[pt] O trabalho investiga os processos lexicais pertinentes à formação de novos itens através do não- anteposto a substantivos e adjetivos, incluindo os aspectos semânticos relevantes. Abordam-se inicialmente a derivação e a composição, na medida em que estes macro-processos de formação se colocam como hipóteses alternativas para a explicação do emprego lexical do elemento negativo não, tradicionalmente classificado apenas como advérbio. Expõe-se a visão trazida pela gramática tradicional, concluindo-se que esta não explica o fenômeno de modo satisfatório. Revisa-se a literatura produzida até o momento sobre o não ocorrendo em função diversa da de advérbio, observando-se grande divergência de abordagens. Apresentadas e analisadas as ocorrências do não- anteposto, opta-se pela derivação como explicação mais conveniente para o tópico investigado, que inclui a questão de estabelecer critérios de discriminação entre as construções que constituem novas palavras e as que devem ser excluídas do rol das novas formações. A análise é baseada em dois corpora representativos – o CORPOBRAS PUC RIO e o CORPUS NILC, que foram comparados em relação ao fenômeno investigado. A pesquisa foi parcialmente feita com base nos mecanismos e metodologias ditadas por pesquisadores da Lingüística de Corpus, tendo sido utilizadas ferramentas computacionais e o conceito de corpus definidos por estes autores. A partir da referida análise, verifica-se que nem todos os itens formados por não- seguido por nome configuram novas formações lexicais, uma vez que muitos dos exemplos estudados revelam aspectos sintáticos predominantes. Quanto à questão semântica, concluiu-se que os significados são relativamente delimitados, existindo algumas exceções. A pesquisa aponta ainda para a presença de possíveis aspectos estilísticos nestas formas. / [en] This work investigates lexical processes underlying the formation of não- X nouns and adjectives in Portuguese, taking into account both morphological and semantic aspects. We approach first the two main word formation possibilities, derivation and compounding, as they correspond to the possible alternative hypotheses for the use of não in word formation, since this lexical item is traditionally considered only as an adverb. Traditional approaches to the topic are described and considered insufficient to explain the phenomena in a satisfactory manner. More recent descriptive proposals on the subject are analyzed and their controversies commented upon. The data favor the analysis of não-X constructions in Portuguese as a case of derivation, specially in what concerns the need to establish criteria to classify não-X constructions as new words. The data were collected from two corpora – the CORPOBRAS PUC-RIO and the CORPUS NILC, which were compared as for the phenomena in question. The work is based, to a great extent, on the mechanisms and methodologies proposed by Corpus Linguistics researchers, with the use of computational tools and the conception of corpora as defined by CL authors. As a result of the analysis, it is proposed that not every não-X occurrence constitutes a new lexical item, since many of the studied examples reveal predominance of syntactic aspects. As for the semantic question, it has been observed that the meanings of the não-X constructions are partially predictable, in spite of some exceptions. The research also indicates the presence of some stylistic possibilities for the use of the não X construction.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les différents types de connaissances et de compétences impliquées dans l'expertise du vin. Ce travail s'appuyant sur le concept de vin de garde, nous avons dans un premier temps approfondi l'étude de ce concept et nous avons identifié des indices gustatifs (astringence et acidité) et olfactifs (notes boisé, brûlé, vanillé et pruneau) utilisés par les professionnels bourguignons du vin pour évaluer le potentiel de garde de vins rouges de Bourgogne. L’étude de l’expertise s’est articulée autour de deux études. Dans la première étude, nous avons testé si l’environnement dans lequel les professionnels exercent leur activité entraîne des différences au niveau de leurs compétences perceptives et de leurs connaissances relatives au vin de garde. Nous avons montré que des professionnels bourguignons et bordelais sont globalement en accord pour catégoriser des vins de Bourgogne et de Bordeaux en vin de garde et de non garde. Cependant, les professionnels d’une région semblent plus en accord pour juger qu’un vin de leur région est de garde comparativement aux vins de l’autre région. Ceci pourrait indiquer que la familiarité intervient dans les jugements du potentiel de garde. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons examiné comment les compétences perceptives, les connaissances conceptuelles, le contenu lexical et le statut des connaissances s’articulent chez des professionnels du vin, des œnophiles, des consommateurs de vin et des panélistes entraînés à décrire des vins. Nous avons montré que ces différents aspects se manifestent de manière différentielle selon le type d’expertise : les œnophiles utilisent un discours conventionnel et normatif comme les professionnels, les panélistes utilisent un lexique proche des professionnels, mais les œnophiles comme les panélistes sont similaires aux consommateurs quand des compétences perceptives et des connaissances conceptuelles en référence au vin de garde sont nécessaires. Les professionnels et les œnophiles s’identifient comme appartenant à une communauté qui partagerait les mêmes connaissances et représentations. Leurs connaissances sont également plus certaines que celles des panélistes et des consommateurs. Une dimension intéressante pour l’étude de l’expertise semble émerger : le statut partagé et assuré des connaissances. / This work aimed to investigate different types of knowledge and skills involved in wine expertise. This work is based on the “vin de garde” concept, we first broadened the study of this concept, and we identified gustatory (astringency and acidity) and olfactory (woody, burnt, vanilla and prune notes) clues used by wine professionals from Bourgogne to judge the aging potential of red wines from Bourgogne. The expertise is investigated through two studies. In the first study, we examined if the environment in which professionals practise leads to specific perceptive skills and conceptual knowledge regarding wines with an aging potential. We showed that overall professionals from Bourgogne and Bordelais are in agreement to categorize wines from Bourgogne and Bordeaux in “vin de garde” and “vin de non garde”. However, their judgements regarding aging potential seem more consensual for wines from their own area compared to wines from the other area. This could indicate that familiarity is involved in aging potential judgments. In the second study, we examined how perceptive skills, conceptual knowledge, lexical content and knowledge status are combined for wine professionals, oenophiles, wine consumers, and panelists trained to describe wines. We showed that these different aspects are combined according to the type of expertise: oenophiles use a conventional and normative discourse like professionals, panelists use a lexicon similar to professionals, but oenophiles and panelists are similar to consumers when perceptive skills and conceptual knowledge in reference to wine with an aging potential are required. Professionals and oenophiles consider themselves as belonging to a community with shared knowledge and representations. Their knowledge is also more certain than that of panelists and consumers. An interesting aspect for the study of expertise emerges: the shared and sure status of knowledge.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux relations qui peuvent exister entre des prédicats verbaux(ex : to regulate) et des prédicats nominaux (ex : regulation) dont les structures argumentales mettent enjeu des informations communes. Nous nous livrons à une formalisation des conditions dans lesquelles se réalisent des relations d’équivalence entre les constructions verbales et nominales. La mise en évidence de l’équivalence des structures argumentales de ces deux types de constructions est fondamentale pour pouvoir réaliser, par exemple, des systèmes d’extraction automatique d’informations très performants. En se basant sur les données du lexique The Specialist Lexicon, nous proposons une prédiction raisonnable du comportement syntaxique des arguments nominaux, de différents groupes nominaux prédicatifs(GNpréd), lorsqu’ils sont en position de postmodifieur. Cette étude nous a conduit à concevoir un ensemble d’algorithmes et à développer une plate-forme, Predicate DB, qui nous a permis de produire un lexique de nominalisations. Pour chaque entrée appartenant à ce lexique, nous avons caractérisé ses structures argumentales et ses réalisations dans des GNpréd dont les arguments sont marqués par des prépositions spécifiques. / In this thesis, we focus on the relation that may exist between verbal predicates (e.g., regulate)and nominal predicates (e.g., regulation) whose argument structures involve common information.We make a formalization of the conditions in which equivalent relations between verbal and nominalconstructions are carried out. Bringing out the equivalence of argument structures between these twotypes of constructions is fundamental for achieving, for example, very efficient Information Extractionsystems. Based on data from the Specialist Lexicon, we propose a reasonable prediction of the syntacticbehavior of nominal arguments, which belong to different predicate noun phrases (PNPs), when theyare in postmodifier position. This study has led us to design a set of algorithms and develop a platform,PredicateDB, to produce a lexicon of nominalizations. For each entry belonging to this lexicon, we havedefined its argument structures and achievements in PNPs whose arguments are marked by specificprepositions.

Les tables du Lexique-Grammaire, dont le développement a été initié par Gross (1975), constituent un lexique syntaxique très riche pour le français. Elles couvrent diverses catégories lexicales telles que les verbes, les noms, les adjectifs et les adverbes. Cette base de données linguistiques n'est cependant pas directement exploitable informatiquement car elle est incomplète et manque de cohérence. Chaque table regroupe un certain nombre d'entrées jugées similaires car elles acceptent des propriétés communes. Ces propriétés ont pour particularité de ne pas être codées dans les tables même mais uniquement décrites dans la littérature. Pour rendre ces tables exploitables, il faut expliciter les propriétés intervenant dans chacune d'entre elles. De plus, un grand nombre de ces propriétés doivent être renommées dans un souci de cohérence. Notre objectif est d'adapter les tables pour les rendre utilisables dans diverses applications de Traitement Automatique des Langues (TAL), notamment l'analyse syntaxique. Nous expliquons les problèmes rencontrés et les méthodes adoptées pour permettre leur intégration dans un analyseur syntaxique. Nous proposons LGExtract, un outil générique pour générer un lexique syntaxique pour le TAL à partir des tables du Lexique-Grammaire. Il est relié à une table globale dans laquelle nous avons ajouté les propriétés manquantes et un unique script d'extraction incluant toutes les opérations liées à chaque propriété devant être effectuées pour toutes les tables. Nous présentons également LGLex, le nouveau lexique syntaxique généré des verbes, des noms prédicatifs, des expressions figées et des adverbes. Ensuite, nous montrons comment nous avons converti les verbes et les noms prédicatifs de ce lexique au format Alexina, qui est celui du lexique Lefff (Lexique des Formes Fléchies du Français) (Sagot, 2010), un lexique morphologique et syntaxique à large couverture et librement disponible pour le français. Ceci permet son intégration dans l'analyseur syntaxique FRMG (French MetaGrammar) (Thomasset et de La Clergerie, 2005), un analyseur profond à large couverture pour le français, basé sur les grammaires d'arbres adjoints (TAG), reposant habituellement sur le Lefff. Cette étape de conversion consiste à extraire l'information syntaxique codée dans les tables du Lexique-Grammaire. Nous présentons les fondements linguistiques de ce processus de conversion et le lexique obtenu. Nous évaluons l'analyseur syntaxique FRMG sur le corpus de référence de la campagne d'évaluation d'analyseurs du français Passage (Produire des Annotations Syntaxiques à Grande Échelle) (Hamon et al., 2008), en comparant sa version basée sur le Lefff avec notre version reposant sur les tables du Lexique-Grammaire converties / Lexicon-Grammar tables, whose development was initiated by Gross (1975), are a very rich syntactic lexicon for the French language. They cover various lexical categories such as verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs. This linguistic database is nevertheless not directly usable by computer programs, as it is incomplete and lacks consistency. Tables are defined on the basis of features which are not explicitly recorded in the lexicon. These features are only described in literature. To use these tables, we must make explicit the essential features appearing in each one of them. In addition, many features must be renamed for consistency sake. Our aim is to adapt the tables, so as to make them usable in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications, in particular parsing.We describe the problems we encountered and the approaches we followed to enable their integration into a parser. We propose LGExtract, a generic tool for generating a syntactic lexicon for NLP from the Lexicon-Grammar tables. It relies on a global table in which we added the missing features and on a single extraction script including all operations related to each property to be performed for all tables. We also present LGLex, the new generated lexicon of French verbs, predicative nouns, frozen expressions and adverbs.Then, we describe how we converted the verbs and predicatives nouns of this lexicon into the Alexina framework, that is the one of the Lefff lexicon (Lexique des Formes Fléchies du Français) (Sagot, 2010), a freely available and large-coverage morphological and syntactic lexicon for French. This enables its integration in the FRMG parser (French MetaGrammar) (Thomasset et de La Clergerie, 2005), a large-coverage deep parser for French, based on Tree-Adjoining Grammars (TAG), that usually relies on the Lefff. This conversion step consists in extracting the syntactic information encoded in Lexicon-Grammar tables. We describe the linguistic basis of this conversion process, and the resulting lexicon. We evaluate the FRMG parser on the reference corpus of the evaluation campaign for French parsersPassage (Produire des Annotations Syntaxiques à Grande Échelle) (Hamon et al., 2008), by comparing its Lefff-based version to our version relying on the converted Lexicon-Grammar tables

This research deals with the local coherence by lexical remission, as one of the fundamental resources for teaching and learning Portuguese as a Foreign Language (PLE), through the Communicative approach with an intercultural bias for reading and text interpretation. It advocates that interlexical relations are the main responsible for the organization of linguistic and extralinguistic skills in order (re)build textual-discursive meanings. Based on the theoretical and methodological foundations of sociocognitive and interactional Textual Linguistics, interfaced with assumptions of Lexicology, the objective is to verify if the teaching manual “Bem-vindo! A língua portuguesa no mundo da comunicação”, whose target audience is the PLE learner, fulfills its didactic and pedagogical communicative proposal, whose unit of analysis is the text. Therefore, texts were selected from this manual, in order to verify the theoretical treatment concerning the teaching of reading and text interpretation, based on the procedures of textual coherence by remissive lexical forms. The results obtained by the corpus of analysis point to a high degree of inconsistency between the communicative proposal of the textbook and its effective theoretical and methodological work concerning texts for reading and interpretation purposes. The analyzes, using the resources of local coherence by remissive lexical forms, not only allow to identify such incongruity but also provide contributions to the teaching-learning PLE, in order to enrich the communicative approach associated with elements that offer new pathways for interculturality, mostly for providing the apprentice with (re)construction of other / new sociocultural representations, through the activation of social cognition marks and the mental models suited to the origin culture in interaction with socio-cognitive models and marks in target culture. / Esta pesquisa trata da coerência local por remissão lexical, como um dos recursos fundamentais para o ensino-aprendizagem de Português Língua Estrangeira (PLE), pela abordagem comunicativa, com viés intercultural da leitura e interpretação de textos. Advoga-se que, as relações interlexicais são as principais responsáveis pela tessitura entre os conhecimentos linguísticos e não linguísticos para (re)construção de sentidos textuais-discursivos. Com base nos fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Linguística Textual por um viés sociocognitivo e interacional, em interface com pressupostos da Lexicologia, objetiva-se verificar se o manual didático “Bem-vindo! A língua portuguesa no mundo da comunicação”, cujo público-alvo é o aprendiz de PLE, cumpre com sua proposta didático-pedagógica comunicativa, cuja unidade de análise é o texto. Para tanto, foram selecionados textos desse manual, com o intuito de verificar qual o tratamento teórico concernente ao ensino da leitura e interpretação dos textos, tomando-se como base os procedimentos da coerência textual por formas remissivas lexicais. Os resultados obtidos pela análise do corpus considerado apontam para um alto grau de incongruência entre a proposta comunicativa da obra e seu efetivo trabalho teórico-metodológico com os textos para fins de leitura e interpretação. As análises realizadas, utilizando-se dos recursos da coerência local por formas remissivas lexicais não só possibilitam identificar tal incongruência, como também oferecem contribuições para o ensino-aprendizagem de PLE, com vistas a enriquecer a abordagem comunicativa associada a elementos que propiciem novos percursos para a interculturalidade, principalmente porque facultam ao aprendiz a (re)construção de outras/novas representações socioculturais, por meio da ativação dos marcos de cognição social e dos modelos mentais característicos de sua cultu

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work has the multimodal text and its interfaces with two semiotic codes: word and still image as theme. Currently it lives a strongly trend marked by approximations between relationship the "Writing civilization" and the "civilization image" in multimodal texts, whose reading and construction of meaning, by the user in general and, in particular, by the PLE learner involves the use of a semiotic approach that offers conditions to explain the peculiarities of each of the co-occurrent code in a multimodal text, as well as to establish possible relationships between them.Among the theoretic models of semiotic, we have opted for the ModeloSemânticoReformulado (MSR), proposed by Eco, in his General Treaty of Semiotic, in which the author recasts the previous model of Katz and Fodor, in association, in this Thesis, with categories of indexicals referential relations between word and image, and other forms of referential relations between these two semiotics in the plans of content and expression, presents in Santaella and Nöth. To this end, it is conceived the multimodal text within a process of unlimited semiosis, initially proposed by Peirce and later taken over by Eco. Was selected as corpus an advertising campaign of Sadia company, it consists of six commercials, in a view that advertising discourse is guided by the maintenance of social cognition landmarks, which it favors the process of meaning by the use of lexias with a high degree of lexicalization and by images that often corroborate certain visions of the sociocultural world of a society or certain social groups. In this sense, the corpus choice has as main objective the appreciation of communicative approach to PLE teaching, based on / by interculturality, by the relational route between word and image in multimodal texts of advertising genre. The obtained results point to the use of multimodality as one of the contributions to the foreign learner ressemantize encyclopedic sememes in the target language, associated with the images, by the cultural exchanges that it establishes with the social representations of their mother language. / Este trabalho tem por tema o texto multimodal e suas interfaces com dois códigos semióticos: palavra e imagem fixa. Vive-se atualmente uma tendência fortemente marcada pelas relações aproximativas entre a “civilização da escrita” e a “civilização da imagem” em textos multimodais, cuja leitura e construção de sentidos, por parte do usuário em geral, e, em particular, pelo aprendiz de PLE, implica o uso de uma abordagem semiótica que ofereça condições para explicar as peculiaridades de cada um dos códigos co-ocorrentes em um texto multimodal, bem como estabelecer relações possíveis entre eles. Dentre os modelos teóricos da semiótica, optou-se pelo Modelo Semântico Reformulado (MSR), proposto por Eco, em seu Tratado Geral de Semiótica, no qual o autor reformula o modelo antecedente de Katz e Fodor, em associação, nessa Dissertação, às categorias de relações referenciais indexicais entre palavra e imagem, e de outras formas de relações referenciais entre essas duas semióticas nos planos do conteúdo e da expressão, presentes em Santaella e Nöth. Para tanto, concebe-se o texto multimodal no interior de um processo de semiose ilimitada, proposto inicialmente por Peirce, e posteriormente retomado por Eco. Selecionou-se como corpus uma campanha publicitária da empresa Sadia, constituída por seis anúncios publicitários, tendo em vista que o discurso publicitário é orientado pela manutenção dos marcos de cognição social, o que favorece o processo de significação pelo uso de lexias com alto grau de lexicalização e por imagens que, quase sempre, corroboram determinadas visões do mundo sociocultural de uma dada sociedade ou de determinados grupos sociais. Nesse sentido, a escolha do corpus tem como principal intuito a valorização da abordagem comunicativa para o ensino de PLE, ancorada na/pela interculturalidade, pela via relacional entre palavra e imagem em textos multimodais do gênero anúncio publicitário. Os resultados obtidos apontam para o uso da multimodalidade como um dos contributos para que o aprendiz estrangeiro ressemantize os sememas enciclopédicos na língua-alvo, associados às imagens, pelas trocas culturais que estabelece com as representações sociais de sua língua materna.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-04-12T00:37:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO PARA CAPA DURA 27 04 15.pdf: 3447110 bytes, checksum: 778a1f1724d4f876c769db529637390d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T00:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO PARA CAPA DURA 27 04 15.pdf: 3447110 bytes, checksum: 778a1f1724d4f876c769db529637390d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The semi-arid Bahia is a very diverse area, with differences not only in climate but also in culture, enabling studies in various areas of knowledge, as well as study of the lexicon that is the window through which a community can see the world (Cf. ISQUERDO, 2007). From the need to explore this lexical inventory, we will address the following question: does the lexicon found in hinterland communities of Bahia's semiarid interior show influences of Galician and / or Archaic Portuguese, ie check if there are in the lexicon used in semiarid Bahia Iberian influences, especially if there is maintenance of so-called archaisms. The existence of this kind of lexicon, especially in the speech of older people, is our initial hypothesis. In this sense, we seek to carry out the survey of backcountry lexicon, checking for influences of the Spanish, Galician, and Portuguese languages, based initially in the corpus of the collection "samples of spoken language in the Bahian semi-arid" UEFS / FAPESB. The research methodology is the quali-quantitavie method. The corpus of data used is part of the database of the research project "Portuguese Language in the Semiarid Bahia." In order to recognize and analyze, in full measure the relevance of the lexicon of the semi-arid Bahia, the decision was made to investigate the unknown and to known about the subject as recognized in the growing literature base for this topic. In this sense, the possibility of studying the Iberian influences within the Bahian semi-arid lexicon means understanding more effectively the great cultural wealth within the the area, culminating in new dialogues for future more watchful eyes of the semiarid cultural source, and hence of its lexical richness. The results indicate that there is maintenance of some archaic terms, especially in the most isolated communities. / O semi?rido baiano ? uma ?rea bastante diversificada, apresentando diferen?as n?o s? clim?ticas, mas tamb?m culturais, o que possibilita estudos em diversas ?reas do conhecimento, como a do l?xico que representa a janela atrav?s da qual uma comunidade pode ver o mundo (Cf. ISQUERDO, 2007). A partir da necessidade de explorar esse invent?rio lexical, iremos debru?ar o nosso olhar sobre o seguinte questionamento: o l?xico encontrado nas comunidades sertanejas do semi?rido baiano apresenta influ?ncias do Galego e/ou do Portugu?s Arcaico, ou seja, verificaremos se h? no l?xico usado no semi?rido baiano influ?ncias ib?ricas, principalmente se h? manuten??o dos chamados arca?smos. A exist?ncia desse tipo de l?xico, principalmente na fala dos mais velhos, ? a nossa hip?tese inicial. Neste sentido, busca-se realizar o levantamento do l?xico sertanejo, verificando se h? influ?ncias da L?ngua Espanhola, do Galego e do Portugu?s Arcaico, baseando-se no corpus da cole??o ?Amostras da l?ngua falada no semi-?rido baiano?, UEFS/FAPESB. A metodologia de pesquisa est? inserida no m?todo qualiquantitativo. O corpus utilizado faz parte do banco de dados do projeto de pesquisa ?A L?ngua Portuguesa no Semi?rido Baiano?. Com o intuito de reconhecer e analisar, na justa medida, a relev?ncia do l?xico do semi?rido baiano, impera a decis?o de buscar no desconhecido e de saber acerca de um tema t?o importante para os estudos lingu?sticos, mas em crescimento. Nesse sentido, a possibilidade de estudar as influ?ncias ib?ricas dentro do l?xico do semi?rido baiano significa conhecer efetivamente mais uma grande riqueza dentro dessa espacialidade, culminando em novos di?logos para futuros olhares mais atentos ao semi?rido, fonte de cultura e, consequentemente, de riqueza lexical. Os resultados indicam que h? manuten??o de alguns termos arcaicos, principalmente nas comunidades mais isoladas.

Pendant la perception de la parole, les locuteurs sont biaisés par un grand nombre de facteurs. Par exemple, il existe des limitations cognitives comme la mémoire ou l’attention, mais aussi des limitations linguistiques comme leur langue maternelle. Cette thèse se concentre sur deux de ces facteurs : les biais de traitement pendant la reconnaissance des mots, et les biais d’apprentissage pendant le processus de transmission. Ces facteurs peuvent se combiner et, au cours du temps, influencer l’évolution des langues. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur le processus de la reconnaissance des mots. Des recherches antérieures ont établi l’importance des traits phonologiques (p. ex. le voisement ou le lieu d’articulation) pendant le traitement de la parole. Cependant, nous en savons peu sur leur poids relatif les uns par rapport aux autres, et comment cela peut influencer la capacité des locuteurs à reconnaître les mots. Nous avons testé des locuteurs français sur leur capacité à reconnaître des mots mal prononcés et avons trouvé que les traits de mode et de lieu sont plus importants que le trait de voisement. Nous avons ensuite considéré deux sources de cette asymétrie et avons trouvé que les locuteurs sont biaisés et par la perception acoustique ascendante (les contrastes de mode sont plus facile à percevoir à cause de leur distance acoustique importante) et par la connaissance lexicale descendante (le trait de lieu est plus exploité dans le lexique français que les autres traits). Nous suggérons que ces deux sources de biais se combinent pour influencer les locuteurs lors de la reconnaissance des mots. Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la question d’un biais d’apprentissage. Il a été suggéré que les apprenants peuvent être biaisés vers l’apprentissage de certains patrons phonologiques grâce à leurs connaissances phonétiques. Cela peut alors expliquer pourquoi certains patrons sont récurrents dans la typologie, tandis que d’autres restent rares ou non-attestés. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons exploré le rôle d’un biais d’apprentissage sur l’acquisition de la règle typologiquement commune de l’harmonie vocalique comparée à celle de la règle non-attestée (mais logiquement équivalente) de la disharmonie vocalique. Nous avons trouvé des preuves d’un biais d’apprentissage aussi bien en perception qu’en production. En utilisant un modèle d’apprentissage itéré simulé, nous avons ensuite montré comment un biais, même petit, favorisant l’un des patrons, peut influencer la typologie linguistique au cours du temps et donc expliquer (en partie) la prépondérance de systèmes harmoniques. De plus, nous avons exploré le rôle du sommeil sur la consolidation mnésique. Nous avons montré que seul le patron commun bénéficie d’une consolidation et que cela est un facteur supplémentaire pouvant contribuer à l’asymétrie typologique. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse considère certaines des sources de biais possibles chez l’individu et discute de comment ces influences peuvent, au cours du temps, faire évoluer les systèmes linguistiques. Nous avons démontré la nature dynamique et complexe du traitement de la parole, à la fois en perception et dans l’apprentissage. De futurs travaux devront explorer plus en détail comment ces différentes sources de biais sont pondérées les unes relativement aux autres. / During speech perception, listeners are biased by a great number of factors, including cognitive limitations such as memory and attention and linguistic limitations such as their native language. This thesis focuses on two of these factors: processing bias during word recognition, and learning bias during the transmission process. These factors are combinatorial and can, over time, affect the way languages evolve. In the first part of this thesis, we focus on the process of word recognition. Previous research has established the importance of phonological features (e.g., voicing or place of articulation) during speech processing, but little is known about their weight relative to one another, and how this influences listeners' ability to recognize words. We tested French participants on their ability to recognize mispronounced words and found that the manner and place features were more important than the voicing feature. We then explored two sources of this asymmetry and found that listeners were biased both by bottom-up acoustic perception (manner contrasts are easier to perceive because of their acoustic distance compared to the other features) and top-down lexical knowledge (the place feature is used more in the French lexicon than the other two features). We suggest that these two sources of bias coalesce during the word recognition process to influence listeners. In the second part of this thesis, we turn to the question of bias during the learning process. It has been suggested that language learners may be biased towards the learning of certain phonological patterns because of phonetic knowledge they have. This in turn can explain why certain patterns are recurrent in the typology while others remain rare or unattested. Specifically, we explored the role of learning bias on the acquisition of the typologically common rule of vowel harmony compared to the unattested (but logically equivalent) rule of vowel disharmony. We found that in both perception and production, there was evidence of a learning bias, and using a simulated iterated learning model, showed how even a small bias favoring one pattern over the other could influence the linguistic typology over time, thus explaining (in part) the prevalence of harmonic systems. We additionally explored the role of sleep on memory consolidation and showed evidence that the common pattern benefits from consolidation that the unattested pattern does not, a factor that may also contribute to the typological asymmetry. Overall, this thesis considers a few of the wide-ranging sources of bias in the individual and discusses how these influences can over time shape linguistic systems. We demonstrate the dynamic and complicated nature of speech processing (both in perception and learning) and open the door for future research to explore in finer detail just how these different sources of bias are weighted relative to one another.

Im Spannungsfeld zwischen der gültigen Repräsentation des aktuellen Wissensstandes und der allgemeinen Verständlichkeit für den nichtakademischen Leser stellt die enzyklopädische Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts eine Praxis der Wissenserstellung und Wissensvermittlung dar, die an ihren Formen selbst studiert werden muss. Nach einer kurzen Erläuterung des Ansatzes (1.) werden nachfolgend diese Wissensformen als gattungsgenerierend (2.) und, am Beispiel von Zedlers Universal-Lexicon (3.), als textgenerierend für das allgemeine Wissen beschrieben.

Review