It`s blameful to do nothing. You should catch the day and its possibilities. Every second, minute and day, you have the potential to be constantly productive. Do not lose a second of time that you can use to create an imprint of your existence. Do not waste your time when you have the opportunity to create something measurably valuable. Soon you are gone and the competition is great. Doing nothing is a task that fewer and fewer are devoted to, to a lesser extent. We are expected to always be accessible and keep up to date with what is happening around us. There is a constant occupation of our sense of mind, thoughtfulness and rest is unprioritized. We try to maximize the part of our time when we are productive and active to absurdity. The goal seems to make as big imprint of our existence as possible. Fast and more is applauded until the day we burn ourselves out. In my work, I investigate passivity as backlash in a faster world, in a world where focus is on production, efficiency and results. A world where everything worth valuing is measurable. What is really a desired result and is it always possible to measure? Who really gets that gain from our fast life? Can passivity and slowness act as an activist act? Can one passively create something measurable? Is burning time perhaps our time´s most provocative act? With my work, I want to question my constant bad conscience about being insufficient and my feeling of not doing enough. If I can´t do enough, I do nothing instead. / Det är skuldbelagt att göra ingenting. Du bör fånga dagen och dess möjligheter. Varje sekund, minut och dag har du potential att vara konstant produktiv. Förlora inte en sekund av tid som du kan använda till att skapa ett avtryck av din existens. Slösa inte med din tid när du har möjlighet att skapa något mätbart värdefullt. Snart är du borta och konkurrensen är stor. Att göra ingenting är en syssla som allt färre ägnar sig åt. Vi förväntas alltid vara tillgängliga och hålla oss uppdaterade om vad som händer runt oss. Det sker ständigt en ockupation av våra sinnesintryck. Eftertänksamhet och vila prioriteras bort. Vi försöker att maximera den del av vår tid då vi är produktiva och aktiva till absurditet. Målet verkar vara att hinna sätta ett så stort avtryck av vår existens som möjligt. Snabbare och mer applåderas till den dagen då vi bränner ut oss. I mitt arbete undersöker jag passivitet som motreaktion till en snabbare värld, i en värld där fokus ligger på produktion, effektivitet och resultat. I en värld där endast det som är mätbart ges ett värde. Vad är egentligen ett önskat resultat och är det alltid möjligt att mäta? Vem är det egentligen som får vinsten av vårt snabba liv? Kan passivitet och långsamhet fungera som en aktivistisk handling? Kan man passivt skapa något mätbart? Är ”att bränna tid”  kanske vår tids mest provokativa handling? Med mitt arbete vill jag ifrågasätta mitt konstanta dåliga samvete om att vara otillräcklig och min känsla av att jag inte gör tillräckligt. Om jag inte kan göra nog så gör jag istället ingenting.

Embora os direitos de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) sejam supostamente instituídos de forma a fomentar a inovação e o bem-estar em longo prazo, seu uso pode ensejar comportamentos oportunistas e abusivos como os Artigos 8.2 e 40 do TRIPS expressamente admitem. Sempre que tal tipo de comportamento afetar a concorrência em determinado mercado excluindo concorrentes, impondo barreiras à entrada, prejudicando consumidores por meio de aumento de preços ou redução da oferta o Direito de Concorrência será chamado a intervir. Considerando tais questões, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar um quadro de trabalho brasileiro para tratar de questões envolvendo questões de Direito de Concorrência relacionadas à Propriedade Intelectual. O autor buscou delinear os conceitos de uso abusivo de direitos de Propriedade Intelectual, Dominação de Mercado por meio de uso da Propriedade Intelectual e de abuso de posição dominante, considerando o novo quadro regulatório introduzido pela Lei 12.259/2001. / While intellectual property (IP) rights are usually claimed to be designed to foster innovation and welfare in the long run, their use may give rise to opportunistic, abusive behavior - as Articles 8.2 and 40 of TRIPS openly admit. Whenever such sort of behavior affects competition in a given market - whether by dislodging competitors, imposing barriers to entry, harming costumers, raising prices or reducing output - competition law is called to intervene. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to identify a Brazilian legal framework for dealing with IP related competition issues. The author sought to draw the legal concepts of abusive of IP rights, market domination and abuse of dominant position considering the new regulatory framework introduced by Law 12.259/2011.

D’une juridiction à l’autre, les modèles législatifs encadrant la procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) diffèrent, allant de l’absence de directives nationales à des agences réglementaires supervisant les cliniques de fertilité. De 2010 à 2015, le Québec finançait les services de PMA pour ses résidents sans définir de critères d’accessibilité. Alors que l’adoption de critères d’accessibilité représente un défi éthique complexe, les candidats souhaitant obtenir des services de PMA peuvent être confrontés à un refus par des professionnels sur la base d’une évaluation subjective. Déterminer les critères présentement utilisés par les professionnels en l’absence de directives législatives peut éclaircir les décisions difficiles auxquelles ils font face quotidiennement. Un tel travail peut aussi informer la réflexion éthique quant à l’étude normative de directives dans ce domaine. La présente étude décrit les critères d’accessibilité utilisés par les professionnels travaillant dans des cliniques de fertilité, privées ou publiques, au Québec. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées avec quatre médecins et quatre psychologues. Une recension des écrits a permis de regrouper les critères reportés dans la littérature selon leurs similitudes, puis d’analyser les entrevues selon ces regroupements. De façon générale, les professionnels du Québec utilisent des critères similaires à ceux des professionnels d’autres pays, mais des critères non recensés dans la littérature ont aussi été utilisés par les participants. Les critères utilisés les plus communs étaient la relation conjugale, l’état de santé mentale ainsi que l’âge des candidats. Une découverte importante est que les professionnels n’utilisaient pas un seul critère pour refuser un candidat, mais plutôt une combinaison de facteurs en tenant compte de son contexte de vie. Une autre découverte intéressante est l’utilisation du « rejet temporaire », c’est-à-dire le report des traitements à un meilleur moment pour les candidats selon le professionnel. Les entrevues ont permis de déterminer que les professionnels agissent en tant que gatekeepers et doivent souvent prendre des décisions qui dépassent l’évaluation clinique en se basant sur un jugement personnel. Ce rôle n’est pas facile et les participants ont exprimé des doutes et des remises en question de leurs propres décisions. / From 2010 to 2015, Quebec offered comprehensive public funding for assisted reproductive technologies (ART), allowing access to any female resident ‘of reproductive age’ without specifying eligibility criteria. Other jurisdictions have different models ranging from absence of criteria to regulatory agencies overseeing fertility clinics. While establishing eligibility criteria is an ethically daunting task, candidates wishing to access ART may be confronted with professionals who reject them based on subjective criteria. Exploring what criteria are used in practice, in the absence of regulatory guidance, can shed light on the challenges faced by professionals and their decision-making needs. It can also inform our ethical reflection regarding the normative positions required for establishing guidelines in this sensitive area. This qualitative study describes eligibility criteria used by healthcare professionals working in fertility clinics in Quebec, based on semi-structured interviews conducted with four physicians and four psychologists working in both public and private clinics. An extensive literature review on the topic allowed the separation of criteria into groups under overarching themes, which were then used to analyze the interviews. Findings suggests that overall, professionals in Quebec are using similar criteria to those used by professionals in other countries. They also referred to criteria not found in the literature, which required the creation of new groups for analysis. Among the criteria used by interviewees, the researchers found that the relationship status was the most common, followed by candidates’ mental health and their age. A major finding was that professionals never considered one isolated criterion to reject candidates, but rather based their decision on a combination of factors while considering the context of the candidate’s life. Another important element was the repeated phenomenon of “temporary rejection”, i.e. a professional postponing treatment until a later date describing it as a “better time” for candidates who did not seem ready to undergo treatments. Overall, decisions were made by analyzing the context in which candidates were living and in which the prospective child would be raised. The interviews lead to the conclusion that professionals act as gatekeepers and often need to make normative decisions that go beyond a clinical assessment, based on a personal judgement call. These decisions were not easily taken and participants expressed doubts and decisional conflict.

In this article, James Frierson, J.D., outlines the requirements for group practices under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Rules concerning required changes take effect in January of 1993 (and sooner for some groups), making it imperative that group practices be aware of the new law.

OBJECTIVES: To model the frequency of 'last minute' cancellations of planned elective procedures in the English NHS with respect to the patient and provider factors that led to these cancellations. METHODS: A dataset of 5,288,604 elective patients spell in the English NHS from January 1st, 2007 to December 31st, 2007 was extracted from the Hospital Episode Statistics. A binary dependent variable indicating whether or not a patient had a Health Resource Group coded as S22--'Planned elective procedure not carried out'--was modeled using a probit regression estimated via maximum likelihood including patient, case and hospital level covariates. RESULTS: Longer waiting times and being admitted on a Monday were associated with a greater rate of cancelled procedures. Male patients, patients from lower socio-economic groups and older patients had higher rates of cancelled procedures. There was significant variation in cancellation rates between hospitals; Foundation Trusts and private facilities had the lowest cancellation rates. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed on why Foundation Trusts exhibit lower cancellation rates. Hospitals with relatively high cancellation rates should be encouraged to tackle this problem. Further evidence is needed on whether hospitals are more likely to cancel operations where the procedure tariff is lower than the S22 tariff as this creates a perverse incentive to cancel. Understanding the underlying causes of why male, older and patients from lower socio-economic groups are more likely to have their operations cancelled is important to inform the appropriate policy response. This research suggests that interventions designed to reduce cancellation rates should be targeted to high-cancellation groups.

「沒有標準化就沒有現代經濟。」在知識經濟時代，掌握制定規則權力者，就占有主宰市場的領導地位。由於絕大多數標準係由政府或私人組織所制定，因此，研究標準制定組織具有重要意義。此外，觀察當代立法趨勢，政府以採訂私人組織或非政府組織所擬定之產業標準的方式，擴增其管制功能，在此潮流下，採訂私人草撰標準成為法律規範一環，此舉一方面可能形成授權立法之漏洞，另一方面將迫使個人暴露於著作權侵權行為之刑事、民事以及行政制裁大帽。同時，政府將產品標準及認證之工作委由產業協會等私人組織承擔亦成主流，該項¬「公益性」作業即可能成為事實標準制定者用來限制競爭、不當逐利的手段。 本文便以上述爭議問題為出發點，討論標準制定組織所擬定之標準，特別是經過政府機關以法律規範形式採用後，是否仍該當著作權的保護客體？並將研究延伸到網路產業中標準著作權保護的適當性問題，以及針對標準這類事實編輯物的資料庫保護進行分析；其次，本文將針對一國之產業標準制定組織為研究重心，探討例如標準制定與認證中的限制競爭及獨占管制的法律問題，以及隱然成為事實標準的市場領導者涉及智慧財產權的拒絕交易紛爭等課題。然而，針對上述命題的前提要件是對標準的概念與應用有相當之瞭解，以導入標準制定組織之運作、不同層級標準制定過程之影響及其所涉及之智慧財產爭議問題研究。因此，本文將對國家標準以及行業標準制定及運用過程所涉及之著作權及競爭法問題作深入且廣泛之瞭解，以此為基礎，分析各層級標準制定體系的規範內涵，繼而詮釋一國保護行業標準之著作權與競爭法之法律規定；並提出建言作為我國標準化體系之發展、參與國際標準制定活動、標準著作權保護分析架構、事實編輯物（資料庫）保護模式、競爭法對標準與認證活動之適用以及切入拒絕交易案件等之參考。 / In a knowledge-based economy, whoever dominates rules-developing overpowers the market. Most of the standards are set by the government and private organizations; therefore, a study on standard-setting organizations is of essential value. The Government leverages its regulatory function by adopting law standards promulgated and copyrighted by non-governmental actors. Despite governmental ambitions, no one is responsible for evaluating the legitimacy of this approach ex ante and no framework exists to facilitate analysis. On the other hand, standard-developing and conformity assessment increasingly falls on the shoulders of industry associations and lead to impartiality concerns from the antitrust law perspective. Regarding standards that are generated and controlled by private actors exposing citizens to criminal, civil and administrative sanctions, this paper contributes an analytical framework and proposes institutional mechanisms to implement it in terms of copyright. This paper extends by questioning if copyright would be an appropriate form to protect standards in the Internet industry. Then, it explores ways to protect compilation of facts and databases once they are de facto standards. Following the antitrust concerns, this paper focuses on industry standard-setting organizations within a specific territory to explore the antitrust and unfair competition problems confronting the role of the de facto standard-setters or the certification performers and the refusal to deal involving intellectual property issues. As foundations, this paper initiates by a detailed study of concepts and applications surrounding standardization; then, it leads to how a standards is produced, how standard-developing organizations in various levels affect the market, and how the intellectual property problems involves in standardization. In conclusion, based upon in-depth coverage of copyright and antitrust predicaments facing applications of national standards and industry standards, this paper interprets how copyright and antitrust laws work to protect business standards. At the same time, it delivers suggestions for the development of our standardization system, involvement of international standard-setting activities, an analytical framework for standards in copyright, protection for compilation of facts and databases, and how antitrust laws works when it comes to non-governmental standard-setting actors.

本文研究之議題，並非有關政治面或其他社會面所稱之杯葛，而是競爭法領域中之杯葛行為，主要為公平交易法第十九條第一款所規範之情形。 本文之研究目的，主要希望能對公平交易法第十九條第一項之構成要件、違法性、法律效果等數項議題，參考他國立法例及學說進行研究，並就實務處理進行分析檢討，以及提出管見之看法及建議。 本論文共分為七章。第一章為「緒論」，分為研究題目之說明、研究動機與目的、研究方法、研究範圍及限制，及研究架構等部分，旨在介紹論文的基本方向與架構。 第二章，則是討論「我國法對於杯葛行為之規範及相關內容」。於第一節中，首先進行杯葛行為之基本介紹，以使讀者瞭解本文所處理之客體為何，並且明瞭規範杯葛行為之目的。第二節之內容，是針對公平交易法第十九條第一款，為一全面性介紹。第三節，是就公平交易法第二十四條之適用可能，為一討論。第四節，則是討論民法部分於杯葛行為之適用可能及適用情形。 第三章，討論「美國法對於杯葛行為之規範及分析」。第一節之概說，乃為後述討論內容作一引言。第二節，是就規範杯葛行為之條文－休曼法第一條、聯邦貿易委員會法第五條，作一相關闡釋。第三節，是就美國判例，參考學者Hylton, Keith N.教授的見解，區分三個不同時期，介紹杯葛行為於實務之不同評價演變。第四節，則對本章之內容作一總結。 第四章介紹「德國法對於杯葛行為之規範及分析」。第一節之概說，乃為後述討論內容作一引言。第二節，是就限制競爭防止法第二十一條第一項（GWB §21Ⅰ）為相關闡述。第三節，是就不正競爭防止法第三條（UWG §3），其適用情形及相關內容進行分析。第四節，是就德國民法有關侵權行為之規定（BGB §823、§826），討論杯葛行為之適用情形。第五節，乃討論杯葛行為與憲法上言論自由保護其間之關係。 第五章乃在探討「杯葛行為於我國法制面及實務操作之爭議問題研究」。於第一節中，處理者乃杯葛行為之體系定位之問題。第二節，進行構成要件之細部問題分析；例如，發話人究否應具有一定市場力量？第三節，針對杯葛行為之違法性，分析是否存在進行杯葛行為之正當理由。第四節，旨在討論杯葛行為之法律效果問題。第五節，核心集中於公平會對於同業公會所發起之杯葛行為，究應以第十四條或第十九條第一款論斷為妥？第六節，主要在處理杯葛與其他概念之區別。第七節，則在處理公平交易法第十九條第一款與其他條文競合之問題。 第六章之內容為「實務重要案例之分析及檢討建議與結論」。此部分本文選擇較具重要性之公平會處分案，整理實務之看法及處理模式，並加以分析及檢討。 第七章則是進行「結論與建議」。本文將彙整前面各章之重點，針對本文關心之相關爭點及問題，提出拙見，以供參考。 / This thesis focus on the topic of boycotts issues in competition law, especially article 19 subparagraph 1 of the Fair Trade Law of Taiwan. There are 7 chapters in this study. In chapter 1, there is an introduction to this research such as the structure of this paper. Chapter 2 discusses the regulations about boycotts in Taiwan, including article 19 subparagraph 1 and article 24 of the Fair Trade Law and article 184 of the Civil Law. Besides, in this chapter there are essential introductions to boycotts, e.g. what purpose the party has. Chapter 3 observes how U.S. treats boycotts. According to the observance of professor Hylton, Keith N., the court used different standers to judge boycotts in various periods. This chapter will focus on what doctrine the court adopted to consider boycotts－rule of reason, or illegal per se? On the other hand, chapter 4 introduces rules of boycotts in Germany. There are several important parts: GWB §21Ⅰ, UWG §3, and BGB §823、§826. Besides, there is a point about the relation of boycotts and freedom of speech. Chapter 5 deals several problems of boycotts in Taiwan practices and Fair Trade Law. Besides the opponents of the articles, this chapter tried to solve problems such as should we consider market power of the party? Further more, there are comparisons about boycotts and other similar concepts or topics. Chapter 6 proceeds analysis about the cases in Taiwan practices, especially decisions of the Fair Trade Commission. In chapter 7 the author offered his opinions about some issues of boycotts.

Le droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience et de religion expressément reconnu à l’enfant par l’article 14 de la Convention internationale de New York adoptée en 1989 soulève de nombreuses questions. En raison de l’état de dépendance de l’enfant et de sa vulnérabilité, l’exercice de cette liberté apparaît particulièrement fragilisée. Les droits de l’enfant sont en effet menacés de toute part, tant par l’autorité publique, que par sa famille, ou par des tiers, voire par l’enfant lui-même. Les parents tout en étant les premiers protecteurs et les premiers « guides spirituels » de l’enfant pourront parallèlement représenter les premiers obstacles à l’exercice de sa liberté religieuse pleine et entière suscitant un conflit entre droits parentaux et droits de l’enfant. L’État s’érige d’ailleurs en protecteur lorsque ses parents lui font courir un risque au nom même de leurs convictions religieuses. Le juge pourra aussi connaître de conflits familiaux provoqués par un désaccord religieux. Garant de l’ordre public, l’État sera parfois amené à limiter la liberté religieuse de l’enfant et de ses parents en mettant en avant la primauté d’un intérêt social tel la sauvegarde du principe de laïcité. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de considérer la question de la liberté religieuse de l’enfant à la fois dans la sphère familiale et plus largement dans la société en nous interrogeant notamment quant à l’effectivité réelle du droit de liberté religieuse de l’enfant. Comme pour tout sujet touchant aux droits de l’enfant, la recherche de l’équilibre entre liberté et protection s’inscrit sur un chemin difficile dont témoigne l’étude du droit de l’enfant à la liberté religieuse. / The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion expressly granted to the child under article 14 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989 raises many questions. Regarding his particular dependence and vulnerability, the exercise of this liberty by the child appears particularly weaken. Children’s rights are indeed threatened from all quarters, so much by public authority as by their family or by third parties, if not by the child himself. Parents, while being his first protectors and first “spiritual guides”, can also represent the first obstacle to the full exercise of the child’s freedom of religion, therefore raising a conflict between parental and children’s rights. It is to be noticed that the State establishes itselfs as the protector of the child whenever parents endanger him even in the name of religious beliefs. The judge might also intervene within family conflicts resulting from religious disagreements. Ensuring public order as well, the State will in some cases subject child’s and parents’ freedom of religion to limitations deemed necessary in regard to the primacy of a particular social interest such as the protection of secularism. It seems therefore essential to consider the question of the child’s religious freedom within the family sphere as well as, to a larger extent, within society, while questioning the effectivity of the right of the child to religious freedom. As for any subject relating to children’s rights, the search for balance between freedom and protection is engaged on a difficult path as evidenced by this study on the right of the child to religious freedom.

Student non-attendance is a main challenge in TVET Colleges, especially in teaching and learning and the academic functioning of students. Various studies on student absenteeism and absenteeism in schools were reviewed in the literature. However, not much has been written about the challenges in TVET colleges. The focus of this research is on the three TVET College campuses in the Bojanala District in the North West Province. The qualitative method was used. Semi-structured interviews and non-participative observation were employed to gather information and the views of the participants about student absenteeism. The researcher selected the participants purposefully, as they have experienced the problem of absenteeism. Students and lecturers were selected as participants in the study. Lecturers acknowledged that the poor background of students was a contributing factor to poor attendance. The study concludes with recommendations on how to reduce the challenge of student non-attendance. The lack of transport money is a socioeconomic factor that contributes to student absenteeism in TVET colleges. It is recommended that NSFAS pays the transport money directly to the service provider. When students apply for a NSFAS bursary, they should provide proof of the transport that they use to help the bursary office in terms of transport arrangements. It is further recommended that all campuses should have student accommodation, and that bursary money should be paid directly to the accommodation services. / Educational Management and Leadership / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema "Hilfe zur Arbeit" nach dem BSHG. Grundsätzlich zielen alle mit Hilfe zur Arbeit im Zusammenhang stehenden Paragraphen des BSHG auf (Re-)Integration der Hilfeempfänger in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt und die Aktivierung der Selbsthilfekräfte. Unter Berücksichtigung der Zumutbarkeitskriterien geht die Bundesregierung von knapp einer Million benötigter Arbeitsplätzen aus, um alle in Frage kommenden Empfänger von laufender Hilfe zum Lebensunterhalt in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren. Die Schaffung und Akquise dieser Arbeitsplätze sind Aufgaben der Kommunen. Die vorliegende Studie spiegelt wieder, wie die Städte Dresden, Leipzig und Chemnitz die Paragraphen 18 bis 20 und 25 des BSHG bis zum Jahr 2000 in ihre Praxis umsetzten und welche Schlüsse sich daraus für das Gelingen einer beschäftigungsorientierten kommunalen Sozialpolitik unter lokalen Bedingungen ableiten lassen. Im von mir untersuchten Zeitraum führten alle drei Städte Maßnahmen der "Hilfe zur Arbeit" durch. Jede der Kommunen entwickelte eigene Konzepte zur Umsetzung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben. Zusammenfassend stelle ich fest, dass die Chancen auf einen Arbeitsplatz im Bereich des ersten Arbeitsmarktes, neben der direkten Einstellung mit Hilfe von Lohnkostenzuschüssen, im Anschluss an Maßnahmen mit Arbeitsvertrag am größten sind. Voraussetzung ist allerdings, dass der Hilfeempfänger ein Jahr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt war. Ich komme also mit Hilfe meiner Studie zu dem Ergebnis, dass "Hilfe zur Arbeit" nach dem BSHG für die Sozialhilfeempfänger lediglich eine äußerst geringe Chance darstellt, einen Arbeitsplatz auf dem ersten Arbeitsmarkt zu bekommen. Keinesfalls handelt es sich hierbei um eine wirkliche Chance und gleich recht nicht um ein Instrument, welches in der Lage ist Massenarbeitslosigkeit zu bekämpfen. Die Mehrzahl der Hilfeempfänger findet auf diesem Weg keine Arbeit auf dem ersten Arbeitsmarkt.