Este trabalho procura ampliar os conhecimentos a respeito da influência do enfoque na geração do valor aos acionistas sobre as práticas de gestão de pessoas, com ênfase no ambiente da produção. Inicialmente, o trabalho resgata as origens e os fundamentos da concepção financeira e da concepção da geração de valor ao acionista das empresas, em que o principal foco é a valorização do preço das ações. Em seguida, é analisada a interface que estas concepções possuem com as práticas de gestão de pessoas, explorando o caráter bidirecional desta interface, uma vez que a função recursos humanos não só é influenciada pelas diretrizes das empresas, mas também é tida como uma das principais formas para ajudar a difundi-las, tendo em vista seu papel de agente de mudança de comportamento nas empresas. Neste sentido, são aprofundados três principais elementos que compõem, segundo a literatura, esta interface: a remuneração variável, gestão de desempenho e autonomia no trabalho. Por fim, é apresentado um estudo de casos múltiplos que busca verificar como a concepção financeira das empresas vem influenciando, de fato, estas práticas relacionadas à gestão de pessoas no nível da produção de organizações que atuam no Brasil, assim como o quanto estas práticas têm contribuído para a difusão da mentalidade de geração de valor ao acionista. O resultado deste estudo indica que, no plano conceitual, a influência da orientação à geração de valor ao acionista sobre as práticas de gestão de pessoas é nítida, mas que, na prática, ainda é pouco efetivada, apesar de mudanças já estarem ocorrendo nesta direção. / The objective of this paper is to increase knowledge about the influence of the shareholder value on people management practices, with emphasis on the production environment. Initially, the paper takes a step backwards to the origins and fundaments regarding the finance conception and the shareholder value conception of the firm, where the main focus resides in increasing share prices. The paper then goes on to analyze the interface that these concepts possess with people management practices, exploring the two-way nature of said interface, in view that the human resources function is not only influenced by company guidelines, but is also deemed one of the main forms for helping disseminate it, due to its role as a change agent of behaviors in companies. As such, it delves into the three main elements that, according to literature, comprise this interface: variable compensation, performance management and work autonomy. Lastly, the paper presents a multiple case study that aims to verify how the finance concept of companies has, in fact, been influencing these practices relating to people management at the production level of companies that operate in Brazil, as well as how much these practices have contributed to disseminate the shareholder value mentality. The result of this study shows that, at the conceptual level, the influence of shareholder value on people management practices is quite clear, but that in practice it is still used very little, despite changes that are already occurring in this sense.

O presente trabalho acadêmico procura construir um referencial teórico baseado no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para definir o papel da empresa estatal no mundo contemporâneo. Trata-se do ponto de partida para compreender a atuação do Estado como acionista controlador e as regras de convivência com acionistas privados em posição minoritária e com outros grupos de interesse afetados pela atividade empresarial. A abordagem do tema apóia-se na idéia central de que toda empresa estatal está investida de uma missão pública, explícita ou implicitamente incorporada no objeto social, que varia conforme a natureza da atividade exercida e está sujeita a adaptações ao longo do tempo. A missão pública coexiste com a finalidade lucrativa inerente ao modelo de companhia e serve para condicionar a ação do Estado enquanto acionista controlador e dos administradores, dando conteúdo a seus deveres fiduciários. / This dissertation aims at establishing a theoretical framework according to Brazilian law to identify the role of state-owned enterprise in contemporary world. This is the first step to understand what the governments behavior should be as a controlling shareholder and the legal rules applied to its relationship with equity investors and others stakeholders. The approach is based on the assumption that every state-owned enterprise has a public mission implicitly or explicitly included in its bylaws objectives. The public mission varies according to the nature of the business and should be redefined from time to time to keep adherence to the external environment. The public mission coexists with the companys profit scope and guides the States actions, as well as those of directors and officers. For that reason the public mission is embedded in their fiduciary duties.

La responsabilité des associés est une notion peu évoquée dans les enseignements du droit des sociétés. Dans les sociétés in bonis, et s’agissant de rapports externes, la responsabilité personnelle des associés pourrait être engagée pour faute détachable. Mais le principe d’un engagement de la responsabilité personnelle des associés, dans les rapports avec des tiers, est contesté, compte tenu du caractère essentiellement interne de leur activité. Dans une procédure collective, la non-responsabilité de la mère des actes de sa filiale, est contestée. Le développement de cette contestation est favorisé grâce à des armes de poursuite efficaces de l’arsenal répressif, des armes à utiliser dans un environnement hautement dérogatoire des procédures collectives. On constate une certaine tendance aggravante de la responsabilité de la mère, notamment dans le domaine social et dans l’environnement. La recherche d’une meilleure protection des victimes, pousse le législateur à légiférer dans des ilots en difficulté, distillant le caractère irréversible des solutions partielles et spécifiques, et forçant de ce fait, le passage vers l’instauration d’une présomption de responsabilité de la mère des actes de sa filiale. Pourtant, un arsenal répressif important et efficace existe, et des pistes permettent d’adoucir la responsabilité de la mère tout en la faisant participer aux difficultés de sa filiale. / The liability of shareholders is a notion not often referred to in coursebook. In in bonis companies, and in the case of external relationships, the shareholder personal liability could be engaged for ‘ fault detachable’. However, the principle of a commitment to personal liability on the part of shareholders in relations with third parties is contested, due to the essentially internal nature of their activity In a collective procedure, the non-liability of the parent company for the acts of their subsidiary is challenged. The development of this challenge is facilitated by powerful weapons of the repressive arsenal, weapons to be used in a highly derogatory environment of collective procedures. There is an aggravating trend in the parent company responsibility, particularly in regard to social and environmental domains. The search for a better protection of the victims pushes the legislator to legislate on isolated problematic issues, distilling the irreversible character of partial and specific solutions, and thus forcing the passage towards the establishment of a presumption of liability of the parent company for the acts of their subsidiary. However, there is a large and effective repressive arsenal, and there are avenues to limit the parent company’s liability while involving them in their subsidiary problems.

Toute législation en matière économique se doit d’être souple et adaptée àl’évolution du monde des affaires. Le droit des sociétés OHADA, de même que celui français,n’échappe pas à ce principe. Très rigide à l’origine, et caractérisé par un ordre publicomniprésent, le droit des sociétés commerciales OHADA est gagné par le mouvement decontractualisation des sociétés, apparu en France depuis les années 1990. Le droit des contratss’est avéré un excellent moyen pour les praticiens d’apporter de la flexibilité au droit dessociétés. Les aménagements conventionnels, ou conventions sociétaires ou encore pactesd’actionnaires permettront aux associés d’adapter les règles légales sociétaires aux besoins deleurs activités économiques. Cession de titres sociaux, droit de vote, pouvoir de représentationdans la société, règlement des différends sont autant de domaines où se manifeste la libertécontractuelle des associés. Au-delà du caractère rigide du droit des sociétés français etOHADA, cette étude permet de rendre compte de l’importance de ces espaces de liberté dontdisposent les associés. Ces pactes d’actionnaires, statutaires ou extrastatutaires, devront êtreencadrés par des critères précis de validité. Aussi, l’efficacité de ces aménagements dépendraen grande partie de la sanction applicable en cas d’inexécution par une des parties de sesobligations. Le dynamisme de la pratique et de la jurisprudence française permettrad’éprouver les solutions posées par le législateur OHADA en la matière. Cette étude participeainsi de l’élaboration d’un régime juridique adapté, permettant de sécuriser ces aménagementsconventionnels, signe d’une contractualisation du droit des société / Any legislation concerning economic matters is expected to be flexible and adaptedto the evolution of business. Company law in the OHADA (Harmonizing Business Law inAfrica Organization) as well as French company law, cannot be excluded from this principal.Although it was very strict to begin with, and characterized by omnipresent public order,company law in the OHADA was caught up by the contractualization movement whichappeared in France in the 1990s. Contract law turned out to be a perfect means forpractitioners to bring flexibility to company law. Contracting adjustments, companyconventions or even shareholder agreements enable shareholders to adapt their legal companyrules to their economic needs. Transferring titles, voting partners, ensuring the power ofrepresentation inside the company, or settling disagreements, are some examples amongst thevariety of situations where the contracting freedom of partners can be seen. Despite therigorous characteristic of French and OHADA company law, this study puts forward theimportance of spaces of freedom that partners can use. These shareholders agreements, eitherstatutory or extra statutory, will be dependent on precise validity criteria. Consequently, theefficiency of these adjustments will mainly depend on the sanction implemented when one ofthe parties does not execute the required obligation. The strength of both the practice andFrench case law will enable to test the proposals set down by the OHADA legislator.Therefore this study will contribute to the development of an adapted judicial system whichwill permit to secure these contracting agreements, as signs of the contractualization ofcompany law

Författare: Anton Asplund och Jon Id Handledare: Ulf Larsson Olaison Medbedömare: Andreas Jansson Examinator: Karin Jonnergård Titel: Samhällsansvar eller vinstorientering? - En innehållsanalys av CSR-diskurs i årsredovisningar för svenska börsnoterade bolag från två branscher Bakgrund: Vinster i välfärden är ett ämne som tagit stort utrymme på 2010-talet inom den svenska politiska- och samhälleliga debatten. Med tanke på att CSR-rapportering skiljer sig åt mellan branscher, samt att legitimitetsteorin är en av de mest framträdande teorierna på området, undrar vi hur bolag inom välfärdssektorn rapporterar om socialt ansvarstagande. Eftersom välfärdsbolagen är flitigt omdiskuterade och ständigt i rampljuset är det av största vikt att dessa företag uppfattas som legitima av samhället. Ett sätt att uppnå denna legitimitet är att strategiskt använda årsredovisningen. Vi är därför intresserade av att undersöka huruvida det går att urskilja en kvalitativ legitimeringsstrategi som omfattar samhällsvärden i välfärdsbolagens CSR-rapportering och jämföra denna med finanssektorn. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att skapa en förståelse för CSR-diskursen i olika branscher. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av CSR- och frivillig redovisning i årsredovisningar för välfärdsbolag respektive storbanker ämnar vi undersöka huruvida det går att finna branschspecifika skillnader i rapporteringen av socialt ansvar. Vidare avser vi studera om dessa branschspecifika skillnader grundar sig i olika kvalitativa legitimeringsstrategier. Metod: Studien har en abduktiv forskningsansats där den teoretiska grunden, vilken förväntas förklara branschspecifika kvalitativa legitimeringsstrategier, utgår från legitimitetsteori, intressentteori, institutionell teori, aktieägarvärde samt signaleringsteori. Den kvalitativa forskningsansatsen bygger på svenska årsredovisningar från 6 börsnoterade välfärdsbolag och de 4 storbankerna från 2015/2016. Resultat och slutsats: Studien har funnit branschspecifika skillnader i rapporteringsdiskursen för CSR som grundar sig i olika kvalitativa legitimieringsstrategier. Resultaten antyder att vissa aktörer, relationer, drivkrafter och intressen är centrala för de olika branscherna. Detta resultat bidrar till litteraturen och förstärker insikten om att CSR påverkas av branschtillhörighet / Authors: Anton Asplund & Jon Id Advisor: Ulf Larsson Olaison Co-examiner: Andreas Jansson Examiner: Karin Jonnergård Title: Social responsibility or profit orientation? - A content analysis of CSR discourse in annual reports for Swedish listed companies from two industries Background: Profits in welfare sector are a topic that has taken a lot of space in the 2010s in the Swedish political and social debate. Given that CSR disclosures differs between industries, and that legitimacy theory is one of the most prominent theories in the field, we wonder how companies in the welfare sector report about social responsibility. Since welfare companies are diligently discussed and constantly in the spotlight, it is crucial that these companies are perceived as legitimate by society. One way to achieve this legitimacy is to strategically use the annual report. We are, therefore, interested in investigating whether it is possible to distinguish a qualitative legitimacy strategy that includes social values in social welfare companies CSR disclosure and comparing it with the financial sector. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the CSR discourse in different industries. Through a qualitative content analysis of the CSR and voluntary reporting in the annual reports for welfare companies and major banks, we intend to investigate whether industry-specific differences can be found in the reporting of social responsibility. Through comparisons between welfare companies and major banks, we intend to study whether these industry-specific differences are based on different qualitative legitimization strategies. Method: The study has an abductive research approach in which the theoretical basis, which is expected to explain industry-specific qualitative legitimization strategies, is based on legitimacy theory, interest theory, institutional theory, shareholder value and signaling theory. The qualitative research approach is based on Swedish annual reports from six listed welfare companies and the four major banks from 2015/2016. Result and conclusion: The study has found industry-specific differences in CSR reporting discourse based on different qualitative legitimization strategies. The results indicate that certain actors, relationships, driving forces and interests are central to the various industries. This result contributes to the literature and reinforces the insight that CSR is influenced by industry affiliation.

L'innovation financière tire avantage de la déconnexion entre forme juridique et substance économique. Les contrats financiers sur actions permettent de répliquer synthétiquement les attributs économiques de la propriété des actions sans organiser le transfert des droits sur la chose. Tandis que le droit des sociétés reconnaît le principe d'autonomie juridique des contrats financiers à l'égard des actions sous-jacentes en attribuant les droits politiques et pécuniaires de l'associé aux seuls titulaires de la propriété juridique des titres financiers, les principes directeurs du droit boursier conduisent à y faire exception face aux perturbations engendrées par ces techniques de dissociation de la forme juridique et de la substance économique. Affichant son pragmatisme, le régulateur boursier saisit la complexité de cette réalité dérivée pour appréhender, au-delà des catégories juridiques formelles, la substance économique des opérations réalisées. Le droit boursier adopte une approche substantielle de l'avoir et du pouvoir au sein des sociétés par actions, pour déterminer notamment l'application des régimes de déclaration des prises de participations significatives et d'offre publique obligatoire. Apparaissent alors les contours d'une méthode raisonnée de régulation de l'innovation financière en droit des sociétés cotées. La démarche que nous proposons opère tant ex ante sur le plan normatif qu'ex post au stade de la sanction. Elle suppose une réflexion d'ensemble sur l'élaboration de la norme en droit des sociétés cotées et les conditions de son application par le régulateur boursier. dans sa double fonction normative et contentieuse. / The dissociation of legal form and economic substance is one of the main drivers of financial innovation. Equity derivatives allow parties to replicate the economic substance of share ownership without transferring the legal title itself. Whereas corporate law acknowledges the autonomy of the financial contract with respect to the underlying shares by granting voting and dividend rights to their sole legal owner, core principles of securities regulation are challenged by transactions taking advantage of the dissociation between form and substance. Taking a pragmatic stance, the regulator addresses the complexity of this derivative reality by grasping the economic substance of such transactions beyond their mere legal form. Recent developments in the major shareholding notification regime and the mandatory tender offer rule indicate an increasing focus on the substance of beneficial ownership and voting power in listed companies. From this evolution emerge the contours of a regulatory approach aiming to tackle the specific issues raised by financial innovation. The approach we advocate operates both ex ante at the normative stage and ex post at the enforcement stage of the regulatory process. It is an invitation to rethink the determinants of securities regulation as well as the role of the securities regulator in the exercise of its dual power to establish norms and to impose sanctions.

L’objectif de ce travail de recherche a été de contribuer à répondre à la question suivante : dans quelle mesure les médias constituent-ils un mécanisme de gouvernance d’entreprise ? Après avoir réalisé une revue de littérature, trois questions de recherche ont été formulées. Tout d’abord, la question du rôle de la presse en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance d’entreprise disciplinaire a été posée, puis, plus précisément, celle de son rôle en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance disciplinaire partenariale, et enfin celle de mécanisme de gouvernance normative au sens néo-institutionnel. Chaque question a fait l’objet d’un essai. Tout d’abord, l’efficacité de la presse dans la révélation des fraudes commises par les entreprises, avant qu’une autorité officielle ne la sanctionne, a été examinée au moyen de régressions logistiques et d’analyse d’articles de presse. Ensuite, l’influence de la presse sur les dirigeants du groupe Danone a été analysée, par une étude de cas, de 1996 à 2008. Enfin, une étude de cas portant sur les liens entre divers types de presse a permis d’étudier leur rôle et leur influence dans la normalisation et la diffusion d’idées et de pratiques en matière de gouvernance d’entreprise. Premièrement, l’efficacité de la presse en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance disciplinaire doit être relativisée. Sous l’hypothèse de maximisation de ses profits, la presse française choisit les entreprises qu’elle couvre et les fraudes qu’elle révèle. Elle est plutôt une presse informative qu’une presse investigatrice. La complémentarité des mécanismes de gouvernance est confortée comme facteur d’efficacité du système de gouvernance. Deuxièmement, la presse est un mécanisme efficient de gouvernance partenariale : elle parvient à inciter les dirigeants d’entreprise à chercher à créer de la valeur partenariale plutôt qu’actionnariale. Troisièmement, l’homogénéisation actuelle de formes organisationnelles concernant la gouvernance d’entreprise semble s’expliquer par le rôle de la presse en tant que mécanisme de gouvernance d’entreprise normative au sens néo-institutionnel. / The objective of this research had to contribute to the question: are media a corporate governance mechanism ? After doing a literature review, three research questions were asked. First, the question about the role of press as a corporate governance disciplinary mechanism was asked, then as a corporate governance mechanism with a view to creating stakeholder value, lastly, as a corporate normative governance mechanism in a neo-institutional view. Each question was the subject of one essay. First, the efficiency of press to reveal frauds of firms before an official authority was analyzed. In this purpose, logistic regression and an examination of articles of press was done. Second, the influence of press on the Danone Group’s direction was studied with a case study between 1996 and 2008. Third, to understand the influence between several kinds of press and their role in the normalization and the circulation of ideas and practical experiences about corporate governance, a case study was done also. First, the efficiency of press as a corporate disciplinary mechanism is not always perfect. By assuming that press maximizes its profits, the French press chooses the firms to cover and the frauds to disclose. It’s more a press which informs as a press which investigates. The complementarity of corporate governance mechanisms is confirmed in the efficiency of the governance system. Second, press is an efficient mechanism in a stakeholder value creation perspective. It manages to influence CEOs to search to create stakeholder value rather than shareholder value. Third, currently we notice an homogenization of organizational forms about corporate governance. It could be explained by the role of press as a corporate governance normative mechanism in a neo-institutional perspective.

Corporate Governance. Relationships between the Owners (Shareholders) and Managers, Stakeholders. Function, Structure and Models of Corporate Governance, Risk Management. World Practice of Corporate Governance. Characteristics of field of Technical Gases. The Ownership Structure of Linde Gas a.s. a description and analysis of the Roles and Functions of Enterprise Management, Structure of Supervisory Bodies, evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of Corporate Governance. Financial analysis of Linde Gas a.s., Market Share, Risk Management, application of the Principles of Corporate Governance OECD. Comparison of Systems of Corporate Governance Linde Gas a.s. and Linde Gas RUS. Conclusion and recommendations for Management.

Diploma thesis Corporate governance in Prague Stock Exchange is summarization of expanding and the most significant models of Corporate Governance around the World. Define position of a joint-stock companies in the Czech republic, describe all kinds of administrative bodies and commitees of joint- stock companies. Research relationships between top management and administative bodies of Joint- stock and research effectiveness and productivity of Prague Stock Exchange in connection with changing of ownership in the year 2008.

Segundo a teoria da firma, uma empresa é um nexo de relações contratuais entre os seus diversos participantes. Nessas relações contratuais, que não são perfeitas, surgem os problemas de agência, decorridos da assimetria informacional e dos conflitos de interesses entre o contratado e o contratante, no caso, agente e principal. Neste caso, quando se tem a intenção de alinhar os interesses entre eles, aparece a governança corporativa, atuando como um meio de minimizar os conflitos e diferenças existentes e corrigir as falhas presentes no processo de comunicação e informação das firmas. No Brasil, diante da fraca proteção legal aos acionistas minoritários, da alta concentração de propriedade nas empresas e da separação dos acionistas entre ordinários e preferenciais, algumas medidas institucionais e governamentais têm sido tomadas ao longo dos anos com o objetivo de contribuir com a evolução das práticas de governança corporativa no país. Uma dessas iniciativas foi a criação em 2000 do segmento Novo Mercado pela Bovespa, composto por regras e exigências crescentes em relação às boas práticas de governança. Nesse sentido, é coerente pensar que a política de dividendos, antes influenciada pela necessidade de atuar também como instrumento de redução de conflitos entre os acionistas, passou a ser decidida a partir de um foco preponderantemente gerencial pelas companhias deste segmento, ou seja, tomada do ponto de vista financeiro de maximização da riqueza dos acionistas. Para testar esta suposição, adotou-se o modelo conceitual da Teoria Residual dos Dividendos, estabelecidos pioneiramente por Modigliani e Miller (1961) e revisitado por Jensen (1986) na Teoria Free Cash Flow. Assim, conduziu-se um levantamento do Fluxo de Caixa Livre do Acionista (FCLA) para todas as companhias listadas no Novo Mercado da BM&FBovespa desde a sua criação até o ano de 2011. O objetivo foi investigar o perfil da política de dividendos dessas empresas, a partir da avaliação de como elas administram o FCLA. Além disso, foi testado se as decisões sobre a destinação do saldo de FCLA impactaram na rentabilidade do acionista, expressa pela Taxa de Retorno da Ação (TRA). Como proposta secundária, foram pesquisados também os fluxos de reinvestimento dos lucros destas companhias, buscando verificar se os acionistas são recompensados por maiores ganhos de capital em contrapartida pelo não recebimento de dividendos e, também, onde são alocados os lucros reinvestidos. Como resultado, constatou-se que grande parte das companhias apresentaram elevados níveis de sobreinvestimento no período, provocado pela retenção do FCLA, e que este problema pode ter sido a causa de uma Taxa de Retorno da Ação menor em alguns setores. Adicionalmente, foi observado que as empresas que mais retiveram lucro, ao longo do tempo, foram também as que proporcionaram os maiores retornos de ganhos de capital aos seus acionistas. Por fim, detectou-se que os lucros retidos pelas companhias foram reaplicados, em sua grande maioria, em investimentos relacionados à expansão ou manutenção de suas capacidades produtivas (capital fixo), embora a maior parcela deles acabasse não sendo identificada em nenhum dos ativos expressos pelo balanço patrimonial contábil. / According to the theory of the firm, the firm is a nexus of contractual relationships between its various participants. Such contractual relations, which are not perfect, agency problems arise, elapsed the information asymmetry and conflicts of interest between the engaged and the contractor, where, agent and principal. In this case, when it is intended to align the interests between them, appears to corporate governance, acting as a means to minimize conflicts and differences existing and correct the faults present in the process of communication and information firms. In Brazil, due to the weak legal protection for minority shareholders, the high concentration of ownership in firms and the separation between common and preferred shareholders, some institutional and government measures have been taken over the years in order to contribute to the evolution of corporate governance practices in the country. One such initiative was the creation in 2000 of the Novo Mercado segment by the Bovespa, composed of rules and increasing requirements in relation to good governance practices. Therefore, it is coherent to think that the dividend policy before influenced by the need to act as an instrument for reducing conflicts between shareholders, has to be decided from a managerial focus by companies in this segment, that is, the financial point of view of maximizing shareholder wealth. To test this assumption, we adopted the conceptual model of the Residual Theory of Dividends, established pioneered by Modigliani and Miller (1961) and revisited by Jensen (1986) in the Free Cash Flow Theory. Thus, we conducted a survey of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) for all companies listed on the Novo Mercado of the BM&FBovespa since its inception until the year 2011. The aim was to investigate the profile of the dividend policy of these companies, based on the evaluation of how they manage the FCFE. Furthermore, was tested whether if decisions on the allocation of the balance of FCFE impacted the profitability of the shareholder, expressed by the Rate of Stock Return (RSR). As proposed secondary, were surveyed the flows of reinvestment of profits these companies, seeking first check whether the shareholders are rewarded by higher capital gains in return for non-receipt of dividends, and also where they are allocated reinvested earnings. As a result, it was found that most companies had high levels of overinvestment during the period, caused by retention of FCFE and that this problem may have been the cause of a Rate of Stock Return lower in some sectors. Additionally, it was observed that companies that retained earnings, over time, were also the ones that provided the highest returns of capital gains to its shareholders. Finally, it was found that profits retained by the companies were reapplied mostly in investments related to the expansion or maintenance of their productive capacity (capital assets), while the largest portion of them end up not being identified in any of the assets of the balance sheet accounting.