Thesis Perception of new media as a threat on an example of Black Mirror series deals with the Black Mirror series viewers' stand on new media threats. The aim is to detect if the series affected their opinions or behavior with new media in any way. This aim will be persuaded by using the method of semi-structured interviews. The topic of new media and their negative impacts on individuals and society is in sociology represented increasingly. Black Mirror series literally aiming to set up a black mirror for our lives with ever-evolving technologies adds a value that can affect the respondents' emotions and opinions on this topic. The theoretical part describes the transitions of society in modern day - concept of network society and risk society and explains the terms threat and risk. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on current new media threats. The second, practical, part describes the specific methodological procedures used in this thesis and thus the methods of thematic analysis and methods of qualitative interviews. This will be followed by a description of the research steps, a description of the results and the results interpretation.

Risker är ständigt närvarande i våra liv. I samhället finns många funktioner för att hantera dessa risker. På nationell nivå har Sverige totalförsvaret som hantera risker riktade mot nationen. Totalförsvarets uppgift är främst att förbereda Sverige för krig, men då totalförsvaret är uppbyggt av både militärt och civilt försvar omfattar det hela spektrumet av resurser för att hantera både fredstida kriser som konflikt och krig. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka problematiseringen i diskursen i den förda försvarspolitiken över tid och hur den har förändrats. Underlaget är försvarsberedningens rapporter under tiden 1995 tills den senaste 2019. Kopplat till modellerna kring Policy Change och Carol Bacchis metod ’What´s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) undersöks förändring i den politik som beskrivs samt vad som är problematiskt och inte i den. Resultatet visar på en förändring över tid i den politik som förts. Utifrån Policy Change är det den radikala modellen som förklarar vilket typ av förändring som skett. Förändringar sker vid stora omställningar i omvärlden. Försvarsberedningen har genom sina rapporter strävat efter att skapa sammanhållning och deltagande med andra politikområden som är viktiga för det svenska totalförsvaret. Det har även visat sig att människan tar liten plats i försvarsberedningens politik vilket försvarsberedningen uppfattar som oproblematisk. Slutsatser är att försvarspolitiken förändras när det sker stora förändringar i omvärlden. Då tillfällen visar sig har försvarsberedningen stora möjligheter att påverka den förda politiken. Det finns dock en risk att försvarspolitiken förlorar sin legitimitet om den exempelvis främjar ekonomiska och finansiella värden framför mänsklig säkerhet. Det krävs en sammanhållning mellan politikområdena för att få en långsiktighet i försvarspolitiken. / Risks are constantly present in our lives. There are many functions in the society that handles these risks. On a national level Sweden has the National Defence, which consists of military and civilian resources, that handles the risks that are directed at the nation. The National Defence’s primary objectives are to prepare Sweden for the eventuality of war. Since the National Defence is made up of both the military and civilian resources and covers the whole spectrum of capacities to manage both peacetime crisis, conflicts and war. The purpose of this study is to analyse what the problematisation is in the Swedish defence policy discourse and how it has changed over time. For the analysis all of the reports that the Swedish Defence Commission has submitted during the years 1995 to 2019. The change in the defence policy is analysed using is Carol Bacchi´s ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) method and the Policy Change framework in order to describe what change there has been in the defence policy and what is problematic and what is not. The result shows a change over time in the policy that is conducted. From a Policy Change perspective, the radical model best explains the type of policy change that has occurred: a change in the defence policy happens when big change happens in the outside world. The Defence Commission have, through their reports, tried to create coherence and participation with other policy fields that are important for the Swedish total defence. It has also showed that people take little space in the defence policy, which is one area that the Defence Commission finds unproblematic. Conclusion are that the Defence Policy changes when there are big changes in the outside world. When the opportunity shows itself then the Defence Commission have big possibilities to affect the policy process. There is a risk that the defence policy loses its legitimacy if it, for example, endorses a policy that focuses to heavily on economic and financial values before the security of the people. It requires coherence between the policy fields in order to create long-term stability in the defence policy.

Ett intensivt jordbruk anses leda till ett antal negativa miljöförändringar och mer miljövänliga jordbruksmetoder förespråkas av IPCC och IPBES varav skogsjordbruk är en metod som ses som ett hållbart alternativ. Det är en jordbruksmetod som hittills endast finns på få platser i Sverige, men som i andra delar av Europa och världen visat sig produktivt. Genom reflexiv diskursanalys avser denna studie undersöka konventionella jordbrukares och skogsjordbrukares upplevelse av sin verksamhet i förhållande till samhälle och miljö och deras syn på skogsjordbruk. Jordbrukare från respektive jordbrukstyp rekryterades för medverkan i separata fokusgrupper och ur dessa fokusgrupper valdes en jordbrukare ut för besök och deltagande observation. Båda jordbrukstyper såg sig som en del av naturen och visade omtanke för dess bevarande. De konventionella jordbrukarna såg sig som förvaltare av naturen och en viktig samhällsaktör med fokus på matproduktion och ekonomisk lönsamhet. Samtidigt kunde de konventionella jordbrukarna ses som både ofrivilligt låsta och försvarande en strömfåra - det etablerade industrisamhället. De ville förbättra miljön, men var fast i en ekonomisk cirkel. Skogsjordbrukarna fungerade som en kontrapunkt - en reaktion mot det etablerade jordbrukssystemet som de ansåg ohållbart. Istället ville de visa på ett alternativt samhälle och odlingssätt. Skogsjordbrukarna drevs av en vilja att förändra och ett ekologiskt fokus med en ekocentrisk och vid natursyn. Båda grupper menade att ett bättre bidragssystem skulle kunna leda till mer miljöarbete. / Intensified agriculture is considered as contributing to negative environmental changes. More positive methods of agriculture are advocated by IPCC and IPBES to halt these negative changes and agroforestry is one method that is considered as a sustainable alternative. Agroforestry as an agricultural method is only found in a few places in Sweden but is found in other parts of Europe and the world as a productive system with many environmental advantages. The purpose of this study was to examine what conventional farmers and agroforestry farmers thought about their work in relation to the environment and society and what their views were on agroforestry. Participants from the different methods were recruited to participate in separate focus groups and among these participants, one farmer from each method was recruited for participant observation. Both types of farmers had strong nature connectedness and cared about nature conservation. The conventional farmers saw themselves as stewards of nature and an important part of society that could work with the environment for food production and economic gain. At the same time, the conventional farmers could be seen as both involuntarily locked in and defending a mainstream - the established industrial society. They wanted to improve the environment but were stuck in an economic circle. The agroforestry farmers functioned as a counterpoint - a reaction against the established agricultural system which they considered unsustainable. Instead, they wanted to show an alternative society and way of farming. The agroforestry farmers were driven by a will to change and an ecological focus with an ecocentric and broader view of nature. Both groups believed that a better subsidy system could lead to more environmental work.

[pt] Centra-se a pesquisa em apontar inconsistências encontradas em tendência doutrinária hodierna, que se inclina favoravelmente ao estabelecimento de estamentos ascendentes de supressão de garantias e desenrijecimento de dogmas para a construção do Direito penal, seja no ato de criminalizar primariamente condutas de menor potencial ofensivo ou no que tange àquelas de gravidade máxima. O caminho metodológico utilizado foi o de contrapor duas categorizações acerca das quais a moderna doutrina identifica distinções mais nítidas: de um lado, o Direito penal clássico, assentado na proteção de bens jurídicos de índole exclusivamente antropocêntrica; de outro, o Direito penal econômico, que estende sua tutela às vicissitudes da sociedade de risco: bens jurídicos supra-individuais e interesses difusos e coletivos. Dividido em quatro capítulos, o trabalho aborda no primeiro deles as bases constitucionais em que se assenta a ordem econômica; em seguida, estuda-se o Direito penal clássico, inclusive no tocante à sua missão, finalidades e princípios em que se funda; no terceiro capítulo historia-se o surgimento do Direito penal econômico, apontam-se seus limites conceituais e se estabelecem seus critérios diferenciadores. Conclui-se o trabalho ideando que a dicotomia proposta pela doutrina produz efeito político-criminal de viés acentuadamente retórico, implicando, na verdade, em sub-reptício incremento do poder punitivo estatal. Nos casos envolvendo a chamada criminalidade de poderosos, serve para controle de ativos não certificados; enquanto à criminalidade convencional, legitima a exclusão da população redundante. / [en] The research aims at evidencing the inconsistencies found in contemporary theoretical trend, which favors the establishment of increasing conditions for the suppression of protections and weakening of dogmas in the conception of Penal Law, whether by primarily criminalizing conducts of minor offensive potential or those concerning maximum offensive potential. The methodological approach was to compare two categories modern theory establishes as distinct: on one hand, the classical Penal Law, based on the protection of legal interests of a solely anthropocentric nature; and, on the other hand, economic Penal Law, which casts its protection against the vicissitudes of the risk society: supra-individual legal interests and widespread and collective interests. The dissertation is divided in four chapters. In the first one, it focuses on the constitutional basis of the economic order. Then, it analyzes the classical Penal Law, including in relation to its tenets. In the third chapter, the emergence of the economic Penal Law is discussed; its conceptual limits are indicated and differentiating criteria are established. It is concluded that the dichotomy suggested by the theory produces a political-criminal effect of an extremely rhetorical bias, resulting, in actuality, in a surreptitious increase of the punitive power of the State. In cases involving the so-called criminality of the powerful, it functions as a control over non-certified assets; whereas regarding conventional criminality, it legitimates the exclusion of the disenfranchised population.

Med ett förändrat klimat förväntas nederbörd och kraftiga skyfall öka i framtiden. Detta i kombination med en ökad urbanisering och allt fler hårdgjorda ytor i städerna leder till att befintliga dagvattensystem kommer bli överbelastade. Nederbörden förväntas öka med 10-20 procent och avrinningen med 5-25 procent under det närmaste seklet. I många städer har de naturliga avrinningsområdena försvunnit i samband med urbaniseringen och bostäder byggs på olämpliga platser med stor översvämningsrisk. Behovet av en hållbar dagvattenhantering är betydande för att undvika negativa konsekvenser i städerna framöver. Den traditionella dagvattenhantering med rörsystem blir alltmer kritiserad för att vara ohållbar. I Malmö är dagvattenfrågan högst aktuell då staden nyligen blivit drabbad av översvämningar. Studiens fokus ligger på vilken syn större fastighetsägare och VA-huvudmannen har på dagvattenhantering i ett förändrat klimat. Studien är av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ karaktär och består av två intervjuer samt en kompletterande enkätundersökning. De slutsatser som framkommit av studien är följande: Det behövs ett ökat samarbete med skyfallsproblematiken i Malmö, förändring av lagstiftningen för tydligare ansvarsförhållanden, fastställa finansieringen av åtgärder, arbeta mer mot öppna lösningar och minska fokus på ledningsnätet, öka kunskapen hos stadsplanerare och fastighetsägare, lyfta dagvattenfrågan tidigt i planprocessen samt våga arbeta mot en långsiktigt hållbar stadsplanering som inte fokuserar på kortsiktiga vinstintressen. / As a result of the changing climate precipitation and intensified rainfalls is expected to increase. This combined with an increased urbanisation and more of hard surfaces in cities causes greater pressure on exsisting storm water systems. The precipitation over Sweden is expected to increase with 10-20 percent and the run-off with 5-25 percent over the next century. Due to the urbanisation the natural drainage areas have disappeared and areas with high flood risk have been exploitated. To avoid negative consequenses in the future, sustainable storm water management is needed. Conventional storm water systems is more and more criticized of being unsustainable. The storm water issue is a highly disscused topic in Malmö as the city flooded during 2014. The focus of the study is property owner and the public water suppliers view on storm water management in a changing climate. The study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods and consists of two interviews and a supplementary questionnaire. The study’s conclusions are as followed: the need for increased cooperation with torrential rain problems in Malmö, change in legislation in terms of clarify responsibilities, determine the financing of measures, work more towards open solutions and reduce the focus on pipe-based storm water system, increase knowledge among city planners and property owners, bring up the stormwater issue early in the planning process and a determenation to work towards long-term sustainable planning rather than focusing on short- term profits.

This dissertation addresses the complex challenge of communicating knowledge about environmental risks from toxic chemicals. Modern environmental risks are often invisible and technically complex, making the management of these risks highly dependent on data and information. Reliance on risk knowledge necessitates effective dissemination and communication by government agencies, yet the public's engagement with this information remains unclear due to limited real-world studies. This dissertation is comprised of three standalone papers bridging this gap. Each focuses on different aspects of risk knowledge communication using news dialogues as data sources. The first paper investigates the communication of location-specific risk information through a case study of the Radford Army Ammunition Plant (RAAP). Using content analysis and logistic regression, the study examines how scientific information about local environmental issues is presented in news articles and what factors influence its inclusion. Findings highlight the varying capacities among different stakeholder groups to access and utilize scientific information, underscoring the need for governmental and research support for less-resourced groups. The second paper explores chemical-specific risk knowledge, focusing on the environmental risks associated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Employing a structural topic model (STM) and multinomial logistic regression, the study assesses the impact of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)'s Draft Toxicity Assessment for GenX, one of the PFAS chemicals, on news topics. Results indicate that the influence of new risk knowledge on news topics varies depending on community context, with significant impacts observed when communities are ready for governmental action or legislation using the new assessment. The third paper examines the use of the US EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) database in news media. Through exploratory analysis, it reveals how different stakeholders use TRI data to make claims about environmental risks, highlighting that environmental organizations are primary users who often reconstruct TRI data to make it more relevant to the public. This suggests their potential role as intermediaries in risk knowledge communication. This dissertation provides empirical evidence of the limited news coverage of environmental risk knowledge, the dominance of government sources, and the significant role of intermediary groups. The findings suggest policy implications for government agencies and other organizations, highlighting the need to improve the conveyance and communication of risk knowledge. Recommendations include providing more contextual information and training for communities and intermediary groups on interpreting and utilizing risk data and information. These aim to bolster public comprehension and responsiveness to environmental risks, thereby protecting public safety and health. / Doctor of Philosophy / Toxic chemicals in our environment pose serious risks, but these dangers are often invisible and complex, making them hard to understand and manage without data and information about them. This dissertation explores how information about these risks is shared with the public through printed and online news coverage, aiming to enhance communication and our understanding of these environmental threats. This dissertation presents findings from three studies, each focusing on different types of risk information. The first looks at scientific information about local environmental risks at the Radford Army Ammunition Plant communicated in the news. It shows that not all groups have the same ability to access and use scientific data, and people tend to or feel compelled to bring up scientific information when they claim that risks exist, while the same level of scientific proof is not deemed necessary when denying the risks. The second study identifies topics in the news coverage of a specific chemical risk, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination across the United States. This study also reveals how the publication of a new risk assessment for GenX – one type of PFAS chemical that was found to be more harmful than previously thought – changes the topics covered in the news. It finds that the impact of the new risk assessment depends on the readiness of communities to engage with the information and take action. The third study examines how a broad database of toxic chemical releases – the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory – is used by various groups speaking in the news. It finds that environmental organizations play a crucial role in making complex data understandable and relevant to the public. Overall, this dissertation highlights the challenges and importance of effectively sharing information about toxic chemicals. It suggests ways for government agencies and other organizations to improve how they communicate these risk data and information, such as providing more context and training for those who advocate or report on these issues. By doing so, we can help the public better understand and respond to environmental risks, ultimately protecting our health and the planet.

This study aims to examine, using a late modern perspective, the anti­vaccination discourse in Sweden. The study contributes to a better understanding of what is communicated in the discourse, the truths that are presented and how legitimacy is created. Through a broadened understanding of the way this resistance operates in digital media, we are given a better understanding of how authorities can respond to the increased vaccination resistance on these platforms. The theories used in this study is Ulrich Beck's theories of the late modern risk society, Henry Jenkins theory of participatory culture and media convergence and Michel Foucault's theory of power/knowledge and truth effects. The method used for this study is a discourse analysis inspired by Michel Foucault. The premise regarding the choice of material for the study was to adopt a position of a person seeking information regarding vaccine. Thus, a search at Google.com was made. The result showed that the authorities were under­represented in the hit lists in all the searches, and sometimes even completely absent. The results also show that the anti­vaccination discourse is characterized by a strong distrust of authorities, science and pharmaceutical companies. Further, truths about societal actors systematic cover­up of the vaccine's actual content and effects is revealed in the discourse. Moreover, there is a focus on the truths about vaccines. The vaccines are said to be ineffective, dangerous because of its toxic content and causing serious side effects. Furthermore, the diseases that we are vaccinated against is said to be harmless and natural. Overall, the anti­vaccination discourse presents a very critical view of the entire vaccine industry. Finally, this resistance must be faced and dealt with by the authorities to prevent serious social consequences due to decreased vaccination coverage.

本研究認為要了解台灣新聞媒體在「焚化風險/污染議題」上的表現，必須將其置放在台灣焚化政策爭議的整個歷史脈絡中來作探討，才能跨越「從媒體文本看世界」的侷限，了解國家、社會運動、媒體在「焚化政策爭議」中的互動關係。 研究方法方面，本研究以文獻分析法分析國家推動焚化爐的制度設計與「風險管理」的配套措施則，以參與觀察法、深度訪談與歷史文獻分析民間反焚化爐運動發的發展，並試圖辨識國家與社會運動各提出了哪些詮釋架構。在媒體文本方面，採用框架分析法。 本研究發現，從民國73年《都市垃圾處理方案》開始，「焚化」一直被定為主要垃圾處理政策；國家一方面以各種優惠、補貼、保障利潤的長期合約等機制扶植/圖利國內廠商；另一方面以「中央給錢、地方找地」的權責劃分原則搭配回饋金、公權力、民有民營模式三個機制來排除居民的反對與抗爭。 國家在推動焚化爐的過程中，鼓吹焚化有「減量化、安定化、衛生/無害化、資源回收、占地小、台灣垃圾適於焚化、焚化是先進國家主要垃圾處理方法」等優點，根本未提及戴奧辛及其他污染。待環保團體提出質疑，國家才透過新聞媒體來安撫社會大眾，提出「積極改善」、「配套措施」與「安全保證」，把問題導向「如何補救」而非「是否還要繼續接受污染」。在空氣污染防制方面，大型爐的戴奧辛排放標準遲至民國86年才訂出，小型爐管制最遲至92年才生效。鼓勵民間投資灰渣再利用的政策更是大大增加這些毒物流散到環境中的機率，而且因為我們看不見、不知道，所以毫無警覺。 早期的反焚化爐運動分成兩股力量，草根組織在社區抵擋焚化爐進入，專業環保團體則多次在媒體上揭露「焚化風險/污染」。民國88年起，開始有環保團體引介國外的反焚化論述給社區草根組織；在環保團體與地方組織緊密互動、串聯的過程中，發展出反焚化論述的「在地版本」，更快速壯大運動的影響力，迫使國家重新檢討焚化政策。在反美濃焚化爐的個案中，人們更見識到，在中央/地方政府施政作為與焚化技術雙雙失去正當性之後，焚化利益的政經共生體如何操弄法律、科學/技術與官僚體系特性來抗拒反對與改變。 在焚化風險的決策點上，中時、聯合兩大報並未提供警訊，主動揭露焚化爐可能帶來的風險/污染，也沒有自我批判或學習的能力，在下一次報導時提出警告。 在環保團體揭露焚化風險/污染時，兩報傾向用「兩面並陳、各說各話」的「衝突對立框架」來處理，但聯合報傾向凸顯兩造說法的兩極化、沒有交集，中時則是「形式對立、內容不強調對立」。不過，在揭露之後，民間團體還是很難得到媒體近用，但國家卻能輕鬆得到媒體進用，以科學研究的內部不確定性和外部權威、「安全保證」等機制，將議題引導至「風險管理」的詮釋框架，解除焚化政策的正當性危機。 在「反對焚化污染/風險運動」的媒體再現中，美濃反焚化爐運動完全被擠壓在地方版，只有官員圖利廠商被偵辦的新聞才上得了全國版，但此類「司法新聞」無法呈現中央/地方政府互踢皮球、集體卸責等整套「風險政治」的運作過程，不利於各地受害者的交流、串聯，亦不利社會輿論壓力的形成。 在討論垃圾問題的社論中，兩報均接受焚化是國家「既定政策」的事實，以「肯定並催促興建」、「視為既定事實」、「討論如何排除焚化爐興建困難的問題」、「信任科學/技術」等框架來支持「焚化爐是最佳方案」。「減量回收」政策從頭到尾都被套上個人實踐的道德化框架，削弱其可獨當一面，取代焚化爐的正當性，亦排除了國家在減量回收政策上的責任。 兩報探討垃圾與焚化爐問題的社論絕大多數是應垃圾大戰而寫，只有一篇聯合報社論以焚化爐風險為主題。兩報對於焚化爐爭議大致上有固定的框架，中國時報很一貫地抱持「焚化是不得不然的選擇」，所以要作好管制/公關工作的詮釋框架，聯合報則是一直強調源頭管制（減量）的重要性，只可惜該報的言論並不認為源頭管制可以完全取代焚化，故在立場上是採取「嚴格管制焚化爐，加上個人要作好源頭減量才是戴奧辛的治本之道」。不過，這種一致性僅限於全國版，地方版無法歸納出類似規則。

The diploma thesis "Media terrorism via bacteria E.coli" puts the so-called cucumber affair from Summer 2011 into wider context and aims to discover the main attributes of contemporary risks and define the way they are presented in the media. Misguiding media releases and the inability to identify the source of the bloody diarrhea outbreak in Germany caused by E.coli bacteria have collectively had a significant impact on consumer behavior and economic stability on a global level. Most people are dependent on government and expert authorities due to the fact that they cannot recognize what represents a realistic threat and what serves as a basis for media sensation. This is why this thesis studies the social constructionist theory, basic media routines and practices as well as theoretical concepts that support the production of pseudo-events. A content analysis of selected Czech dailies and weeklies was executed in order to enable a comparison of the language that has been common for all "pandemics" in the 21st century.

Nous sommes devenus insoutenables. Il faut organiser une responsabilité globale pour prendre soin deseffets systémiques planétaires de l’action collective. La Responsabilité Sociale peut être le modèlepratique de cette responsabilité au niveau des organisations. Mais il faut pouvoir fonder éthiquementcette nouvelle responsabilité collective, sans auteur, prospective, et qui n’impute plus tant les actes enles attribuant à des sujets que les impacts des actes en créant des collectifs solidaires. C’est ce que nousfaisons dans cette thèse, en fondant une éthique à trois dimensions : vertu, justice, soutenabilité ; et enreformulant la Responsabilité Sociale des Sciences comme celle des Entreprises sous l’égide d’uneéthique de la discussion. Sur ces fondements éthiques, la Responsabilité Sociale ne peut plus êtreconçue comme engagement volontaire mais comme devoir à institutionnaliser par régulation hybridede notre coresponsabilité / We have become unsustainable. We have to organize a global responsibility to take care of theplanetary side-effects of human action. Social Responsibility may be the practical model of thisresponsibility for the various organizations. But we must found ethically this new collective,anonymous and prospective responsibility, which is not imputing acts to somebody any longer, butcreates united groups to take care of the impacts of people’s acts. In this philosophical thesis, we definea 3D ethic: virtue, justice, sustainability. We reformulate Corporate Social Responsibility andScientific Social Responsibility under the aegis of the discourse ethics (Apel, Habermas). Because ofthis ethical foundation, Social Responsibility can no longer be conceived as a voluntary commitmentbut as a duty that has to be institutionalized by a hybrid regulation of our shared responsibility / Nos hemos vuelto insostenibles. Hay que organizar una responsabilidad global para cuidar de losefectos sistémicos planetarios de la acción colectiva. La responsabilidad social puede ser el modelopráctico de esta responsabilidad en las organizaciones. Pero hay que poder fundamentar éticamenteesta nueva responsabilidad colectiva, sin autor, prospectiva, y que, en lugar de imputar actos a sujetos,imputa más bien impactos de los actos creando colectivos solidarios. Es lo que hacemos en esta tesis,fundamentando una ética en tres dimensiones: virtud, justicia, sostenibilidad; y reformulando laresponsabilidad social científica tanto como empresarial en términos de ética del discurso. Sobre estosfundamentos éticos, ya no se puede seguir concibiendo la responsabilidad social como compromisovoluntario facultativo, sino como deber a institucionalizar mediante una regulación híbrida de nuestracorresponsabilidad