Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gava.pdf: 2580144 bytes, checksum: 2b675f4390fa8d89b4456506b7cf8a9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / In this thesis, the basic research of Chase and Simon (1973) is questioned, and we seek new results by analyzing the errors of experts and beginners chess players in experiments to reproduce chess positions. Chess players with different levels of expertise participated in the study. The results were analyzed by a Brazilian grandmaster, and quantitative analysis was performed with the use of statistical methods data mining. The results challenge significantly, the current theories of expertise, memory and decision making in this area, because the present theory predicts piece on square encoding, in which players can recognize the strategic situation reproducing it faithfully, but commit several errors that the theory can¿t explain. The current theory can¿t fully explain the encoding used by players to register a board. The errors of intermediary players preserved fragments of the strategic situation, although they have committed a series of errors in the reconstruction of the positions. The encoding of chunks therefore includes more information than that predicted by current theories. Currently, research on perception, trial and decision is heavily concentrated on the idea of 'pattern recognition'. Based on the results of this research, we explore a change of perspective. The idea of 'pattern recognition' presupposes that the processing of relevant information is on 'patterns' (or data) that exist independently of any interpretation. We propose that the theory suggests the vision of decision-making via the recognition of experience. / As políticas de desenvolvimento no Brasil têm sido primordialmente organizadas por tradição centralista, privilegiando territórios com capacidades de retorno mais altas aos investimentos. Resulta uma ocupação fragmentada do território brasileiro e a desigualdade nas condições de vida de locais que não apresentam riquezas a serem exploradas ou uma posição privilegiada à logística produtiva de grande porte. A estrutura produtiva continua fortemente embasada na agricultura de larga escala e o parque industrial extremamente concentrado. Na discussão proposta, busquei contribuir para a superação das desigualdades da sociedade brasileira ao incorporar, na lógica do pensamento e da prática desenvolvimentista nacional, maior participação da população na dinâmica de desenvolvimento, quando sugiro o conceito de autodeterminação local. Nele, torna-se fundamental o papel do ator social, sustentado por sua legitimação frente ao sistema de atores e pela identidade local, cuja ação localmente autodeterminada pode vir a representar um alento à parte expressiva dos pequenos municípios de economias pouco dinâmicas. Realizada mediante ênfase qualitativa, priorizando dados coletados por entrevistas e observação, a pesquisa teve por objeto de estudo a relação entre a dinâmica social local e o desenvolvimento econômico e social de São Roque de Minas. Este município foi a principal fonte de observação e análise de um movimento que levou à criação de uma cooperativa de crédito que veio substituir a última agência bancária que deixou a cidade no contexto das desregulamentações e privatizações do início da década de 1990. Pela cooperativa foi possível dirigir um processo de desenvolvimento local, que apesar de trazer evidências de rompimentos com a prática dominante de desenvolvimento, passou a se expressar de modo continuísta. Pois, se representou um esforço de descentralização no planejamento e execução do desenvolvimento local, priorizando atividades produtivas com política de crédito facilitada, levando a uma maior endogeneização do sistema de decisões, acabou promovendo uma rearticulação produtiva típica de um capitalismo periférico, e não uma revolução burguesa. Limitando esse desenvolvimento ser mais amplo e sustentável a todas as camadas sociais deste espaço, pois é reincidente a priorização de investimentos em processos já dinâmicos e rentáveis ao capital, coincidentes com os interesses da burguesia local, que se afirma conforme o projeto acumula o retorno dos excedentes. Apesar do paradoxo Rompimento-Continuísmo, percebi, nesta cidade, avanços nas formas de impulso ao desenvolvimento local, embora o Estado deva reafirmar sua importância para a ampliação de condições e oportunidades produtivas além do que se predispõe fazer os agentes privados. Destaco a força da participação das pessoas em domínios antes dedicados exclusivamente ao Estado ¿ as política públicas de desenvolvimento ¿ cabendo aos atores político-administrativos das três esferas a ação conjunta no processo. Propus que esta iniciativa de desenvolvimento fosse entendida como uma autodeterminação local, ação coletiva da própria comunidade que se manifesta em condições de carência ou estagnação econômica, combinando esforços de interesse pessoal com outros de ordem social, que se relacionam e são sustentados pelo nível de identidade local existente entre os atores envolvidos. E que será força de transformação na medida em que estiver sustentada por interesses locais.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-28T17:01:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL GOMES DA COSTA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGDesign) 2018.pdf: 84255489 bytes, checksum: 479f455d64078fda5e0424d97cb8bfe3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T17:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL GOMES DA COSTA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGDesign) 2018.pdf: 84255489 bytes, checksum: 479f455d64078fda5e0424d97cb8bfe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-31 / Em face de transformações socioeconómicas apresentadas nas últimas décadas, mais precisamente pós-Guerra Fria, o papel do designer tem sido debatido. Fenómenos relacionados a Globalização, como a desglobalização e glocalização, tem pressionado ao exercício do designer uma abordagem mais responsável, que atenda aos anseios sociais contemporâneos, sobretudo de respeito a diversidade cultural (BONFIM, 1990). Portanto em meio a estas novas demandas, frente ao processo projetual de novos produtos, este estudo visa qualificar e promover o debate relacionado ao processo de tomada de decisão voltado ao desenvolvimento de objetos que venham a atender estas novas prerrogativas identitárias e simbólicas. Considerando o benefício de como impor e expor localidade a estes em seu processo de desenvolvimento, ou seja, estabelecer parâmetros para a análise do apelo identitário por parte de seu projetista, na escolha de protótipos que mais se adequem aos atributos identitários pré-estabelecidos. Contando com o plausível meio de auxílio, uma vez que o mesmo se traduz em um conjunto de métodos e técnicas perduráveis de subsídio a tomada de decisão com maior respaldado, a área de Apoio Multicritério à Decisão. Quanto à metodologia utilizada, realizou-se uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, descritivo e quali-quantitativo (mista), utilizando-se de caso único e decisivo, com múltiplas unidades de análise, como principal meio de validação do modelo multicritério de análise identitária, estabelecido. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a operacionalização positiva do modelo multicritério de análise identitária de produtos com atributos locais, viabilizada pela exploração bibliográfica referente a tríade "design x cultura x identidade local" atrelada a abordagem multicritério de apoio a decisão. / In the face of socioeconomic transformations presented in the last decades, more precisely post-Cold War, the role of the designer has been debated. Globalizationrelated phenomena, such as de-globalization and glocalization, have pushed the designer's approach to a more responsible approach that meets contemporary social concerns, especially respect for cultural diversity (BONFIM, 1990). Therefore, in the midst of these new demands, in the face of the design process of new products, this study aims to qualify and promote the debate related to the decision-making process focused on the development of objects that will meet these new identity and symbolic prerogatives. Considering the benefit of how to impose and expose locality to them in their development process, that is, to establish parameters for the analysis of the identity appeal by their designer, in the choice of prototypes that best fit the preestablished identity attributes. Counting on the plausible means of aid, since it translates into a set of enduring methods and techniques for grant decision making with greater support, the area of Multicriteria Support to Decision. As for the methodology used, a research was exploratory, descriptive and quali-quantitative (mixed), using a single and decisive case, with multiple units of analysis, as the main means of validation of the multicriteria model of identity analysis, established. The results obtained evidenced the positive operation of the multicriteria model of identity analysis of products with local attributes, made possible by the bibliographic exploration referring to the triad "design x culture x local identity", linked to the multicriteria approach to decision support.

Notre thèse aura pour objet d’appréhender la complexité du concept de décentralisation au regard de la construction de l’État au Mali. Pour mener cette analyse, nous adopterons la méthode dialectique. Celle-ci nous permettra de comprendre comment la décentralisation, entendue comme outil et modalité d’organisation territoriale, mobilise des « moments » de la formation de l’État qui apparaissent comme nécessairement réciproques et peuvent faire l’objet d’un double emploi entre l’unité et le pluralisme. Cet outil technique offre les moyens d’une instrumentalisation politique qui va former l’usage de la décentralisation au Mali ainsi que la possibilité d’une réflexivité des intérêts locaux dans la mise en œuvre de la décentralisation susceptible d’informer juridiquement cette pratique. En ce sens, la décentralisation se développe, initialement, dans le cadre de l’État malien au sein d’un processus ou l’État se trouve - ou se rencontre lui-même – dans la négation des identités locales ; le prix qui sera à payer sera la perte irrémédiable de son identité « à soi ». Dans cette perspective dialectique, la première phase de la décentralisation exprime le passage de l’État « en soi » à l’État « pour soi » au Mali. Cette première phase va se caractériser par l’intégration de la décentralisation dans une « grammaire politique » [Première partie]. C’est cette dissonance initiale et inhérente à la constitution même de l’État qui implique la seconde phase d’instrumentalisation de la décentralisation au Mali. Cette dernière sera ainsi appréhendée non plus dans une perspective politique mais donnera lieu à une réappropriation juridique de la décentralisation qui devrait favoriser l’intégration de ces différences et des singularités territoriales dans l’État malien [Seconde partie]. C’est cette dialectique qu’exprime selon nous l’usage malien de la décentralisation et l’influence du problème Touareg qui va pousser ce système à ses limites: ce concept apparaissant comme un outil plastique devant évoluer au regard des conjonctures et permettant d’inscrire la continuité de l’État dans la durée. / Our thesis will aim to understand the complexity of the concept of decentralization with regard to the construction of the state in Mali. To carry out this analysis, we will adopt the dialectical method. This will enable us to understand how decentralization, understood as a tool and modality of territorial organization, mobilizes "moments" of the formation of the state which appear as necessarily reciprocal and can be the object of a double use between unity and pluralism. This technical tool offers the means for a political instrumentalisation that will form the use of decentralization in Mali as well as the possibility of a reflexivity of the local interests in the implementation of the decentralization likely to inform this practice legally. In this sense, decentralization develops initially within the framework of the Malian state within a process in which the state finds itself - or meets itself - in the negation of local identities; the price to be paid will be the irremediable loss of one's own identity. In this dialectical perspective, the first phase of decentralization expresses the transition from the state "in itself" to the "for itself" state in Mali. This first phase will be characterized by the integration of decentralization into a "political grammar" [Part One]. It is this initial dissonance inherent in the very constitution of the state that implies the second phase of instrumentalization of decentralization in Mali. The latter will thus be apprehended no longer in a political perspective but will give rise to a legal reappropriation of decentralization that should promote the integration of these differences and territorial singularities in the Malian state [Part Two]. It is this dialectic that, in our opinion, is expressed by the Malian use of decentralization and the influence of the Tuareg problem that will push this system to its limits: this concept appears as a plastic tool that must evolve in the light of conjunctures and allows State continuity in the long term.

Inrättandet av de borgerliga kommunerna på 1860-talet var en stor strukturell förändring i samhället. Kyrkan var trött på att gå statens ärenden och kungens reformer befriade kyrkan från en del av statens ansvar. Konsekvensen blev uppdelningen mellan det andliga och det världsliga och ansvarsfördelningen bidrog i mångt och mycket till sekulariseringen i Sverige.  Den här fallstudien belyser banden mellan sockenstämman och kommunalstämman i Karlanda kommun trots den formella uppdelningen. Jag har i mitt arbete sökt efter ledtrådar som tyder på att sekulariseringen tagit fart och kompletterat tidigare forskning på området genom att presentera hur implementeringen av Karlanda kommunalstämma bidragit till den lokala sekulariseringen.  Karlanda kommunalstämma är säkerligen inte unik i sin förvaltningshistoria, men vad som är unikt är den sockenidentitet som kan skönjas. Det var rationella beslut för bygdens bästa som skulle fattas efter sin tids värderingar och praxis. När Karlanda landskommun föddes, fick sockenidentiteten näring att blomma ut i form av lokalt maktutövande och sekulariseringen skulle parallellt utvecklas med bygdens och landets demokratiska utveckling. Jag har med min undersökning kompletterat tidigare forskning på området genom att presentera hur implementeringen av Karlanda kommunalstämma bidragit till den lokala sekulariseringen samt belyst ärendefördelningen och relationerna däremellan och i det identifierat tecken på sekularisering genom en kvalitativ textanalys. / The establishment of the bourgeois municipalities in the 1860s was a major structural change in society. The church was tired of doing state affairs and the king's reforms freed the church from some of the state's responsibilities. The consequence was the division between the spiritual and the secular, and the division of responsibilities contributed in many ways to secularization in Sweden. This case study highlights the links between the parish meeting and the municipal meeting in Karlanda municipality despite the formal division. I have looked for clues that indicates that the secularization has taken off and complemented previous research in this area by presenting how the implementation of Karlanda municipal meeting contributed to local secularization. In my study, I have highlighted the division of cases and relationships in between and in it identified signs of secularisation through a qualitative text analysis.

In the Swedish peasant society, the church was an important venue. In areas were the church in the parish was located nearby a lake, the easiest way to reach the church was by boat. This was the case in several parishes around the lake Siljan in the province Dalarna, which is the focal point of this study. The villages were large, and the villagers would organise themselves in large boats, so called church-boats. Due to technological innovations, as one important aspect, there were no longer any need for the church-boats at the time of the turn of the 20th century. Some decades into the new century the old boats were once again taken into use and new boats of the same type were taken into production. In 1936 an organized racing competition with church-boats was initiated, and this still lives on today. This study examines the contemporary customs surrounding church-boats on Siljan in the character of competition as well as journeys to the church. The main part of the material is collected through ethnological fieldwork, conducted through interviews and observation/participant-observation, supplemented with a wide range of other material such as internet sources as well as textual and visual material. Aspects that are highlighted is the different characters of the custom, how the custom today is expressed in relation to the past, how local identity is expressed through the custom and what role its performers see for the custom today and for the future. One aspect that is highlighted is the stagnated interest in the usage of the church-boats but narratives with a positive tone are given room as well. A crucial proposition of the study is how the custom in its era as revitalized cultural heritage is filled with new values. Its historical purpose is no longer of relevance and today the usage of the church-boats comes with other purposes such as a cultural historical interest, tourism and sport. It is also shown how changes and preservation both serves as necessary components for the further existence of the cultural heritage. Crucial theoretical frameworks that is used, apart from cultural heritage and revitalization, are performance and nostalgia.

The thesis discusses the importance of leisure as a part of an individual's everyday life for the formation of social relationships and ties influencing whole society. In fact, leisure is understood as a sample of practices and activities with underlying social and cultural factors. These practices are allocated in time and space, having an impact on space. The study is devoted to the use of leisure, its position and importance in the general time framework of a day. There is also a discussion of the trends and shifts in society associated with broader cultural and institutional processes (transformation of the labour market, globalisation, individualisation, differentiation, post-communist transformation, and the gender question). In addition, the study empirically examines the importance and potential of leisure activities for the formation of place attachment and associated processes of the creation of social capital, contact networks and knowledge transfer. Through these effects, leisure can contribute to the endogenous development of distinct types of area. In fact, attention is focused on two ways of leisure time activities with a considerable local tie and potential for the creation of social capital. These are the second home tourism and activities performed within voluntary associations....

Local heritage societies were established in Sweden for about a hundred years ago. The societies responded to the large changes of industrialisation, emigration and urbanisation during that time. Today there are about 2 000 societies with almost half a million members altogether. Why do people turn to local heritage societies today? The image of them, associated with folklore costumes and quaint old cottages, is not consistent with the extensive activity in the 21st century. That raises questions that have not been clarified in previous research. The aim of this thesis is to find out what today's local heritage societies do, as well as to investigate what their meanings are for people and the local society. Thereby the intention is to contribute to an understanding of their present extent and endurance over time. The activities of three local heritage societies in and around the city of Linköping are mapped out in this thesis. The survey shows extensive and very broad activities that are well adjusted to present time. The traditional image has become rigid, but in parts it is accurate since the activities are still dominated by local use of history., which also contributes to their extent and continuity. Place and history as common ground is something universal: The need for people to be oriented in time and space contributes to the persistence of the local heritage societies. At the same time there seems to be something strong in society today which contributes to their extent. The thesis shows that the societies can have knowledge-generating, ideological, existential and social meaning. Through the local heritage society people can learn about, evaluate and gain feelings for the place. The society also contributes to strengthening the power of togetherness in the local community as a part of the civilian society. The multifaceted meaning of the activities makes it possible for the societies to keep or even strengthen their attraction, especially among the large group of retired people. / Hembygdsföreningar etablerades i Sverige för omkring hundra år sedan. Föreningarna svarade mot den tidens stora förändringar med industrins framväxt, emigrationen och flykten från landsbygden. Idag finns det omkring 2 000 föreningar med sammanlagt nära en halv miljon medlemmar. Varför söker sig människor till hembygdsföreningar idag? Den gängse bilden av föreningarna som bakåtsträvande och förlegade stämmer inte in på en omfattande verksamhet på 2000-talet. Det väcker frågor om hembygdsföreningar, som inte har klargjorts i tidigare forskning. Avhandlingen syftar till att ta reda på vad samtida hembygdsföreningar gör och att undersöka deras betydelser för människor och lokalsamhälle. Härigenom vill avhandlingen också bidra till att förstå deras nutida omfattning och uthållighet över tid. I avhandlingen kartläggs verksamheten i tre hembygdsföreningar i och omkring staden Linköping i Östergötland. Kartläggningen visar på en omfattande och mycket bred verksamhet som är väl anpassad till sin samtid. Den traditionella bilden är stelnad, men till delar stämmer den genom att föreningarnas verksamhet domineras av lokalt historiebruk, som också bidrar till deras omfattning och kontinuitet. Det står å ena sidan för något allmänmänskligt: Människans orientering i tid och rum, som bidrar till att föreningarna alltid är aktuella. Å andra sidan framträder intresset för det lokala och för historia som två starka strömningar i samtiden. Avhandlingen visar att föreningarna har kunskapsgenererande, ideologiska, existentiella och sociala betydelser. Genom hembygdsföreningen kan människor lära sig om, värdera och få känslor för platsen. Föreningen bidrar också till att stärka kraften och gemenskapen i lokalsamhället som en del av det civila samhället. Den mångfasetterade betydelsen av verksamheten gör att föreningarna har lyckats behålla eller till och med stärka sin attraktionskraft, särskilt bland den stora gruppen pensionärer.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito, demostrar a través textos académicos y argumentos científicos, la relación que existe entre el turismo rural en comunidades indígenas amazónicas y la identidad local. Así mismo, las metodologías empleadas fueron; la revisión bibliográfica de artículos académicos, artículos científicos, libros, tesis y publicaciones técnicas basadas en el turismo rural indígena. Así mismo, se considera que el turismo afecta a las comunidades indígenas amazónicas en diferentes aspectos, ya sea en las relaciones sociales, de adaptación y de autonomía de los pobladores. Sin embargo, el turismo rural, logra atraer a turistas extranjeros quienes generan beneficios económicos, pero también desventajas sociales, como la pérdida cultural y el deterioro de identidad. Así mismo, se identificó que el turismo rural puede intervenir de manera positiva respecto a los territorios de las comunidades indígenas, pues puede reducir el riesgo que implican las actividades extractivas y depredadoras de recursos naturales, que con el turismo se lograrían conservar. Sin embargo, también existen desventajas que podrían impactar al medio ambiente si es que la implementación de la actividad turística rural no se desarrolla de la manera adecuada, como; la destrucción del hábitat natural de especies endémicas, lo cual genera la migración de los mismos. Finalmente, luego de demostrar la relación del turismo rural en las comunidades indígenas amazónicas y su influencia en la identidad se pretende recomendar acciones preventivas que protejan el patrimonio tangible e intangible. / The purpose of this research work is to demonstrate through academic texts and scientific arguments, the relationship that exists between rural tourism in Amazonian indigenous communities and local identity. Likewise, the methodologies used were; the bibliographic review of academic articles, scientific articles, books, theses and technical publications based on indigenous rural tourism. Likewise, it is considered that tourism affects the Amazonian indigenous communities in different aspects, whether in social relations, adaptation and autonomy of the inhabitants. However, rural tourism manages to attract foreign tourists who obtain economic benefits, but also social disadvantages, such as cultural loss and deterioration of identity. Likewise, it was identified that rural tourism can intervene in a positive way with respect to the territories of indigenous communities, since it can reduce the risk implied by extractive and predatory activities of natural resources, which with tourism would be able to conserve. However, there are also disadvantages that could impact the environment if the implementation of the rural tourism activity is not developed in an adequate way, such as; the destruction of the natural habitat of endemic species, which generates their migration. Finally, after demonstrating the relationship between rural tourism in Amazonian indigenous communities and its influence on identity, it is intended to recommend preventive actions that protect tangible and intangible heritage. / Trabajo de investigación

The goal of this musical anthropology qualitative research, mainly based on the field work, is to describe, analyze and interpret the process of construction of local identity of an alternative bands in Moravian Slovácko. The subject of this research are mainly two music bands from Slovácko - PSCrew and 12:PIET. PSCrew band represents hip-hop style and 12:PIET ranks among punk style bands. The musical production of these bands is defined (using an emic term) as an alternative folklore. With a use of theoretical concepts of stereotype and partially also retro and revival, I tried to demonstrate how these alternative musicians with an emphasis to their authenticity by the means of their musical spheres (so called soundscapes) pursue their notion of what is considered to be related to Slovácko and how the negotiation of their local identity is involved. For that the locally defined stereotypes are often used. These are typically recontextualized by its adaptation into the form that reflects the postmodern period.

La presente investigación consiste en sentar las bases y proponer un proyecto educativo inicial, primaria y secundaria de manera pertinente en respuesta a las exigencias sociales de un sector vulnerable, las nuevas exigencias pedagógicas y las carencias de infraestructura educativa y deportiva pública con una sola intención proyectual. Ubicado en un asentamiento informal en Villa María del Triunfo, vulnerable y carente de infraestructura y espacio público, la importancia del manejo del vacío como espacio de aprendizaje y de encuentro informal adquiere mayor protagonismo que el espacio construido y definido. El diseño del espacio abierto y el vacío en simultáneo, a través su distribución, materialidad y detalle es lo que le permite a un colegio permitir el ingreso de la comunidad, aprovechar de manera eficiente su infraestructura y darle al proyecto un sentido de identidad local con sus usuarios. Demostrando finalmente que, siguiendo con el esfuerzo, los lineamientos y la nueva visión pedagógica que propone el Ministerio de Educación se es capaz de generar un proyecto de calidad Arquitectónica y Social. / The following research has the purpose of laying the foundations for an architectural design of a public early, primary and secondary school which responds to the social needs of a vulnerable sector in the city, as well as the new approaches to school design and the lack of educational and sports infrastructure with just one architectural intervention. Located in an informal settlement in Villa Maria del Triunfo, lacking adequate public space and infrastructure, the void is seen as an opportunity for informal learning and gathering and thus becoming more important than the built and defined classroom spaces. Designing the void and the enclosed space simultaneously, through its distribution, materiality and detailing is what allows the school to draw the community inside the project, use more efficiently its infrastructure and create a sense of identity between the users and the project. Finally demonstrating that by following the effort, guidelines and new pedagogical vision proposed by the Ministry of Education in Peru it’s possible to propose a building of high architectural and social quality. / Tesis