of “bivalence”, that medicine seems to be capable of generating disease as well as curing it. I follow this discussion into Aristotle, who, though he has a different interpretation of bivalence, has a solution in many ways similar to Plato’s. Second, I discuss the relevance of knowledge to persuasion and freedom. Rhetors like Gorgias challenge the traditional connections of persuasion to freedom and force to slavery by characterizing persuasion as a type of force. Plato addresses this be dividing persuasion between sorcerous and didactic persuasion, and sets knowledge as the new criterion for freedom. Finally, I discuss three modern issues in medical ethics using a Platonic understanding of crafts: paternalism, conclusions in meta-analyses and therapeutic misconceptions in research ethics. In discussing paternalism, I argue that tools with multiple excellences, like the body, should not be evaluated independently of the uses to which the patient intends to put them. In discussing meta-analyses, I show how the division of crafts into goal-oriented and causal parts in the Phaedrus exposes the confusion inherent in saying that practical conclusions can follow directly from statistical results. Finally, I argue that authors like Franklin G. Miller and Howard Brody fail to recognize the hierarchical relationship between medical research and medicine when they argue that medical research ethics should be autonomous from medical ethics per se. Plato Medical Ethics Aristotle Techne Craft Rhetoric Contraries Predication Autonomy Paternalism Research Ethics Therapeutic Misconception Meta-Analysis Gorgias Laws Euthydemus Eleutheria Episteme Hippocrates Persuasion Bia Peitho Health Disease Measurement Metaphysics Phaedrus Privation Franklin G. Miller Education Informed Consent Freedom Lysias Hippias Minor Philebus Statesman Sophist Charmides Republic Protagoras Kolakeia Flattery Arche Essence Definition Suppliant Maidens Heraclidae Philoctetes Slavery Competition 0422

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