A presente pesquisa visa acompanhar os efeitos de uma oficina de música sobre um grupo de crianças com transtornos de desenvolvimento. O objetivo foi o de estabelecer algumas hipóteses sobre a compreensão que a atenção à dimensão da musicalidade pode fornecer sobre esses casos, bem como que tipo de contribuição é capaz de proporcionar em termos de tratamento. Diversas pesquisas constataram que há, na primeira infância, uma relação do bebê com o outro, cuidador, da qual é possível depreender certas qualidades musicais. Além disso, pela via da psicanálise, é desenvolvida a tese de que a voz e a música podem ser abordadas como uma porta de entrada para a relação arcaica entre o sujeito e o Outro, em especial através da noção de pulsão invocante termo cunhado por Jacques Lacan, mas aprofundado principalmente por autores posteriores. A leitura de alguns trabalhos em torno dessa questão conduziu a uma consideração sobre a importância da musicalidade da voz, bem como da sincronia temporal na relação entre o infans e o outro, para a constituição do sujeito. Apesar da potência invocadora da música, o circuito da pulsão invocante não se completa enquanto a dimensão diacrônica e a alternância entre presença/ausência não engendrarem a falta cujo destino na constituição do sujeito for o do recalque originário. O que coloca a questão de se, em primeiro lugar, em casos de psicose e autismo, a sensibilidade à musicalidade está preservada e, em segundo lugar, se uma intervenção terapêutica pela via da música produziria efeitos positivos na qualidade do laço social estabelecido por essas crianças. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa alinham-se com os de outras pesquisas que mostram que a sensibilidade ao manhês e à musicalidade está preservada em casos de autismo. Os efeitos que a dimensão de surpresa envolvida na música produz em diferentes crianças apresentaram uma aproximação possível com as hipóteses diagnósticas e com a orientação da intervenção no tratamento desses casos. Por fim, pareceu-nos que a atenção à dimensão musical, seja presente na fala ou nos movimentos, é profícua para o trabalho com crianças com distúrbios de desenvolvimento como o autismo e a psicose, seja num enquadre institucional em grupo ou não / The present dissertation aims to verify the effects of a music workshop on a group of children with developmental disorders. The goal was to establish some hypotheses related to what an attention to the dimension of musicality may provide in terms of understanding to these cases, as well as the kind of contribution it may offer in terms of treatment. Several researches have established that there is, in early childhood, a relationship of the infans with the caring other from which it is possible to infer musical qualities. Furthermore, through psychoanalytical theory, we develop the thesis that voice and music may represent a doorway to the archaic relationship between the subject and the Other, specially through the notion of invocative drive a term coined by Jacques Lacan, but which was further developed by subsequent authors. The reading of some works related to this issue has lead to a reflection on the importance of the musicality of voice, as well as the temporal synchrony present in the relationship between infans and other, to the subjects constitution. Despite the invocative power of music, the circuit of the invocative drive cannot complete itself as long as the diachronic dimension and the alternating cycle of presence/absence produce the lack that is, in the constitution of the subject, destined for the original repression. Which raises the question, first of all, if the sensibility to music is preserved in cases of autism and child psychosis and, secondly, if a therapeutic intervention based on music would produce any positive effects in the quality of the social bonds established by these children. The results obtained line up with other researches which show that the sensibility to the motherese and musicality is preserved in cases of autism. Also, the effects that the surprise inherent to music have on different children present us with a possible approach to the diagnostic hypotheses and to the orientation of intervention in the treatment of these cases. Finally, we had indications that the attention to the musical qualities present in speech or movement is fertile in work with children with developmental disorders such as autism and psychosis, whether in an institutional context or not

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender os sentidos e valores para a existência atribuídos por portadores de transtornos mentais em um CAPS a partir de um processo musicoterapêutico centrado nas vivências do canto e das danças circulares à luz da análise existencial-humanista de Viktor Frankl. Foi montado um grupo de estudo com 10 usuários do CAPS semi-internação de Ribeirão Preto ao longo de 4 meses de atuação e intervenção. O trabalho de campo contou com a participação de dois musicoterapeutas, sendo um observador e outro assistente. Enquanto procedimento realizamos entrevistas individuais iniciais com os sujeitos da pesquisa, levantamento do histórico sonoro-musical dos participantes e registro dos depoimentos dos mesmos ao longo dos 4 meses de intervenção e atuação. As produções de sentidos dos portadores a partir deste processo revelaram a importância da experiência de ser e conviver em grupo como parte dos valores de saúde mais significativos e urgentes na vida dos usuários. Os valores e sentidos de vida compartilhados e mencionados pelos portadores como necessários para o resgate da saúde mental foram: a) existir e ser reconhecido, em seu valor e vida, por outro ser humano; b) relações humanas solidárias como possibilidade concreta de acesso à uma dimensão real de saúde; c) o sentido de saúde mencionado é entendido como vivência e partilha de amizade, amor e encontro genuíno entre dois seres humanos; d) a busca das relações e do outro como o desejo mais profundo dos portadores no resgate da sua saúde mental e, finalmente e) a vivência do canto e das danças circulares como importantes veículos da saúde existencial e de valores noéticos na vida dos portadores. / This research aimed to understand the meanings and values attributed to the existence by patients with mental disorders in a CAPS (Psychosocial Support Center) from a music therapeutic process focused on the experiences of singing and circular dancing based on the existential-humanist analysis of Viktor Frankl. A group of study with ten users in semi hospitalization in a CAPS in Ribeirão Preto was composed along the four months of acting and intervention. Two music therapists, one observer and an assistant participated in the field work. Initial individual interviews were performed; the participants sonorous-musical history was evaluated and the discourses reported during the four months of intervention and acting were recorded. The production of the patients meanings from this process revealed the importance of the experience of being and living in a group as part of the most significant and vital health values in the users lives. The values and life meanings shared and reported by the patients as necessary for the recovery of mental health were: a) existing and being recognized, in one\'s value and life, by other human being; b) reciprocal human relations as concrete possibility of accessing a real dimension of health; c) the meaning of health mentioned is understood as experiencing and sharing friendship, love and genuine encounter between two human beings; d) the search for relationships and for the other as the patients profound desire in the recovery of mental health and finally, e) the experience of the singing and the circular dances as important vehicles of the existential health and of noetic values in the patient\'s lives.

In Folge eines Schlaganfalls leiden 90% aller Patienten an einer Handparese, die sich in 30-40% als chronisch manifestiert. Derzeit wächst seitens der Neurologie und Technologie das Forschungsinteresse an der Effektivität robotergestützter Therapieansätze, welche für schwer betroffene Patienten als besonders vielversprechend eingestuft werden. Die hierfür verwendeten Therapieroboter setzen sich aus einem mechanischen Teil und einer softwaregestützten virtuellen Umgebung zusammen, welche neben dem graphischen Interface, audio-visuelles Feedback sowie Musik beinhaltet. Bisher wurden Effekte der klanglichen Anteile dieses Szenarios noch nicht hinsichtlich möglicher Einflüsse auf Motivation, Bewegungsdurchführung, motorisches Lernen und den gesamten Rehabilitationsprozess untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Rolle von Sound in robotergestütztem Handfunktionstraining. Die Hauptziele im Rahmen dessen sind es, 1) Potentiale von Sound/ Musik für den Kontext robotergestützten Handfunktionstrainings zu explorieren, 2) spezifizierte klangliche Umgebungen zu entwickeln, 3) zu untersuchen, ob Schlaganfallpatienten von diesen spezifizierten Soundanwendungen profitieren, 4) ein besseres Verständnis über Wirkmechanismen von Sound und Musik mit Potential für robotergestützte Therapie darzulegen, und 5) Folgetechnologien über eine effektive Applikation von Sound/ Musik in robotergestützter Therapie zu informieren. / 90% of all stroke survivors suffer from a hand paresis which remains chronic in 30-40% of all cases. Currently, there is an increasing research interest in neurology and technology on the effectiveness of robot-assisted therapies. Robotic training is considered as especially promising for patients suffering from severe limitations. Commonly, rehabilitation robots consist of a mechanical part and a virtual training environment with a graphical user interface, audio-visual feedback, sound, and music. So far, the effects of sound and music that are embedded within these scenarios have never been evaluated in particular while taking into account that it might influence motivation, motor execution, motor learning and the whole recovery process. This thesis investigates the role of sound in robot-assisted hand function training post-stroke. The main goals of this work are 1) to explore potentials of sound/ music for robotic hand function training post-stroke, 2) to develop specified sound-/ music-applications for this context, 3) to examine whether stroke patients benefit from these specified sound/ music-application, 4) to gain a better understanding of sound-/ music-induced mechanisms with therapeutic potentials for robotic therapy, and 5) to inform further arising treatment approaches about effective applications of sound or music in robotic post-stroke motor training.

Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att belysa frågan om förekomsten av musikterapeutisk kunskap och kompetens i olika skolformer i Sverige. Musikterapi kommer emellanåt till användning i musikundervisning med elever som har funktionsnedsättning, främst synes detta gälla då en musiklärare också är utbildad musikterapeut. Ett problem är vilka musikterapeutiska kunskaper och vilken kompetens som egentligen kan komma till användning i arbetet med elever med funktionsnedsättning i skolan. Ett annat problem är på vilka sätt lärare i musik ges möjlighet att ta del av musikterapeutiska kunskaper och kompetens i sin utbildning. Hypotesen som ligger till grund för föreliggande studie är att lärare i musik har behov av kunskap och kompetens om musikterapi i undervisning med elever med olika funktionsnedsättningar. Studien baseras på en kvantitativ enkätundersökning riktad till lärare i musik som undervisar elever med funktionsnedsättning. Studiens forskningsfrågor lyder: Hur stor andel av musiklärarna i undersökningen har någon form av musikterapeutisk utbildning? Hur många använder sig av någon form av insatser som kräver musikterapeutisk kunskap eller kompetens i sin undervisning? Och hur ofta sker detta i så fall? Hur ser lärarna på användning av musikterapi i skolan? Resultatet visade att lärarna ansåg att det behövs fler utbildade musiklärare med musikterapeutisk kompetens i alla skolformer för att ge elever ett nödvändigt stöd i utvecklingen. Lärarnas tankar om hur musikterapi och musikterapeutiska redskap kan komma till användning som en hälsofrämjande, utvecklande resurs i det pedagogiska arbetet i olika skolverksamheter och som en del av elevhälsa utgör en del av resultatet. Studiens slutsats är att det behövs en modell eller ett koncept för utarbetande och användning av musikterapeutisk kunskap och kompetens i musiklärarutbildning och i arbete med elever på skolor. / This study’s purpose is to illuminate issues about the use of music therapy at schools in Sweden. Music therapy occasionally comes into use during music education with students who have disabilities. Primarily this seems to apply when a music teacher is also a trained music therapist. One problem is which type of music therapeutic knowledge and competence can actually be used when working with students with disabilities in schools. Another problem is the way in which music teachers are given the opportunity, to take part in music therapeutic knowledge and skills during their education. The hypothesis that forms the basis of the present study, is that music teachers need knowledge and competence about music therapy when teaching students with different development disorders. The study is based on a quantitative questionnaire survey, aimed at music teachers who teach students with disabilities. The study's research questions read: How many of the music teachers in the survey have some sort of music therapy as part of their education? How many people use some form of intervention that requires music therapeutic knowledge or competence in their teaching? And how often does this happen? How do teachers see the use of music therapy in schools? The result showed that the teachers felt that more educated music teachers with music therapeutic competence were needed in all school forms to provide students with the necessary support in development. The teachers’ thoughts about how music therapy and music therapeutic tools can be used as a health-promoting, developing resource in the pedagogical work in different school activities and as part of student health are part of the result. The study's conclusion is that a model or a concept is needed for the preparation and use of music therapeutic knowledge and competence in music teachers training when working with students at schools.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Levi T Teixeira.pdf: 521768 bytes, checksum: c13dbf827089ae94e2f3671f2efaa8b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / This work, in view of encompassing a interdisciplinary research, presents as theoretical references, knowledge in the areas of high learning education, Music Therapy and Musical Education. In general, the guitar teacher, while involved in the teaching of Music Therapy is frequently faced with specific challenges in the area where the guitar traditional teaching methods, popular or erudite neglect. Thus, some questions have been raised, amongst them: 1) Would the guitar graduation in Music therapy offer the graduate the necessary skills for him to face the real demands of the profession? 2) Which playing abilities would the music therapist have to achieve? 3) Which contents the music educator do have to know in Music therapy to orient and contextualize his classes? In order to respond to these questions, this research has the general objective of describing, analyzing and comparing knowledge in the area of Musical Education as well as in Music Therapy in a interdisciplinary perspective for instrumental graduation guitar practice of the graduate and the music therapist. For this purpose, it made use of a collection of data performed into two phases: 1) structured interviews of professionals in Music therapy possessing more than three years of experience, pupils in Music Therapy and guitar teachers involved in the graduation of music therapists; 2) participating observation in three fields of training correlated to the EMAC-UFG graduation course in Music Therapy. The data processing activity took place by means of a contents analysis and, later on, those data have been divided in categories concerning the recurrent information. In this manner, at the end of this analysis, ways to the guitar teaching became evident in accordance with the needs in the area of Music Therapy. / Por se tratar de uma pesquisa interdisciplinar, este trabalho apresenta como referenciais teóricos conhecimentos das áreas de Educação em nível superior, Musicoterapia e Educação Musical. Em geral, o professor de violão nos cursos de Musicoterapia é frequentemente confrontado com exigências específicas da área que os métodos de ensino tradicionais do instrumento de caráter tanto popular como erudito negligenciam. Dessa forma, alguns questionamentos foram levantados, entre eles: 1) Será que a formação violonística oferecida ao graduando em Musicoterapia o capacita para as reais necessidades de sua profissão? 2) Quais habilidades violonísticas o musicoterapeuta precisa desenvolver? 3) Quais conteúdos o educador musical precisa conhecer da área de Musicoterapia para nortear e contextualizar suas aulas? Visando responder a essas questões, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral descrever, analisar e comparar conhecimentos da área de Educação Musical e os de Musicoterapia numa perspectiva interdisciplinar para a formação instrumental prática do violão do graduando e do profissional musicoterapeuta. Para tanto, valeu-se da coleta de dados realizada em duas etapas: 1) aplicação de entrevistas estruturadas para profissionais musicoterapeutas com mais de três anos de experiência, alunos estagiários em Musicoterapia e professores de violão inseridos na formação do musicoterapeuta; 2) observação participante em três campos de estágio vinculados ao curso de graduação em Musicoterapia da EMAC-UFG. O processamento dos dados realizou-se por meio da análise de conteúdo e, posteriormente, foram estabelecidos por categorias a partir dos dados recorrentes. Dessa forma, ao final dessa análise, evidenciaram-se caminhos para o ensino de violão segundo as necessidades da área de Musicoterapia.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat conèixer l'efecte que pot tenir una intervenció de musicoteràpia en tres dones maltractades, mitjançant tres casos únics (Cas A, B i C), integrats per dues parts cadascun (Estudi 1 i 2). En l'Estudi 1, sobre l'eficàcia de la intervenció en cada cas, s'ha utilitzat el mètode quantitatiu per mesurar les variables autoestima, depressió i assertivitat abans i després del tractament amb qüestionaris estandaritzats (Autoconcepto Forma 5, AF-5, García i Musitu, 2001; Escala de Habilidades Sociales, EHS, Gismero, 2002; i Cuestionario Estructural Tetradimensional para la Depresión, Forma Breve y Escala para el seguimiento CETDE, Alonso-Femández, 1995) i amb fulls de seguiment diaris. En l'Estudi 2, de procés, s'ha utilitzat el mètode qualitatiu de la Grounded Theory (Glaser i Strauss, 1967), amb el qual s'han observat les dimensions sobre el maltractament sorgides de la conversa entre terapeuta i pacient, i la relació entre aquestes dimensions i les tècniques de musicoteràpia utilitzades per a cada cas. També s'ha analitzat el procés portat a terme per les dimensions al llarg del tractament, per a cadascun dels casos. La intervenció la integra un protocol de dotze sessions d'una hora de durada en les quals es va fer ús de diferents tècniques de musicoteràpia. La dona del Cas A, en va rebre 13; la del Cas B, 8 i la del Cas C, tres sessions, després de les quals va retornar al domicili conjugal. Per a l'Estudi 1, els resultats mostren millores en el Cas A, autoestima: 20,24% (qüestionari); 31,11% (full de seguiment); depressió: 41,38% i 10,64%; assertivitat: 11,2% i 21,93%. En el Cas B s'ha observat una millora en la variable depressió: 33,33% (qüestionari, en el seguiment); 3,83% (full de seguiment), però no s'han pogut mesurar els canvis en el post test per a l'autoestima i l'assertivitat. En el Cas C no s'han obtingut mesures en el post test de cap de les tres variables.L'Estudi 2 ha ofert sis dimensions relacionades amb el maltractament, per als tres casos: dimensió corporal, espiritual, metacomunicació relació terapèutica, interpersonal, socio-cultural i emocional/cognitiva i s'ha observat una evolució positiva de les verbalitzacions de les pacients al llarg de las sessions, en els Casos A i B. Per al Cas C s'ha observat cert retrocés en els temestractats, ja que suposa un exemple de retorn al domicili conjugal, després de tres sessions. Quant a les tècniques de musicoteràpia es ressalta, en els tres casos, la relació entre 1'ús de les escenificacions i el sorgiment de la dimensió corporal; 1'ús de la imaginació guiada i el dibuix amb la dimensió espiritual; i l'ús de l'audició amb la dimensió metacomunicació relació terapèutica. Es justifica la tria de les tres variables i l'enfocament de la teràpia en el marc de la Psicologia Humanista i el constructe de la Intel·ligència Emocional i s'exposen les limitacions i els suggeriments de futur d'aquest tipus d'intervenció en el col·lectiu de les dones maltractades. / El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral ha sido conocer el efecto que puede tener una intervención de musicoterapia en tres mujeres maltratadas, mediante tres casos únicos (Caso A, B Y C), integrados por dos partes cada uno (Estudio I y 2). En el Estudio 1, sobre la eficacia de la intervención en cada caso, se ha utilizado el método cuantitativo para medir las variables autoestima, depresión y asertividad antes y después del tratamiento con cuestionarios estandarizados (Autoconcepto Forma 5, AF-5, García y Musitu, 200 1; Escala de Habilidades Sociales, EHS, Gismero, 2002; y Cuestionario Estructural Tetradimensional para la Depresión, Forma Breve y Escala para el seguimiento CET-DE, Alonso-Femández, 1995) y con hojas de seguimiento diarias. En el Estudio 2, de proceso, se ha utilizado el método cualitativo de la Grounded Theory (Glaser y Strauss, 1967), con el que se han observado las dimensiones sobre el maltrato surgidas de la conversación entre terapeuta y paciente, y la relación entre estas dimensiones y las técnicas de musicoterapia utilizadas. También se ha analizado el proceso llevado a cabo por las dimensiones a 10 largo del tratamiento, para cada uno de los casos. La intervención la integra un protocolo de doce sesiones de una hora de duración en las que se utilizaron diferentes técnicas de musicoterapia. La mujer del Caso A, recibió 13 sesiones; la del Caso B, 8 Y la del Caso C, tres, después de las cuales retomó al domicilio conyugal. Para el Estudio 1, los resultados muestran mejoras en el Caso A, autoestima: 20,24% (cuestionario); 31, II% (hoja de seguimiento); depresión: 41,38% y 10,64%; asertividad: 11,2% y 21,93%. En el Caso B se ha observado una mejora en la variable depresión: 33,33% (cuestionario, en el seguimiento); 3,83% (hoja de seguimiento), pero no se han podido medir los cambios en el post test para la autoestima y la asertividad. En el Caso C no se han obtenido medidas en el post test de ninguna de las tres variables. El Estudio 2 ha ofrecido seis dimensiones relacionadas con el maltrato, en los tres casos: dimensión corporal, espiritual, metacomunicación relación terapéutica, interpersonal, socio-cultural y emocional/cognitiva y se ha observado una evolución positiva de las verbalizaciones de las pacientes a 10 largo de las sesiones, en los Casos A y B. Para el Caso C se ha observado cierto retroceso en los temas tratados, ya que supone un ejemplo de retorno al hogar conyugal, después de tres sesiones. En cuanto a las técnicas de musicoterapia se resalta, en los tres casos, la relación entre el uso de las escenificaciones y el surgimiento de la dimensión corporal; el uso de la imaginación guiada y el dibujo con la dimensión espiritual; y el uso de la audición con la dimensión metacomunicación relación terapéutica. Se justifica haber escogido las tres variables y el enfoque de la terapia en el marco de la Psicología Humanista y el constructo de la Inteligencia Emocional y se ofrecen las limitaciones y sugerencias de futuro de este tipo de intervención en el colectivo de las mujeres maltratadas. / The purpose of this doctoral dissertation was to determine the possible effect that a music therapy intervention can have on three battered women, through three case studies (Case A, B, and C). In Study 1, which main purpose was to determine the effect of the intervention for each of the case studies, quantitative methodology was used to measure the variables of self-esteem, depression and assertivity, before and after the treatment through standardized questionnaires (Autoconcepto Forma 5, AF-5, García i Musitu, 2001; Escala de Habilidades Sociales, EHS, Gismero, 2002; and Cuestionario Estructural Tetradimensional para la Depresión, Forma Breve and Escala para el seguimiento CET-DE, Alonso-Fernández, 1995). AIso, observation fonns and diaries were used for daily follow-up. In Study 2, which looked at the process, qualitative methodology was used, specifically the Grounded Theory method (Glaser i Strauss, 1967) which has allowed to observe the dimensions on the maltreatment that carne out from the conversations between therapist-patient, and the relationship between these dimensions and the specific music therapy techniques used. Also, the process followed by de dimensions throughout the treatment, for each of the case studies, was analyzed. The intervention included a total of 12 l-hour sessions in which several music therapy techniques were used. The subject of case study A received a total of 13 sessions; the subject of case study B, 8, and the subject of case study C, 3, after which the subject returned to the intimate partner's home. Results of Study l showed improvements for Case A, self-esteem: 20, 24% (test); 31,11% (observation form); depression: 41,38% and 10,64%; assertivity: 11,2% and 21,93%. For Case B, improvements were observed in the depression variable: 33,33% (test in the follow-up); 3,83% observation form. However, it was not possible to measure changes in the post-test for self-esteem and assertivity. For Case C, no post-test measures were obtained for any of the three variables. Study 2 offered six dimensions related to the maltreatment for the three cases: body, spiritual, metacomunication therapeutic relation, interpersonal, social-cultural and emotional cognitive, and a positive evolution was observed in the patients' verbalizations throughout the sessions, in Cases A and B. In Case C, a certain regression was observed in the aspects treated since it was an example of a return to the intimate partner's home after three sessions. In regards to the music therapy techniques used, it is stressed for the three cases, the relationship between the use of role-playing and the appearance of the body dimension; the use of guided imagery with drawing with the emergence of the spiritual dimension; and the use of music auditions with the dimension of metacomunication therapeutic relation. The choice of the three variables and the focus of the therapy within the Humanistic Psychology paradigm and the construct of Emotional Intelligence is argumented, and the limitations of the study as well as suggestions for future interventions and research studies with this population are stated.

Aquest estudi avalua els efectes de la musicoteràpia en dones amb càncer de mama que reben tractament de quimioteràpia adjuvant sobre simptomatologia d’ansietat, depressió, qualitat de vida i fa una anàlisi qualitativa basada en els informes de les pacients sobre l’experiència musicoterapèutica. Investigació experimental. Es separa en grups consecutius a tractament de quimioteràpia i musicoteràpia (GE) o tractament de quimioteràpia estàndard (GC) a 88 dones diagnosticades amb càncer de mama en diferents estadis que reben quimioteràpia. És un disseny simple de pre-post test (cicles 1,2 i 3) i seguiment (cicle 4). La musicoteràpia consisteix en tres sessions de musicoteràpia individuals, durant el tractament. Els instruments de mesura són: escales HADS (ansietat i depressió) i EORTC QLQ C-30 (qualitat de vida) en els cicles 1 i 4; termòmetre de distrès i pregunta oberta de manera pre-post en els cicles 1,2 i 3. L’anàlisi qualitativa del discurs es realitza mitjançant el programa Atlas.Ti (5.2). Completen les dades 69 pacients. En distrès psicològic (HADS), l’ansietat es redueix significativament en el GE (p<.0001) i baixa en depressió (p=0.2189). El GC es manté estable o augmenta significativament. La qualitat de vida global (EORTC QLQ C-30) millora en el GE (p=0.1960), amb diferència significativa en subescales de rol (p=0.0073), funcionament emocional (p=0.0006) i cognitiu (p=0.0483), mentre que el GC empitjora significativament. En termòmetre del distrès, el GE frega la diferència significativa en quasi tots els cicles en ansietat i l’assoleix en depressió. L’anàlisi del discurs del GE reflecteix benefici de la musicoteràpia en una major relaxació, tranquil•litat i millora de l’estat d’ànim. La musicoteràpia modifica la percepció del temps durant la sessió. Les pacients del GE reporten menys simptomatologia d’ansietat i depressió post sessió. També més capacitat i recursos d’afrontament actiu, capacitat de fer/crear música i gaudir en l’ara i aquí, que les del GC. La musicoteràpia és percebuda com un recurs per a les pacients del GE i es recomana la seva aplicació. Conclusions: Els nostres resultats recolzen l’ús de la musicoteràpia com a eina de suport i tractament complementari durant el tractament amb quimioteràpia. La combinació de metodologia quantitativa i qualitativa complementa i reforça els resultats. / Este estudio evalúa los efectos de la musicoterapia en mujeres con cáncer de mama que reciben tratamiento de quimioterapia adyuvante sobre sintomatología de ansiedad, depresión, calidad de vida y hace un análisis cualitativo basado en los informes de las pacientes sobre la experiencia musicoterapéutica. Investigación experimental. Se separa en grupos consecutivos a tratamiento de quimioterapia y musicoterapia (GE) o tratamiento de quimioterapia estándar (GC) a 88 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama en diferentes estadios que reciben quimioterapia. Es un diseño simple de pre-post test (ciclos 1 a 3) y seguimiento (ciclo 4). La musicoterapia consiste en tres sesiones de musicoterapia individuales, durante el tratamiento. Los instrumentos de medida son: escalas HADS (ansiedad y depresión) y EORTC QLQ C-30 (calidad de vida) en los ciclos 1 y 4; termómetro de distrés y pregunta abierta de manera pre-post en los ciclos 1, 2 y 3. El análisis cualitativo del discurso se realiza mediante el programa Atlas.Ti (5.2). Completan los datos 69 pacientes. En distrés psicológico (HADS), la ansiedad se reduce significativamente en el GE (p<.0001) y baja en depresión (p=0.2189). El GC se mantiene estable o aumenta significativamente. La calidad de vida global (EORTC QLQ C-30) mejora en el GE (p=0.1960), con diferencia significativa en subescalas de rol (p=0.0073), funcionamiento emocional (p=0.0006) y cognitivo (p=0.0483), mientras que el GC empeora significativamente. En termómetro de distrés, el GE roza la diferencia significativa en casi todos los ciclos en ansiedad y la consigue en depresión. El análisis del discurso del GE refleja beneficio de la musicoterapia en mayor relajación, tranquilidad y mejora del estado de ánimo. La musicoterapia modifica la percepción del tiempo durante la sesión en el GE. Las pacientes del GE reportan menos sintomatología de ansiedad y depresión post sesión. También más capacidad y recursos de afrontamiento activo, capacidad de hacer/crear música y disfrutar en el aquí y ahora, que las del GC. La musicoterapia es percibida como un recurso para las pacientes del GE y se recomienda su aplicación. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados apoyan el uso de la musicoterapia como herramienta de apoyo y tratamiento complementario durante el tratamiento con quimioterapia. La combinación de metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa complementa y refuerza los resultados. / This study evaluates the effects of music therapy in women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy treatment on symptomatology of anxiety and depression, quality of life, and qualitative analysis based on the patient’s report of music therapy experience. Experimental research with a simple design of pre-post test (cycles 1,2,3) and follow-up (cycle 4). Groups were consecutively completed to chemotherapy treatment and music therapy (EG) or treatment of standard chemotherapy (CG) to 88 women diagnosed with cancer of breast in different stadiums who receive chemotherapy. It is a simple design of pre-post test (cycles 1 to 3) and follow-up (cycle 4). Music therapy consisted of three individual sessions during the chemotherapy treatment. Symptomatology of anxiety and depression measured with HADS and quality of life with EORTC QLQ C-30, at cycles 1 and 4. Pre-post distress (anxiety and depression) measured with Thermometer of Distress) and an open question at cycles 1, 2 and 3. Qualitative data categorized using Atlas.Ti software. 69 patients completed data collection. Experimental group (EG) decreased significant on anxiety (p <.0001) and low depression level (p=0.2189) measured with HADS, whereas control group (CG) kep stable or increased significant. Global quality of life (EORTC QLQ C-30) improved in the GE (p=0.1960) and obtained significant difference in role (p=0.0073), emotional function (p=0.0006) and cognitive function subscales (p=0.0483), whereas the GC deteriorated significant. With Thermometer of distrés, GE rubed the significant difference in almost all cycles in anxiety and obtained it in depression. The narrative of patients in music therapy group related more relaxation, tranquility and improvement of mood. There’s a different perception on time during the session. They reported also less symptomatology of anxiety and depression post session. Compared with patients of control group, patients of music therapy group tended to have more resources of active confrontation, capacity to enjoy making music and being in present (here and now). They emphasized that music therapy had been a useful resource and recommended his application. Conclusions: Our results support music therapy as a helpful tool and a complementary treatment during chemotherapy. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology complements reinforce the results.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om samtalet i musikterapi, ett ämne som är sparsamt beskrivet i litteraturen. En kort beskrivning av musikterapi som klinisk och aka- demisk disciplin ges, och en litteraturgenomgång görs av några böcker kring sam- talsmetodik och det lilla som finns skrivet om samtal i musikterapi. Studien byg- ger på tre musikterapisessioner arrangerade speciellt för studien och intervjuer med de tre musikterapeuterna. Sessionerna filmades och intervjuerna spelades in och skrevs ut. Det är en kvalitativ studie upplagd som en experimentell, instru- mentell, flerfaldig fallstudie. Det teoretiska perspektivet är hermeneutik och ana- lysmetoden hermeneutisk tolkningsanalys. Analysen av filmerna är inspirerad av fenomenologi. I uppsatsen ges en beskrivning i kondenserad form av de tre mu- sikterapisessionerna och intervjuerna sammanfattas. Därefter redogörs för analys- resultatet som framstår som tvådelat. Första delen är en tematisering av de verbala interventioner som förekommer under de studerade sessionerna. Interventionerna tematiseras som frågor, andra interventioner, tystnad, paradoxer och omformule- ringar, metaforer och tolkningar. Hur de talar om musik lyfts fram i ett särskilt avsnitt. Andra delen är ett utforskande av vilka funktioner samtalen tycks ha un- der dessa sessioner. Tanken prövas att de kan; leda till ökad trygghet, som i sin tur kan leda till att ett verkligt möte kan uppstå; fördjupa klientens upplevelse; tyd- liggöra klientens livsberättelse. / This thesis is about verbal dialogue in music therapy, a subject which is seldom discussed in the literature. A short description of music therapy as a clinical and academic discipline is presented, and a survey is made of some of the literature on methodology in professional dialogues and what little has been written about dia- logue in music therapy. The study is based on three music therapy sessions ar- ranged especially for the purpose and interviews with the three therapists. The sessions were filmed and the interviews were recorded and copied out. It is a qualitative study, constructed as an experimental, instrumental, multiple case study. The theoretical perspective is hermeneutic and the method of analysis used was hermeneutic interpretation analysis. The method used to analyze the films was inspired by phenomenology. In the thesis the three music therapy sessions are described in condensed form and the interviews are summarized. This is followed by an analysis of the result which appears to fall into two parts. The first section is a thematisation of the verbal interventions that occur during the sessions. The interventions are thematised as questions, other interventions, silence, paradoxes and rephrasings, metaphors and interpretations. A special section is devoted to theway the therapists talk about music. The second part of the analysis explores the functions that the verbal dialogues seem to have had during the sessions. The the- ory tested is that they can; lead to a greater feeling of security, which in its turn can lead to a genuine encounter; deepen the client’s experience; clarify the cli- ent’s life story.

This thesis investigates the way "healing" may be seen to be represented and enacted by three recent New Zealand music theatre productions: Once Were Warriors, the Musical-Drama; The Whale Rider, On Stage; and Footprints/Tapuwae, a bicultural opera. This thesis addresses the ways each of these music theatre productions can be seen to dramatise ideologically informed notions of Maori cultural health through the encounter of Maori performance practices with American and European music theatre forms. Because the original colonial encounter between Maori and Pakeha was a wounding process, it may be possible that in order to construct a theatrical meeting between the "colonised" Maori and the "colonial" non-Maori, "healing" is an essential element by which to foster an idea of the post-colonial, bicultural togetherness of the nation. In all three productions, Maori song and dance forms are incorporated into a distinctive form of western music theatre: the American musical; the international spectacle; Wagnerian opera. Wagner's attempts to regenerate German culture through his music dramas can be compared to Maori renaissance idea(l)s of cultural "healing" through a "return" to Maori myths, traditions and song and dance.