Ce rapport de recherche porte sur une étude s’intéressant au transfert des connaissances tacites chez les gestionnaires, c’est-à-dire le partage de ces connaissances et leur utilisation informelle, durant une situation de coordination dans un service municipal. La thèse est articulée autour des questions suivantes : Quelles sont les situations de coordination vécues par les gestionnaires municipaux? Quelles sont les sources de connaissances tacites partagées et utilisées? Quelles sont les relations de connaissances mobilisées de façon informelle lors du transfert des connaissances tacites? Quels sont les facteurs encourageant ou inhibant le transfert informel des connaissances tacites? À partir d’un modèle basé sur une approche situationnelle (Taylor, 1989 et 1991), nous avons revu la documentation touchant nos questions de recherche. Nous avons défini notamment la récursivité des connaissances et le réseau de connaissances, de même que présenté le modèle de la conversion des connaissances (Nonaka, 1994) et celui de l’actualisation de soi (St-Arnaud, 1996). Nous avons questionné 22 répondants à l’aide d’instruments de mesure qui combinent les techniques de l’incident critique, de l’entrevue cognitive et réflexive, le questionnement sur les réseaux organisationnels et l’observation participante. Tels des filets, ces instruments ont permis de traquer et d’obtenir des données d’une grande richesse sur les connaissances tacites et les comportements informels durant le transfert de connaissances en situation de coordination. Ces données ont été analysées selon une approche méthodologique essentiellement qualitative combinant l’analyse de contenu, la schématisation heuristique et l’analyse des réseaux sociaux. Nos résultats montrent que la complexité d’une situation de coordination conditionne le choix des mécanismes de coordination. De plus, les sources de connaissances sont, du point de vue individuel, le gestionnaire et ses artefacts, de même que son réseau personnel avec ses propres artefacts. Du point de vue collectif, ces sources sont réifiées dans le réseau de connaissances. Les connaissances clés d’une situation de coordination sont celles sur le réseau organisationnel, le contexte, les expériences en gestion et en situation complexe de coordination, la capacité de communiquer, de négocier, d’innover et celle d’attirer l’attention. Individuellement, les gestionnaires privilégient l’actualisation de soi, l’autoformation et la formation contextualisée et, collectivement, la coprésence dans l’action, le réseautage et l’accompagnement. Cette étude fournit un modèle valide du transfert contextualisé des connaissances qui est un cas de coordination complexe d’activités en gestion des connaissances. Ce transfert est concomitant à d’autres situations de coordination. La nature tacite des connaissances prévaut, de même que le mode informel, les médias personnels et les mécanismes d’ajustement mutuel. Les connaissances tacites sont principalement transférées au début des processus de gestion de projet et continuellement durant la rétroaction et le suivi des résultats. Quant aux connaissances explicites, les gestionnaires les utilisent principalement comme un symbole à la fin des processus de gestion de projet. Parmi les personnes et les groupes de personnes d’une situation de transfert contextualisé des connaissances, 10 % jouent des rôles clés, soit ceux d’experts et d’intermédiaires de personnes et d’artefacts. Les personnes en périphérie possèdent un potentiel de structuration, c’est-à-dire de connexité, pour assurer la continuité du réseau de connaissances organisationnel. Notre étude a élargi le modèle général de la complexité d’une situation (Bystrom, 1999; Choo, 2006; Taylor, 1986 et 1991), la théorie de la coordination (Malone et Crowston, 1994), le modèle de la conversion des connaissances (Nonaka, 1994), celui de l’actualisation de soi (St-Arnaud, 1996) et la théorie des réseaux de connaissances (Monge et Contractor, 2003). Notre modèle réaffirme la concomitance de ces modèles généraux selon une approche constructiviste (Giddens, 1987) où la dualité du structurel et la compétence des acteurs sont confirmées et enrichies. / This research report is about a study on tacit knowledge transfer in the organization. This study focuses on sharing tacit knowledge and its informal utilization in a coordination situation. This thesis is articulated around those following questions : In which kind of coordination situations are involved municipal managers? Which knowledge sources are shared and used? Which knowledge relations are mobilised in an informal way during tacit knowledge transfer? Which factors encourage it? From an situational approach model, we revised litterature on those questions. We defined knowledge recursivity, knowledge network and knowledge conversion model (Nonaka, 1994) and a model on self actualization (St-Arnaud, 1996). We interviewed 22 respondants with research tools combining critical incident technique, cognitive and reflexive interview, organizational network questionning and participating observation. Like fishing nets , those tools permitted to track and obtain rich data on tacit knowledge and informal behavior during tacit knowledge transfer involving coordination situation. The data were analysed combining qualitative content analysis, mind mapping and social network analysis. Our research results show that coordination situation complexity conditions the choice of coordination mechanism. On an individual basis, knowledge sources are the manager and its artefacts and his personal network including also its artefacts. Collective knowledge sources are reificated in a knowledge network. Key knowledge and skills as far as a coordination situation is concerned are organizational network, context, management and complex coordination situation experience, communication capacity, negociation, innovation and attention capacities. Individually, managers prefer self actualization, self- learning, contextualized learning and, collectively, managers rely more on copresence in action, social networking and escorting. This study has, as an outcome, a valid model on contextualized knowledge transfer which is a complex knowledge management coordination case. This transfer is concomitant with other coordination situations. Tacit knowledge prevails as it is the case with the informal mode, personal medias and mutual adjustment mecanisms. Tacit knowledge is mainly transfered at the very beginning of a project management process and also constantly, during retroaction and result following. Explicit knowledge is used by managers mainly like a symbol at the end of a project management process. Amongst individuals and groups involved in a coordination situation no more than 10 % play key roles : experts, artefact and persons brokers. Peripheral individuals have structuration potential, in other words connexity, for the continuity of organizational knowledge network. Our study enlarged the general situation complexity model (Bystrom, 1999; Choo, 2006; Taylor, 1986 et 1991), the theory of coordination (Malone et Crowston, 1994), the knowledge conversion model (Nonaka, 1994), self actualization model (St-Arnaud, 1996) and, the knowledge network theory (Monge et Contractor, 2003). Our model confirms concomitance of those general models according to the constructivist approach (Giddens, 1987) where structural duality and actors competence are confirmed and enriched. / En este reporte de investigación se expone un estudio sobre la transferencia de conocimientos tácitos en los gestores, es decir sobre el cómo se comparten estos conocimientos y su utilización informal durante una situación de coordinación en un servicio municipal. La tesis está articulada en torno a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las situaciones de coordinación que viven los gestores municipales? ¿Cuáles son las fuentes de conocimientos tácitos que comparten y utilizan? ¿Cuáles son las relaciones de conocimientos que se movilizan de manera informal durante la transferencia de conocimientos tácitos? ¿Cuáles son los factores que promueven o inhiben la transferencia informal de conocimientos tácitos? Se revisó la documentación relativa a nuestro tema de investigación a partir de un modelo con enfoque situacional (Taylor, 1989 et 1991). Hemos definido señaladamente la recursividad de los conocimientos y de la red de conocimientos. Asimismo hemos presentado el modelo de la conversión de conocimientos (Nonaka, 1994) y el de la actualización de sí (St-Arnaud, 1996). Inquirimos a 22 informantes, mediante instrumentos de medición que combinan las técnicas del incidente crítico, la entrevista cognitiva y reflexiva, la averiguación sobre las redes organizacionales y la observación participante. Como si fueran tramas, estos instrumentos han permitido rastrear y obtener datos de gran riqueza sobre los conocimientos tácitos y los comportamientos informales durante la transferencia de conocimientos en situaciones de coordinación. Estos datos se analizaron adoptando un enfoque metodológico esencialmente cualitativo combinando el análisis de contenidos, la esquematización heurística y el análisis de redes sociales. Nuestros resultados muestran que la complejidad de una situación de coordinación condiciona la elección de los mecanismos de coordinación. Además, las fuentes de conocimientos son, desde el punto de vista individual, el gestor y sus artefactos, así como su red personal con sus propios artefactos. Desde el punto de vista colectivo, estas fuentes se reifican en la red de conocimientos. Los conocimientos claves de una situación de coordinación son aquellos relativos a la red organizacional, el contexto, las experiencias en gestión, y en situación compleja de coordinación, la capacidad de comunicar, de negociar, de innovar, y la de llamar la atención. Individualmente, los gestores privilegian la actualización de sí, la autoformación y la formación contextualizada y, colectivamente, la co-presencia en la acción, la puesta en red y el acompañamiento. Este estudio aporta un modelo válido de la transferencia contextualizada de conocimientos que constituye un caso de coordinación compleja de actividades en gestión de conocimientos. Esta transferencia es concomitante con otras situaciones de coordinación. La naturaleza tácita de los conocimientos prevalece, así como el modo informal, los medios personales y los mecanismos de ajuste mutuo. Los conocimientos tácitos se transfieren principalmente al inicio de los procesos de gestión de proyectos y se siguen transferiendo durante la retroacción y el seguimiento de los resultados. En cuanto a los conocimientos explícitos, los gestores los utilizan principalmente como un símbolo al final de los procesos de gestión de proyecto. Entre las personas y los grupos de personas de una situación de transferencia contextualizada de conocimientos 10% tienen papeles claves, es decir los de expertos e intermediarios de personas y de artefactos. Las personas en periferia poseen un potencial de estructuración, es decir, de conexidad, para asegurar la continuidad de la red de conocimientos organizacionales. Nuestro estudio amplió el modelo general de la complejidad de una situación (Bystrom, 1999; Choo, 2006; Taylor, 1986 et 1991), la teoría de la coordinación (Malone et Crowston, 1994), el modelo de la conversión de conocimientos (Nonaka, 1994), el de la actualización sí (St-Arnaud, 1996) y la teoría de redes de conocimientos (Monge et Contractor, 2003). Nuestro modelo reafirma la concomitancia de estos modelos generales según un enfoque constructivista (Giddens, 1987) en el cual la dualidad estructural y la competencia de los actores se confirman y se enriquecen.

Background Adolescent subjective health and mental problems have become a public health concern not only in Sweden but worldwide. The overall aim of this thesis is to deepen and widen the understanding of young peoples’ subjective health, psychosomatic and stress-related problems. A special focus is put on experienced stress among adolescent girls and young women. The study setting is one youth health centre, and three upper secondary schools in Umeå, a university town in northern Sweden. The research design combines qualitative and quantitative methods with the main focus on qualitative methods. An interdisciplinary theoretical synthesis is utilised, primarily based on bio-psycho-social, phenomenological, and social constructionist approaches. The three qualitative papers (I-III) are based on the same sample of 40 young women who had sought help at the youth health centre because of their stress-related problems. Paper I explores the stressors experienced by the young women, whereas Paper II explores the lived experiences of stress. Paper III examines the young women’s experiences of living in a violent partner relationship as young teenagers, and how this has affected their lives and health over time. Paper IV investigates perceived stress and subjective health complaints among older adolescents in upper secondary school.   Methods Data was derived from: a) a qualitative interview study with 40 adolescent girls and young women, aged between 16–25 years, who had sought help at the youth health centre for stress problems. Qualitative content analysis was used in combination with discourse-orientated analysis (Paper I); a phenomenological approach (Paper II), and narrative method (Paper III); b) a school-based survey with a sample of 16–18-year-old boys and girls (n=1027), in upper secondary school, grades 1 and 2, from different educational programs at three schools. Perceived stress, self-rated health, subjective health complaints, anxiety, and depression, were measured with a questionnaire including a set of instruments. Statistical analyses were descriptive and analytical.   Results Paper I identified multiple stressors of modernity, gender orders and youth. Contextual factors, including social constructions and practices of gender, played an important role for the stress experienced by these young women. The results revealed that multiple and intersecting stressors and demands connected to essential life spheres, contributed not only to experiences of distress but also to feelings of constraint. Moreover, the roles of excessive taking of responsibility and failing adult support were revealed. Paper II illuminated multidimensional lived and embodied experiences of distress. ‘Living close to the edge’ emerged as the common theme running through all of the interviews and captured the young women’s sometimes unbearable situations. The theme contains dimensions of physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and existential distress, as well as dimensions of distrust and disempowerment. Paper III examined two Swedish adolescent girls’ experiences of living in a violent relationship as teenagers, and how this has affected their lives and health over time. The analysis revealed violation, stress, trauma, coping, and agency during adolescence and the transition into adulthood. Paper IV showed a high level of perceived stress, and subjective health and stress complaints among boys and girls. High pressure and excessive demands from school were experienced by a majority of boys and girls. Perceived stress was correlated with subjective health and stress complaints and anxiety. There was a clear gender difference: two to three times as many girls than boys reported subjective health complaints, e.g. headaches, tiredness and sleeping difficulties, musculoskeletal pain, sadness and anxiety.   Conclusion Several issues of relevance to public health were raised throughout the thesis. According to the interview results, the young women face multiple and intersecting stressors of modernity, gender orders and being young, which correspond to their multidimensional experiences of ‘living close to the edge’. Their experiences of stress are multidimensional, and include physical, emotional, cognitive, social and existential dimensions. Findings from the qualitative study were also mirrored in the findings from the larger group of adolescents in the school survey, where a high proportion of older adolescents, particularly girls, reported perceptions of stress. Moreover, perceived stress correlated to a variety of subjective health complaints and anxiety. The results can be understood and explained from a variety of perspectives. The experience of ‘managing alone’ indicated perceptions of inadequate social support. The overall results indicated a risk of more negative health development, particularly among adolescent girls and young women. Stressors of modernity, gender orders and youth were prominent. The continuation and normalisation of oppression and violence are also discussed as a severe gendered stressor in young women’s lives. This calls for a broad contextualised and gender-sensitive approach to young people’s stress and health problems. In conclusion, the age and gender gap in adolescent health needs to be further explored, and processes of distress, distrust and disempowerment have to be taken more seriously. / Under det senaste decenniet har medier och flertalet nationella forskningsrapporter informerat om ökande psykisk ohälsa och stress bland barn och unga i Sverige. Denna avhandlings syfte är att med hjälp av en utforskande och tvärvetenskaplig ansats fördjupa förståelsen av subjektiva ohälsoproblem och upplevd stress bland unga i Sverige, med speciellt fokus på flickors och unga kvinnors upplevda stressproblem. Avhandlingen har en explorativ och flexibel studiedesign som kombinerar kvalitativa och kvantitativa forskningsmetoder med särskild tyngdpunkt på de kvalitativa metoderna. Datainsamling har genomförts med a) kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med en grupp flickor och unga kvinnor (16–25 år) som sökt hjälp för stressrelaterade problem på en ungdomshälsomottagning i Umeå, och b) en skolbaserad enkätunder-sökning med totalt 1027 pojkar och flickor, 16–18 år, i åk 1–2 på tre kommunala gymnasieskolor i Umeå. Forskningsintervjuerna har huvudsakligen analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Innehållsanalysen har i de olika delarbetena sedan kombinerats med diskursorienterad analys (Artikel I), med fenomenologisk ansats (Artikel II) och med narrativ metod (Artikel III). Skolenkäten har analyserats med deskriptiva och analytiska statistiska metoder (Artikel IV). Resultaten från den kvalitativa intervjuundersökningen med unga kvinnor belyser a) multipla stressorer som kan hänföras till flera parallella områden i livet – men även till samhälleliga diskurser: modernitetens stressorer, genusordningarnas stressorer och ungdoms-årens stressorer, b) multidimensionella, levda och förkroppsligade erfarenheter av stress och ”att leva på gränsen” som innefattar fysiska, emotionella, kognitiva, sociala och existentiella dimensioner och c) erfarenheter av våld och kontroll i partnerrelationer samt deras konsekvenser. Resultaten från enkätundersökningen med gymnasielever visar att en stor andel av ungdomarna rapporterar subjektiva hälso- och stressbesvär av olika slag inklusive oro och ångest. Jämfört med pojkarna så är det två till tre gånger fler flickor som rapporterar besvär och denna skillnad är signifikant. En majoritet av ungdomarna håller ett högt tempo och upplever sig också pressade av krav från skolan samt av egna inre krav. Upplevelserna av stress i form av högt tempo och höga krav korrelerar med de subjektiva hälso- och stressbesvären samt med ångest.   Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att ungas stressrelaterade och subjektiva hälsobesvär bör förstås i ett vidare socialt sammanhang som inkluderar ett genusperspektiv. Kontext- och genusspecifika interventionsmodeller behöver utvecklas för att möta dessa hälsoproblem, men stress bland unga behöver också diskuteras och studeras vidare i relation till hur samhällsutvecklingen och dess värdegrunder påverkar unga av idag.

The ongoing war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has caused sustained trauma on a number of levels and stressors that could easily have debilitating consequences on the mental health of Congolese citizens. The literature further reveals that immigration brings with it a host of additional stressors. The stress related to immigration, an appreciation of diverse cultural understandings of mental health, the burdens and costs of adequate mental health policy and provisioning within developing countries, are concepts that are not well understood nor fully documented. The present study explored the cultural understanding and help-seeking behaviours of Congolese immigrants in South Africa. The purpose of the study was to understand the ways in which Congolese cope with stressors related to immigration. Using SocialIdentity Theory as a partial conceptual framework, the role of acculturation processes in their understanding and help-seeking behaviours regarding mental health challenges, were examined. A platform for participants to suggest suitable ways of responding to improving the management of mental challenges in their community was provided. A qualitative approach, based on Participatory Action Research (PAR) and content analysis to explore the emerging narratives, was used with a Gauteng-based sample to gather the accounts of the lived experiences of Congolese immigrants. A snowball sampling technique enabled twenty-seven respondents to participate in one paired conversation and five focus groups. The emerging findings are critically discussed aligned to the six categories of inquiry structured by the interview schedule, namely, coping strategies since immigration, the understanding of mental health challenges, the possible impact of being immersed in the South African culture, perceptions of mental challenges and persons affected within the Congolese community, the preferred help-seeking behaviours regarding mental health challenges and, finally, their recommendations for improving the management of mental health challenges. The layered meta-analysis of the data consisted of interrogating the thematic categories, then conducting an analytical review aligned to both the pertinent research aim and objectives, as well as related theoretical positions and research findings. v | P a g e The key research question underpinning this study was formulated as follows: “Will immigrating from the DRC to South Africa change the understanding and help-seeking behaviours of Congolese?” The study drew on the processes of acculturation from Social Identity Theory to examine these processes. Participants reported experiencing the effects of acculturation but in different ways. Patterns of assimilation, separation and integration were found. The study therefore served to contribute to our understanding of the effects of acculturation with regard to the cultural understanding and help-seeking behaviours of Congolese immigrants in South Africa regarding mental health. Most significantly, the assumption of high levels of trauma and stress within this vulnerable community were unfounded. Rich and complex survival strategies have emerged requiring refinement of our knowledge about migrant communities. The strengths and relative weaknesses of the study are shared as well as a set of recommendations for future research in this domain. / Psychology / M. Sc.(Psychology)

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter / This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

No description available.

Au Québec, plusieurs jeunes-adultes et adultes décident à un moment donné de leur vie de s’inscrire à la formation générale des adultes (FGA) afin d’obtenir leur diplôme d’études secondaires (DES) ou de poursuivre leur parcours scolaire. L’objectif général de cette recherche est de comprendre la pratique d’enseignement la plus employée dans ce secteur -l’enseignement individualisé- et de permettre aux personnes qui la vivent au quotidien de pouvoir s’exprimer sur ses dimensions. Cette pédagogie particulière n’a pas fait l’objet d’une attention de la part de la recherche en formation générale des adultes. Dans le cadre de cette étude qualitative ethnographique, vingt informateurs ont été interviewés (dix apprenants et dix enseignants) et deux questionnaires, composés de quatre blocs chacun, leur ont été destinés. Pour atteindre le premier objectif spécifique de cette recherche, à savoir identifier les acteurs (enseignant-apprenant) du triangle pédagogique et décrire comment ils vivent leur relation dans l’enseignement individualisé, à la FGA, les composantes du triangle pédagogique de Houssaye ont été, dans un premier temps, utilisées et cela dans le but de connaitre les caractéristiques intrinsèques des formateurs et des apprenants ainsi que toutes les relations existantes entre eux. Ensuite, pour atteindre le deuxième objectif spécifique de cette recherche, à savoir mettre en lien les « perceptions » des acteurs du triangle pédagogique, en FGA, de l’enseignement individualisé au regard de l’autoformation, toutes les composantes de la théorie de l’autoformation de Carré ont été visées dans les questionnaires destinés aux informateurs. Les résultats révèlent que l’enseignement individualisé joint énormément la définition de l’autoformation éducative. / In Québec, many young adults and adults decide at some point in their lives to enroll in the adult education sector in order to obtain their high school diploma or to go further in their studies. The general objective of this research is to understand the teaching practice most used in this sector -individualized teaching and education- and to allow the people who live it on a daily basis to be able to express themselves on its dimensions. This particular pedagogy has not been the subject of attention by research in adult education. As part of this qualitative ethnographic study, twenty informants were interviewed (ten learners and ten teachers) and two questionnaires, consisting of four blocks each, were intended for them. To achieve the first specific objective of this research, namely to identify the actors (teacher-learner) of the pedagogical triangle and to describe how they live their relationship in individualized teaching, at adult education, the components of the educational triangle of Houssaye were, at first, used and this in order to know the intrinsic characteristics of the trainers and learners as well as all existing relationships between them. Then, to reach the second specific objective of this research, namely to link the "perceptions" of the actors of the pedagogical triangle, in FGA, of the individualized teaching with regard to the self-training, all the components of the theory of the self-training in Carré were included in the informant questionnaires. The results reveal that individualized teaching is a great complement to the definition of educational self-training.

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde ein präsuppositionssensibles Verfahren zur Rekonstruktion von kindlichen Freunschaftskognitionen entwickelt und angewendet. Das Verfahren ist ein interaktionsanalytisches. Es eignet sich, um verbal und nonverbal preisgegebene Informationen zu identifizieren, die Sprecher in Interaktionssituationen als Präsuppositionen setzen. Als Präsuppositionen werden dabei die implizit logischen Voraussetzungen verstanden, die ein Sprecher während einer eigenen Äußerung annimmt, die er aber nicht explizit sprachlich äußert.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Elevers grupparbeten utgör en betydande del av HKK-undervisningen. Tidigare forskning kring elevers grupparbeten i allmänhet är omfattande, men forskning gällande elevers grupparbeten inom HKK är ytterst begränsad. Som utpräglat processämne är det av största vikt att eleverna ges möjlighet att träna på praktiska moment inom hem- och konsumentkunskap (HKK), för att eleverna ska kunna utveckla kunskap i handling vilket sedermera ska bedömas av undervisande lärare. Syfte Syftet med studien var att utforska lärares uppfattningar, upplevelser och erfarenheter av grupparbete i HKK. Metod Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med tio HKK-lärare runtom i Sverige. Intervjuerna analyserades med stöd av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Det mest framträdande resultatet i studien var att arbetsformen grupparbete var dominerande i såväl praktiskt som teoretiskt arbete inom HKK. Ramfaktorer påverkade, styrde och begränsade undervisningen. Samarbete, kamratlärande, trygghet och praktisk träning var främsta syften med grupparbeten inom HKK. Det sociala klimatet, elevernaskunskapsnivå och särskilda behov var de faktorer som främst togs i beaktning vid sammansättning av elevgrupper. Lärarnas arbete kring elevgruppernas varaktighet skilde sig åt. Observationer var den vanligaste bedömningsformen när elever arbetade i grupp. Bedömning av elever som arbetade i grupp upplevdes vara svårt och utmanande bland lärarna i studien. Slutsats Grupparbete som undervisningsmetod framstår som rådande kutym inom ämnet. Studien påvisade brister med denna undervisningsmetod, främst utifrån bedömningsaspekten. Med mer noggrant uttänkta strategier för varför, hur och när det vore lämpligt att använda grupparbete som undervisningsmetod anser vi att HKK-läraren har möjlighet att höja kvaliteten på såväl undervisning som bedömning. / ABSTRACT  Background Students' group work constitutes a significant part of the teaching in Home and Consumer Studies (HCS). Previous research on students 'group work in general is extensive, but research on students' group work within HCS is extremely limited. As a distinct process subject, it is of the utmost importance that students are given the opportunity to practice practical elements in HCS, so that students can develop ”knowledge in action”, which will be assessed by the teacher.  Objective The aim of the study was to explore the teachers’ perceptions and experiences regarding group work in HCS.  Method Qualitative interviews were conducted with ten teachers in HCS within Sweden. The interviews were analyzed on the basis of content analysis.  Results The most prominent result in the study was that group work was dominant in both practical and theoretical work within HCS. Framework factors influenced, controlled and limited teaching. Cooperation, peer learning, safety and practical training were the main purposes of group work within HCS. The social climate, the students' level of knowledge and special needs were the factors that were mainly taken into account when composing student groups. The teachers' work on the duration of the student groups differed. Observations were the most common form of assessment when students worked in groups. Assessment of students who worked in groups was perceived as difficult and challenging among the teachers in the study.  Conclusion Group work as a teaching method appears to be the prevailing custom within the subject. The study demonstrated shortcomings with this teaching method, mainly based on the assessment aspect. With more carefully thought out strategies for why, how and when it would be appropriate to use group work as a teaching method, we believe that the HCS teacher has the opportunity to raise the quality of both teaching and assessment.

This paper is a qualitative study of signs and associations that seemingly communicate the influence of film tropes on female character design in video games. It analyzes and correlates the visual attributes and characteristics of the League of Legends character Zeri with the traditional attributes and trends of the Manic Pixie Dream Girl (MPDG) film trope, and applies theories within women’s representation and gender to examine the results. The findings suggest that Zeris design and description communicates the traditional characteristics of the MPDG such as quirky, energetic, nostalgic, retro, cute and “twee” and that several of these attributes may reflect an idealized portrayal of the female character rooted in fictive stereotypes. Furthermore the paper highlights the complex interaction between design elements and their ability to communicate (possibly unintended) concepts, and the concepts ability to transcend media formats.  This paper includes a design documentation after page 25 called "Kalasklister i Djurparken", which is the second part of the final exam project(s) at the Visual Communication program at Malmö University. "Kalasklister i Djurparken" is an image bank that aims to update the marketing of Helsingborg's djur- och lekpark (zoo and playground) in order to appeal more to children.