Insomni och depression är två  psykiatriska tillstånd med hög prevalens. Prevalensen för insomni är ca 11% hos den svenska befolkningen och motsvarande siffror för depression är ca 5-8%. Komorbiditet mellan dessa två tillstånd är vanligt förekommande. Dessa två tillstånd är ofta teoretiskt sammankopplade med de två kognitiva processerna oro och ruminering. En behandlingsmetod som visat sig vara effektiv mot respektive tillstånd är kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT). I föreliggande studie har internetbaserad KBT (iKBT) där båda tillstånden behandlas simultant studerats. Studiens huvudsakliga syfte var att undersöka skillnaden i utfall mellan en behandlingsmetod och en kontrollbehandling samt dess långtidseffekter. Totalt inkluderades 124 deltagare som randomiserades till antingen kombinationsbehandling mot komorbid insomni och depression (n=63), eller kontrollbehandling mot depression med desensibilisering som placebo mot insomni (n=61). Resultatet visar att behandlingsgruppen har en statistiskt signifikant större sänkning av insomnisymtom mellan före- och eftermätning jämfört med kontrollbehandling. Statistiskt signifikanta samband förekom gällande förändring i insomnisymtom, depressionssymtom, oro och ruminering mellan två mättillfällen. Förändring i oro mellan före- och eftermätning kunde predicera utfall i förändringsvärde för insomnisymtom mellan föremätning och FU36. Förändring i oro mellan före- och eftermätning kunde predicera nivå av depressionssymtom vid FU36. Studiens resultat stärker hypotesen att insomni är ett tillstånd som kräver specifik behandling och att det finns ett samband mellan insomni och depression samt de kognitiva processerna oro och ruminering men att detta samband bör undersökas ytterligare. / Insomnia and depression are two psychiatric conditions with high prevalence in the general population. Insomnia occurs among around 11% of the Swedish population and the equivalence for depression is around 5-8%. These conditions frequently appear comorbidly. There has found to be a theoretical link between these two conditions and the cognitive processes labeled anxious worry and rumination. One treatment method which has shown itself to be effective in treating these respective conditions is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In the present study, internet-delivered CBT aiming to treat both conditions simultaneously have been studied with the purpose of evaluating two different methods and the long term effects of these methods. A total of 124 participants were included and randomized to either a combined treatment for insomnia or depression (n=63) or a control treatment consisting of treatment for depression and desensibilisation as placebo for insomnia (n=61). The results of the present study indicates a statistically significant effect on symptoms of insomnia between pre- and post measurements depending on treatment group. There was a statistically significant correlation between change in all the four domains, depression, insomnia, rumination and anxious worry between two separate measurements. A change in anxious worry between pre and post measurements was also found to predict the level of change in insomnia symptoms between pre and 36 month follow-up measurements. Change in anxious worry between pre and post measurements could also predict the level of depression observed at the measurement at the 36 month follow-up. The findings in this study corroborates the hypotheses that insomnia is a condition which require a specific treatment and that there is a relation between insomnia and depression and the cognitive processes anxious worry and rumination but that this relation needs to be further examined. / ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01663844 New Clinical Applications for Internet-based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia and Depression

Il benessere degli animali è uno dei temi più discussi temi delle scienze animali. Molti ricercatori hanno provato a darne una definizione e a sviluppare strumenti utili alla sua valutazione negli allevamenti di vacche da latte. Nel presente lavoro viene discussa la possibilità di valutare il benessere degli animali, attraverso sistemi di innovazione da diversi punti di vista: scientifico, economico e zootecnico. Quattro differenti ricerche sono state sviluppate per confrontare i risultati sulla valutazione del benessere degli animali negli allevamenti da latte ottenuti con: indici fisiologici, modello SDIB e un sistema di monitoraggio della ruminazione. / Animal welfare is one of the most discussed topic in the animal science. Many researchers have been proving to define animal welfare and to develop tools useful to assess its levels in dairy farms. In the present issue it is discussed with different point of view (scientific, economical and zootechnic) the opportunity to assess the animal welfare through innovations system. Our different research was develop to compare the results about animal welfare in dairy herds obtained by physiological indices as well as blood variables, a model for animal welfare assessment as well as IDSW model, a rumination monitoring system.

本研究主要目的在於探討在不同情緒經驗及反芻風格對男女性自傷行為的影響。回顧過去研究，情緒被認為是多數自傷者自傷的動機及原因之一。可惜的是，大多數研究聚焦在負向情緒經驗，而較少探討正向情緒及不同激發程度的影響力。Selby（2008）的情緒瀑布理論提出反芻風格能夠增加負面情緒強度的論點，也暗示了反芻風格也是另一個與自傷行為相關認知因子。因此本研究認為情緒經驗與反芻風格可能皆為自傷發生的關鍵。有鑑於許多文獻結果指出，男女性的自傷危險因子可能存在差異，本研究便把性別差異納入考量，欲了解男、女性是否在情緒經驗及反芻風格的自傷預測因子有所不同。 本研究對象為508位北部某私立高職部學生，請學生填寫包含基本資料、反芻風格、自傷狀況及情緒經驗的評估共四部份問卷。研究結果顯示，在預測過去一年自傷行為的因子上，的確有性別差異。對女性來說，預測過去一年是否自傷的有效因子分別為負向情緒及負向低激發情緒，男性則是負向情緒及正向低激發情緒。在自傷頻率方面，對男女性來說，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為有效預測因子。在自傷種類數方面，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為女性自傷頻率的有效預測因子；對男性來說，則是負向情緒及低激發情緒能夠有效預測過去一年自傷種類多寡。研究最後針對這樣的結果做進一步討論及提供實務上的意涵及應用。 / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion experiences and rumination styles on Non-suicidal self-injury behavior (NSSI) in males and females. According to past studies, emotion was considered a critical factor in motivating individuals to practice NSSI. However, most studies focused on negative emotion experiences, and ignored the role of positive emotions and the effect of emotion activation level. Moreover, Selby’s Emotional Cascade Model proposes that rumination style will increase the negative affect intensity, suggesting that rumination style may be another key factor to NSSI. In addition, due to several studies have shown gender differences in risk factors for NSSI, the gender difference will be also take into account in the present study. To sum up, the present study aimed to examine gender differences in predictors (i.e., emotion experiences and rumination styles) for NSSI. The participants were 508 high school students from one of the private vocational high school in Northern Taiwan. All participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire pack which included demographic questionnaire, short-form rumination style questionnaire, deliberate self- harm inventory, and affect valuation inventory. The results show that gender differences in predicting NSSI existed: First, in predicting the occurrence of NSSI in the past year, negative affect and low arousal negative emotion were the most effective factors for females; negative emotion and low arousal positive emotion were the most effective ones for males. Second, neither emotion experience nor rumination style can predict the frequency of NSSI in the past year for males and females. Third, in predicting the numbers of types of self-injury used in the past year, there was no effective predictor for females; negative emotion and low arousal emotion were the effective predictors for males. Finally, the results and the practical implication were discussed in the thesis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the reflection of supplementation with integral rice bran and/or protected fat in the productive parameters of oat and ryegrass pasture and in the development, reproductive performance and behavior of beef heifers. Twenty-eight heifers, Charolais x Nellore crossbred, with initial average age of 18 moths and initial average weight of 274.9 kg, were distributed into four treatments with three repetitions per area. The animals were kept in oat + ryegrass pasture and distributed into the following treatments: Without supplementation (SS): heifers kept in pasture; Megalac (MEG): supplementation with protected fat; Integral rice bran (FAI): supplementation with integral rice bran; FAI+MEG: supplementation with integral rice bran + protected fat. The pasture intake increased throughout the periods (Y=2.71542+.01665*Day; P=.0023). The animal stocking, stocking rate, loss of forage and pasture intake weren´t influenced by treatments (P>.05). Body condition of heifers increased linearly .012 points every day, correlating positively with the final weight (r=.79; P<.0001). The greatest daily weight gain, 1.395 kg, occurred at the first period and when animals were supplemented with FAI+MEG. At the last period, animals from SS treatment had the lowest daily weight gain, .888 kg. Neutral detergent fiber intake increased linearly .045 kg per day (P<.05) during grazing periods. The supplementation with FAI and FAI+MEG reduced the time spent by heifers with grazing, 49.63%, in relation to animals from SS and MEG treatments, 63.13%. The feeding stations per minute had an increase during grazing periods due to the reduction in time spent in each feeding station and the linear decrease of bit number per feeding station (P<.05), the latter ranging 34.48% lower at the final of grazing period. The supplementation of beef heifers with integral rice bran and/or protected fat doesn‟t alter productive parameters of oat and ryegrass pasture, neither pasture intake and total dry matter intake. Increases in daily accumulation of dry matter and feeding conversion promoted an increase in forage losses. The average daily weight gain is not changed by the supplementation. The use of pasture of temperate climate, supplemented or not, promotes adequate structural and reproductive development of the heifers, given benefiting the zootecnic indices at the first mating at 25/27 months of age. The heifers supplemented with FAI and FAI+MEG require less time for activities of grazing seizure. Grazing and idle times don‟t change with periods of grazing, however rumination time grows with the increase of neutral detergent fiber intake. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o reflexo da suplementação com farelo de arroz integral e/ou gordura protegida nos parâmetro produtivos da pastagem de aveia e azevém e no desenvolvimento, desempenho reprodutivo e comportamento de novilhas de corte. Utilizaram-se 28 novilhas cruzas Charolês x Nelore com idade média inicial de 18 meses e peso vivo inicial médio de 274,9 kg, divididas em quatro tratamentos com três repetições por área. Os animais foram mantidos em pastagem de aveia + azevém e distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: Sem suplementação (SS): novilhas mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem; Megalac (MEG): suplementação com gordura protegida; Farelo de arroz integral (FAI): suplementação com FAI; FAI+MEG: suplementação FAI mais gordura protegida. O consumo do pasto foi crescente ao longo dos períodos (Y=2,71542+0,01665*Dia; P=0,0023). A carga animal, lotação, perdas de forragem e consumo do pasto não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos (P>0,05). A condição corporal das novilhas aumentou linearmente, com acréscimo a cada dia de 0,012 pontos, correlacionando-se positivamente com o peso final (r=0,79; P<0,0001). O maior ganho de peso diário, 1,395 kg, ocorreu no primeiro período quando os animais foram suplementados com FAI+MEG. No último período os animais SS apresentaram o menor ganho de peso diário, 0,888 kg. O consumo de fibra detergente neutro aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) em 0,045 kg por dia no decorrer dos períodos de pastejo. A suplementação com FAI e FAI+MEG reduziu o tempo despendido pelas novilhas para pastejo, 49,63%, em relação aos animais SS e MEG, 63,13%. As estações alimentares por minuto tiveram aumento crescente no decorrer do período de pastejo com redução no tempo gasto em cada estação alimentar e decréscimo linear no número de bocados por estação alimentar (P<0,05), sendo a variação deste último de 34,48% a menos no final do período de pastejo. A suplementação de novilhas de corte com FAI e/ou gordura protegida não altera os parâmetros produtivos da pastagem de aveia e azevém, nem o consumo do pasto e o consumo total de matéria seca. Aumentos da taxa de acúmulo diário de matéria seca e da carga animal promovem aumento das perdas de forragem. O ganho de peso diário não é alterado por ocasião da suplementação. O uso de pastagem temperada suplementada ou não, promove adequado desenvolvimento estrutural e do trato reprodutivo das novilhas, beneficiando os índices zootécnicos no primeiro acasalamento aos 25/27 meses de idade. Novilhas suplementadas com FAI e FAI+MEG demandam menos tempo para a atividade de pastejo e aumentam seu período de ócio, sem modificar seus padrões de deslocamento dentro do piquete e apreensão do pasto. O tempo de pastejo e ócio não sofrem alterações nos distintos períodos de utilização da pastagem, porém, o tempo de ruminação aumenta com o aumento da ingestão da fibra detergente neutro.

Aiming at evaluating the daily basis total amount of time of the main dairy cows activities in grazing land, and to define the adequate time sessions to the dairy cows behavior check and to evaluate the shade availability influence in grazing land areas in physiologic responses of dairy cows. An experiment was conducted at UFSM Bovine laboratory of the Animal Science Department RS with 18 dairy cows. The experiment was composed by two treatments: artificial shading (six m2/cow) and no shading. The ruminant-forage systems herbage allowance was estimated through millet (Pennisetum americanum) ruminant-forage availability estimations, made at the beginning of each period of behavioral evaluation. Four evaluation periods were conducted, at a total of 20 daily hours, being observed, every 5 minutes (morning period) and every 10 minutes (night period), the occurrence of grazing activity, rumination and steadiness. The different intervals of observation evaluated were: 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes in the morning and 10 and 20 minutes at night. The physiological parameters evaluated were: rectal temperature (°C), respiratory frequency (mov/min) and heart Frequency (beats/min). The animals were distributed in a whole casual lining with 9 cows per treatment. The reduction in the offer of ruminant-forage increased the grazing time and the rumination diminished the steady period. The animals without access to the shade decrease the grazing time, without compensating that with night grazing. There was a difference in the grazing activity between the periods, considering that the cows have grazed more during the morning than during the night. The cows ruminated more at night, having no difference between the treatments, however during the day the cows with no shade available kept more time ruminating. For the animals with access to the shade this activity has been higher during the night, which did not differ from the treatment without access to the shade. The average morning time of grazing, rumination and leisure did not differ (P>0.05) for the different intervals used in the four observation periods. Animals without access to the artificial shade have rectal temperatures, respiratory frequency and cardiac frequency increased if compared to animals that had access to the shade / Com os objetivos de avaliar o tempo total diário das principais atividades de vacas leiteiras em pastejo, de definir o intervalo de tempo adequado para a tomada do registro de comportamento de vacas leiteiras e de avaliar a influência da disponibilidade de sombra em áreas de pastagem nas respostas fisiológicas de vacas leiteiras, foi desenvolvido um experimento no Laboratório de Bovinocultura de Leite do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFSM - RS com 18 vacas lactantes. O experimento foi composto por dois tratamentos: com sombreamento artificial (seis m2/vaca) e sem sombreamento. A oferta de forragem foi estimada a partir das estimativas de disponibilidade de forragem do milheto (Pennisetum americanum) realizadas no início de cada período de avaliação comportamental. Foram realizados quatro períodos de avaliação totalizando 20 horas diárias, sendo observada, a cada cinco minutos (período diurno) e a cada 10 minutos (período noturno), a ocorrência das atividades de pastejo, ruminação e ócio. Os diferentes intervalos de observação avaliados foram: 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos no período da manhã e 10 e 20 minutos à noite. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: temperatura retal (°C), freqüência respiratória (mov/min) e freqüência cardíaca (bat/min). Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com nove vacas por tratamento. A redução na oferta de forragem aumentou o tempo de pastejo e de ruminação e diminuiu o tempo de ócio. Os animais sem acesso à sombra diminuem o tempo de pastejo, sem conseguir compensá-lo com pastejo noturno. Houve diferença na atividade de pastejo entre os períodos, sendo que as vacas pastejaram mais durante o dia que durante a noite. As vacas ruminaram mais à noite, não havendo diferença entre tratamentos, entretanto durante o dia as vacas sem disponibilidade de sombra permaneceram mais tempo em ruminação. Para a atividade de ócio, não foram observadas diferenças entre os períodos, nos animais sem acesso à sombra. Para os animais com acesso à sombra esta atividade foi maior no período noturno, o qual não diferiu do tratamento sem acesso à sombra. Os tempos médios diurnos de pastejo, ruminação e ócio não diferiram (P>0,05) para os diferentes intervalos utilizados nos quatro períodos de observação. Animais sem acesso à sombra artificial tem as temperaturas retais, freqüências respiratórias e freqüências cardíacas aumentadas em comparação com os animais que tiveram acesso à sombra

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present study was developed with the objective of evaluate if the frequency of roughage and supplement supply and/or animal category affect performance and behavior of feedlot cattle. Sixteen heifers and sixteen cows were used, with average initial age of 20 and 66 months and average initial weight of 338 and 462 kg, respectively. The frequencies of roughage and supplement supply were: 2 V/C roughage and supplement 2 times per day; 1 V/C roughage and supplement 1 time per day; 1 V/2 C roughage 1 time per day and supplement 2 times per day; 1 V/3 C roughage 1 time per day and supplement 3 times per day. Each food supply was offered to cows and heifers. The supplied diet was composed by 60% of maize silage and 40% of concentrate, on dry matter base (DM). The process of obtaining performance parameters was by animal weighting and attribution of body condition, weighting of the supplied food and it s respective orts, chemical analysis of diet ingredients and orts. Behavior parameters were obtained by register of animal activities at each 5 minutes, beyond counting chews per ruminated bolus and it s duration. The complete randomized experimental design was used, with a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. No significant interaction was observed (P>.05) between supply frequencies and animal category for performance variables. For ingestive behavior, was observed interaction between supply and animal category for rumination (RT) and idle (IDT) times, efficiencies of dry matter rumination (EDMR) and neutral detergent fiber rumination (ENDFR), number of daily bolus and daily time of chews (DTC). Supply frequencies did not influence (P>.05) average daily weight gain (ADWG). Dry matter intake (DMI) per animal was superior for animal of 1 V/2 C or 1 V/3 C treatments. The DMI and digestible energy intake per animal and per metabolic size were higher for cows, however ADWG was similar (1.330 vs. 1.378, respectively), resulting on worst food conversion for cows in relation to heifers (9.4 vs. 7.4 kg, respectively). Heifers showed higher (P<.05) IDT and DTC when compared with cows that received food once in a day. Time of food intake (TFI) did not vary (P>.05) with supply frequencies. Ingestion rate (IR) was higher (P<.05) for animals that received 1 V/3 C, and did not differ from the ones that received 1 V/2 C in relation to 1 V/C and 2 V/C supply frequencies (2.89; 2.72; 2.43 and 2.48 kg of DM/hour of intake, respectively). Cows were higher for TFI and IR in relation to heifers (4.38 vs. 4.09 hours, 2.91 vs. 2.35 kg of DM/hour of intake, respectively). The frequencies supply of one, two or three times per day stimulates animals to intensify ingestion on the moment of the supply, but this don t alter time of food intake during the day and animals weight gain. / O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar se a freqüência do fornecimento do volumoso e concentrado e/ou a categoria animal afetam o desempenho e o comportamento de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizadas 16 novilhas e 16 vacas, com idade média inicial de 20 e 66 meses e peso médio inicial de 338 e 432 kg, respectivamente. As freqüências do fornecimento do volumoso e concentrado foram as seguintes: 2 V/C volumoso e concentrado 2 vezes ao dia; 1 V/C volumoso e concentrado 1 vez ao dia; 1 V/2 C volumoso 1 vez ao dia e o concentrado 2 vezes ao dia; 1 V/3 C volumoso 1 vez ao dia e o concentrado 3 vezes ao dia. Cada fornecimento alimentar foi ofertado nas categorias vaca e novilha. A dieta fornecida aos animais foi composta de 60% de silagem de milho e 40% de concentrado com base na matéria seca (MS). A obtenção das variáveis de desempenho ocorreu pela pesagem e atribuição de escore corporal aos animais, pesagem do alimento fornecido e respectivas sobras, análise bromatológica dos ingredientes da dieta e das sobras. As variáveis de comportamento foram avaliadas através do registro de atividades dos animais a cada 5 minutos, além da contagem de mastigações por bolo ruminado e sua duração. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 (fornecimentos x categoria animal). Não houve interação significativa (P>0,05) entre freqüência de fornecimento e categoria animal para as variáveis de desempenho. Para o comportamento ingestivo, foi observada interação entre o fornecimento e a categoria animal para o tempo de ruminação (TR) e ócio (TO), eficiência de ruminação da matéria seca (ERMS) e da fibra detergente neutro (ERFDN), número de bolos diário e tempo de mastigação diário (TMD). As freqüências do fornecimento não influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso médio diário (GMD). O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) por animal foi superior para os animais alimentados 1 V/2 C ou 1 V/3 C. O CMS e o consumo de energia digestível por animal e por tamanho metabólico foram superiores para as vacas em relação às novilhas, porém, o GMD foi semelhante (1,330 vs 1,378 kg, respectivamente), resultando em pior conversão alimentar (9,4 vs 7,4 kg, respectivamente). As novilhas apresentaram maiores (P<0,05) TO e TMD em relação às vacas quando receberam a alimentação uma vez ao dia. O tempo de consumo de alimento (TCA) não teve variação (P>0,05) conforme a freqüência do fornecimento da dieta. A taxa de ingestão (TI) foi superior (P<0,05) para os animais que receberam 1 V/3 C, e esta não diferiu dos que receberam 1 V/2 C em relação aos fornecimentos de 1 V/C e 2 V/C (2,89; 2,72; 2,43 e 2,48 kg de MS/hora de consumo, respectivamente). As vacas permaneceram mais TCA e apresentaram maiores TI em comparação às novilhas (4,38 vs 4,09 horas; 2,91 vs 2,35 kg de MS/hora de consumo, respectivamente). A freqüência do fornecimento do alimento aos animais em uma, duas ou três vezes ao dia estimula estes a intensificar a ingestão no momento do fornecimento, mas isso não altera o tempo de ingestão do alimento ao longo do dia e o ganho de peso dos animais.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A experiment, in the period May- September 2011, was conducted in an area of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria studying the ingestive behavior of beef heifers and calves in a natural grassland of Rio Grande do Sul, under rotational grazing with different intervals among grazing. The intervals among grazing was determinated by the thermal sums of 375 and 750 degree-days for each treatment. Grazing, leisure and rumination times, time spent in the supplementation and water troughs was evaluated on three occasions using visual assessment periods of 24 uninterrupted hours. Bite rates, feed stations and number of steps between stations were evaluated in two observations, one at the beginning and another at the end of the experiment. No differences were found among animal categories for these measures. There were differences in grazing and leisure times, between treatments, on the last evaluated period and could be attributed to differences between forage mass. Number of feed stations was different between periods and differed between treatments only in the second evaluation. The number of steps between stations was different between the two periods with only difference between treatments in the first assessment. Bite rate varied among the treatments in both evaluations. It was concluded that differences in sward structure, caused by the treatments, affected feeding behavior of both categories, and there were no differences between them. / Foi realizado um experimento em área pertencente a Universidade Federal de Santa Maria no período de maio a setembro de 2011 onde foi estudado o comportamento ingestivo de terneiras e novilhas em fase de recria no período de outono-inverno, em pastagem natural do Rio Grande do Sul, em duas alternativas de pastejo rotacionado com diferentes intervalos entre pastejo. O intervalo entre pastejo foi determinado pela soma térmica de 375 e 750 grausdia para cada tratamento. O comportamento ingestivo, para as atividades de ócio, pastejo, ruminação, tempo no cocho de água e tempo no cocho de sal, foi avaliado em três ocasiões por meio de avaliação visual em períodos de 24 horas de forma ininterrupta. As avaliações de estações alimentares e taxa de bocado foram realizadas em duas observações, sendo uma no período inicial e outra no final do experimento. Não foram encontradas diferenças para as atividades estudadas entre as categorias nas avaliações realizadas. Foram detectadas diferenças no tempo de pastejo e ócio, entre os tratamentos, no último período avaliado, podendo ser atribuídas a diferença significativa entre as massas de forragem. O número de estações alimentares visitadas por minuto variou entre períodos e apresentou diferença entre tratamentos somente na segunda avaliação. O número de passos entre estações foi diferente entre os dois períodos avaliados e houve diferença entre tratamentos somente na primeira avaliação. A taxa de bocado variou entre os tratamentos em ambas as avaliações. Conclui-se que as diferenças na estrutura da pastagem, oriundas dos tratamentos utilizados, afetaram o comportamento ingestivo de ambas as categorias, sem diferenças entre elas.

寬恕是一種跨文化人類共通的美德、是一種正向的心理特質，一種真正的生命智慧。因其有益於人際和諧、幸福感與身心健康，寬恕在近年來成為心理學所關注的議題。本研究旨在探究反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之現況，以及反芻思考與未來時間觀如何影響寬恕的建構，藉以深入瞭解反芻思考、未來時間觀與寬恕之關係。 本研究採用問卷調查法，以「多向度反芻焦點量表」、「未來時間態度量表」與「特質寬恕量表」為研究工具，研究對象為20歲以上成人共1,413位。所得有效問卷資料經描述統計、多變量變異數分析、區別分析、結構方程式模型等統計方法處理，研究發現如下： 1.20歲以上成人之反芻思考、未來時間觀與特質寬恕現況尚佳。 2.不同背景變項之成人在反芻思考整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）女性在「情緒焦點反芻」與「意義焦點反芻」上之得分顯著高於男性。 （2）高齡者的反芻思考整體與各向度之得分明顯較低。 3.不同背景變項之成人在未來時間觀整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）成人早期（20-30歲）與高齡者（60歲以上）在「未來時間觀點」沒有顯著差異，高齡者在「未來目標價值」與「對未來的準備與行動」上則顯著高於20-30歲之成人。 （2）年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較佳的未來時間觀。 4.不同背景變項之成人在特質寬恕整體及其分向度上有部分差異。 （1）男性在「寬恕命運」上之得分顯著高於女性。 （2）男性、年長、高教育水準、已婚且有宗教信仰者，有較高的寬恕傾向。 5.探討不同類型反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之關係，研究發現：情緒焦點與評價焦點此兩種類型反芻思考，與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈負相關；而意義焦點反芻與未來時間觀、特質寬恕呈正相關。 6.未來時間觀在反芻思考與特質寬恕間扮演中介角色，亦即，未來時間觀在情緒焦點反芻思考、評價焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有部分中介效果，在意義焦點反芻思考與未來時間觀、特質寬恕之間有完全中介效果。 本研究根據上述研究發現，分別對寬恕教育、諮商輔導提出建議，以作為教育工作者及後續研究之參考。 / Forgiveness is a kind of cross-cultural universal virtue of human, positive psychological strength, and authentic wisdom of life. Forgiveness has become an important topic of psychological researches in last decades, due to the benefits of interpersonal harmony, well-being, physical and mental health. The study aimed to investigate the current condition of the adults in Taiwan of their rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness, and furthermore addressed the relationships among these variables. The present study adopted the questionnaire investigation, comprising “Multidimensional Focused Rumination Scale”, “Attitude toward Future Time Scale”, and “Dispositional Forgiveness Scale” was conducted. Participants were 1,413 adults aged 20 and over in Taiwan. The effective data based on the questionnaire were then analyzed by using the descriptive statistics, MANOVA, discriminant analysis, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping. The findings were summarized as follows: 1.The present condition of Taiwan aged 20 and over adults’ rumination, future time perspective, and dispositional forgiveness was generally fine. 2.In terms of rumination, gender and age had a significant difference in overall rumination and its dimensions. I.The female participants had higher “emotion-focused rumination” and “meaning-focused rumination” scores than the male participants. II.The elder participants reported less ruminative thinking than other age groups. 3.In terms of future time perspective, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall future time perspective and its dimensions, while gender had no significant difference. I.There is no difference between younger and elder participants on “the perception of future time”, however, the elder participants reported higher “the valence of future goal” and “preparation and action for the future” than younger participants. II.The elder, high educated, married and religious believer, had better future time perspective. 4.In terms of dispositional forgiveness, gender, age, educational level, marital status and religion had a significant difference in overall dispositional forgiveness and its dimensions. I.The male participants had higher “forgiveness of fate” scores than the female participants. II.The male, elder, high educated, married and religious believer had a strong tendency to forgive. 5.In terms of different kind of rumination relate to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness: Emotion-focused rumination and evaluation-focused rumination were negatively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness, while meaning-focused rumination was positively related to future time perspective and dispositional forgiveness. 6.Future time perspective mediated the relationship between the rumination and the forgiveness. Furthermore, future time perspective partly mediated the relationship between the emotion-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, partly mediated the relationship between the evaluation-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness, and completely mediated the relationship between the meaning-focused rumination and the dispositional forgiveness. According to the above findings, this study proposes suggestions for forgiveness education, counseling and guidance, and future studies.

工作家庭衝突領域之研究已有豐富的理論與成果，探討短時間內工作家庭衝突隨著工作者所處環境與心理歷程的動態發展亦成為新興趨勢。本研究採用資源保存理論的觀點，認為工作者每日隨職家環境與認知歷程而變動的狀態性心理資源，能中介工作家庭衝突與工作者在職場與家庭中人際行為表現的關係，並提出反芻作為情境變項，驗證個體不同類型的認知思考對每日工作家庭衝突與關係損耗間的調節作用 本研究採用日記型研究法，首先進行前測調查，並隨後進行一周連續五個工作日的日記型問卷調查，研究資料共有96名受試者，433筆有效樣本，結果採取階層線性模型分析之。研究發現，每日的工作家庭衝突與家庭工作衝突皆顯著預測當日與主管、同事、與家人的關係損耗，並預測當日更低的自我效能。在反芻部分，負向反芻能降低工作者每日家庭對工作衝突與家人關係損耗的負向關係；問題解決反芻能降低工作者每日工作對家庭衝突與家人關係損耗的負向關係。其結果顯示，每日工作家庭衝突與個人自我調節資源有正向關聯，而透過不同的反芻型態，則能夠減緩衝突對於家人關係的負向影響。

過去研究創業成功的文獻很多，但少有研究探索創業團隊在競賽中的成功因素以及心理歷程，因此本研究以試圖以歷程的角度探究心理特質對創業團隊表現之影響。 創業家的創新性和創業成功有正向關聯，而創業的高失敗率及高工作量讓創業家長期處於高壓環境，是以抗壓性高的創業家容易脫穎而出；此外，創業家對壓力跟挫折的反應型態(例如反芻)也可能會影響創業績效。故本研究選擇創新性、壓力忍受及反芻(苦惱自責及深思反省)作為預測變項，企圖了解這些心理特質在創業競賽中的角色以及它們之間的關係。 本研究以自陳問卷蒐集資料，第一部分收集1557份線上問卷，得有效樣本1265份，結果發現創業者的創新性、壓力忍受及深思反省都顯著高於未創業者，苦惱自責則沒有差異。第二部分的研究對象為104年度「創新創業激勵計畫(From IP to IPO, FITI)」入圍初選的創業團隊(競賽初期)，並重複測量成功晉級第二(競賽中期)及第三階段(競賽後期)之團隊。總計發出631份問卷，回收490份，回收率78%，共54組團隊。結果發現初期深思反省和中期苦惱自責能正向預測創業團隊是否晉級下一階段。重複測量入圍第三階段的團隊，發現競賽後期的壓力忍受顯著比競賽初期的高，競賽中期的苦惱自責顯著高於競賽初期。創業團隊的心理屬性中，初期深思反省及初期壓力忍受皆能正向預測初期及中期的創新性，中期壓力忍受能正向預測中期創新性，後期壓力忍受能正向預測後期創新性。此外，初期壓力忍受能完全中介初期深思反省與中期創新性之間的關係。 / Starting a business helps the country's economy and in recent years, there are various business plan contests held by the Taiwan's government and industries, wishing to encourage people to start business and help the starters to make their businesses more successful. Although there are many literatures that studied on successful start-up, there are not many studies really explored on the factors of succeed among different contests and entrepreneurial team members’ psychological processes during the contests. Therefore, in this study the researcher attempts to explore the impact brought by the psychological traits on the performance of entrepreneurial teams from the perspective of psychological process. There is a positive correlation between an entrepreneur's innovativeness and entrepreneurial success. The high failure rate and workload put an entrepreneur in an environment with high pressure for long period of time, and therefore only the entrepreneur with high stress tolerance will stand out. In addition, the way entrepreneurs respond to stress and frustration, such as rumination, will also have influence on the performance, so in this study, these psychological traits, such as innovativeness, stress tolerance and rumination (brooding rumination and reflective pondering rumination) as the predictor variables, in order to understand the role of these psychological traits in business plan contests and the relation among them. In the study, the researcher collected data by the approach of self-report questionnaires. Through the first part of collecting online questionnaires,the statistical survey was proceed with 1265 effective samples from 1557 questionnaires, and the results showed the entrepreneur’s traits such as innovativeness, stress tolerance and reflective pondering were significantly higher than non-entrepreneurs, and as to the trait of brooding, there is no difference. The participants in the second part are 54 entrepreneur teams attended 2015 FITI held by the Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology. The results showed that, referring to the reflective pondering in the early stage and brooding in the middle stage can positively predict if the entrepreneurial teams could stay till the next stage. After repeatedly measuring the teams who successfully selected into the late stage, the researcher found that the stress tolerance they endured in the late stage of contest is significantly higher than the early stage of contest, and their brooding is significantly higher in the early stage than the middle stage of contest. Among the psychological traits of entrepreneurial teams, the reflective pondering and the stress tolerance in the early stage both can positively predict the innovativeness of early and middle stages, as the stress tolerance in the middle stage can positively predict the innovativeness in the middle stage, and the stress tolerance in the late stage can positively predict the innovativeness in the late stage. In addition, early stage stress tolerance can fully mediate the relation between early stage reflective pondering and middle stage innovativeness.