This master thesis describes a design exploration of a circuit capable of measuring high speed signals without adding significant capacitive load to the measuring node. It is designed in a 0.13 CMOS process with a supply voltage of 1.2 Volt. The circuit is a master and slave, track-and-hold architecture incorporated with a capacitive voltage divider and a NMOS source follower as input buffer to protect the measuring node and increase the input voltage range. This thesis presents the implementation process and the theory needed to understand the design decisions and consideration throughout the design. The results are based on transistor level simulations performed in Cadence Spectre. The results show that it is possible to observe the analog behaviour of a high speed signal by down converting it to a lower frequency that can be brought off-chip. The trade off between capacitive load added to the measuring node and input bandwidth of the measurment circuit is also presented.

The work examines the antislavery writings of Francis Wayland (1796-1865). Wayland pastored churches in Boston and Providence, but he left his indelible mark as the fourth and twenty-eight year president of Brown University (1827-1855). The author of numerous works on moral science, economics, philosophy, education, and the Baptist denomination, his administration marked a transitional stage in the emergence of American colleges from a classically oriented curriculum to an educational philosophy based on science and modern languages. Wayland left an enduring legacy at Brown, but it was his antislavery writings that brought him the most notoriety and controversy. Developed throughout his writings, rather than systematically in a major work, his antislavery views were shaped and tested in the political and intellectual climate of the antebellum world in which he lived. First developed in The Elements of Moral Science (1835), he tested the boundaries of activism in The Limitations of Human Responsibility (1838), and publicly debated antislavery in Domestic Slavery Considered as a Scriptural Institution (1845). The political crisis from the Mexican-American War through the Kansas-Nebraska Act heightened Wayland’s activism as delineated in The Duty of Obedience to the Civil Magistrate (1847), his noncompliance with the Fugitive Slave Law, and his public address on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854). In 1861 he became a committed Unionist. I argue that Francis Wayland was a mediating figure in the controversy between abolitionists and proslavery apologists and that his life was a microcosm of the transition that many individuals made from moderate antislavery to abolitionism. Wayland proved unique in that he was heavily coveted by Northern abolitionists who sought his unconditional support and yet he was respected by Southerners who appreciated his uncondemning attitude toward slaveholders even while he opposed slavery. I argue that Wayland’s transition from reluctant critic to public activist was not solely due to the political sweep of events, but that his latter activism was already marked in his earlier work. Most importantly, his life demonstrated both the limits and possibilities in the history of American antislavery.

In the Northern Athabaskan languages Tlicho Yatiì, Dene and Dene Dzage, copulas and auxiliary verbs are based on reflexes of two Proto-Athabaskan roots, *-LII and *-T’E’. I propose that in the first two languages, copulas with nominal complements show distributional differences that derive from a stage-/individual-level predicate distinction, and that historically, this distinction in the proto-language motivated the development of auxiliaries marking tense/aspect/mode distinctions solely from the copulas based on *-LII. Further, I propose that subsequent to this development, the original stage-/individual-level predicate distinction between the copulas disappeared in Dene Dzage, leaving the TAM markers as evidence of its historical existence. I provide support for these contentions with data from fieldwork in Tlicho Yatiì and from textual sources in all three languages, grounding the work in current theories of syntax and of temporal grammar.

The purpose of this study is to present the different approaches, which Hegel and Marx have developed regarding the relation between consciousness and life, consistent with their aims. Hegel&rsquo / s aim is to combine all the opposed ideas and beliefs proposed throughout the history of philosophy into a unified whole. Hegel&rsquo / s dialectics which is immanent to life can also explain the opposition between consciousness and life. Self-consciousness, which appears as subjectivity in Hegel&rsquo / s philosophy, at first, treats the life as an object of desire. Later, however, self-consciousness which cannot thus realize itself desires another self-consciousness who will recognize itself, so it relates with an other self-consciousness. This relation is defined as a &ldquo / life and death struggle&rdquo / . At the end of the struggle, there arise new forms of self-consciousnesses, Master and Slave. While the Slave produces for its Master, it relates itself to Life and this relation between Slave and Life brings about Slave as self-consciousness. On the other hand, the aim of Marx is not only to combine the oppositions but also to create a worldly philosophy. To this end, Marx puts economic relations of human beings at the centre of his theory. According to Marx, relations of production condition classes. While one class produces, the other exploits the productions of the former class. In Hegel, the Slave obtains its certainty as self-consciousness while it produces, whereas in Marx, the worker, who produces, is alienated form him/herself in the capitalist mode of production. To sum up, both Hegel and Marx emphasize the mutual relation between consciousness and life, but their divergent aims lead to them constructing this relation with different concepts on different foundations.

A presente dissertação analisa o modo como Hegel concebe e defende um modelo de formação do indivíduo para a liberdade. Com tal propósito em vista, a dialética do senhor e do escravo é analisada, inicialmente em um estudo sobre as circunstâncias em que tal situação ocorre, e, posteriormente, com o propósito de apontar de que modo este tema da filosofia hegeliana contribui para a caracterização de sua perspectiva no que diz respeito à questão da formação de um indivíduo livre. Em um segundo estágio, são apresentadas as diferentes instâncias pelas quais passa o indivíduo em seu percurso de formação, e é analisado em que medida tais instâncias cumprem os objetivos a elas atribuídos. Nesse contexto, o trabalho é objeto de especial atenção, sendo apresentado como meio de libertar o indivíduo de suas necessidades. São expostas as relações existentes entre as necessidades e os meios para a satisfação das mesmas, assim como um dos impedimentos à satisfação das necessidades, a pobreza. Em seguida, as soluções propostas por Hegel são apresentadas, e igualmente o são as críticas que lhe podem ser interpostas. Como desenvolvimento subseqüente, estuda-se o surgimento da plebe como resultado da pobreza, e, vinculado a este tema, como seria possível combater o comportamento egoísta que se apresenta tanto entre os membros da plebe quanto entre os membros de diferentes grupos da sociedade. Também são avaliados os motivos apresentados para justificar a punição dos criminosos e a possibilidade de que a punição esteja vinculada à formação do indivíduo para a liberdade. Por fim, na conclusão são reunidos os resultados parciais para elaborar uma análise conjunta do projeto de Hegel e igualmente da cogência dos argumentos que o apóiam. / The present dissertation analyzes how Hegel conceives and defends a model of formation for freedom of the individual. Taking this purpose in view, the master-slave dialectic is analyzed, initially in a study about the circumstances in which this situation takes place, and, posteriorly, with the purpose of pointing out how this issue of Hegelian’s philosophy contributes for a characterization of his perspective regarding the question of the formation of a free individual. In a second stage, are presented the many instances through which the individual goes in his or her journey of formation, and it is analyzed in which extent such instances fulfill the objectives ascribed to them. In this context, the work is an object of especial attention, being presented as a means of freeing the individual from his or her needs. The existing relations between the needs and the means for satisfying them are exposed, as well as one of the impediments to the satisfaction of the needs, poverty. On the sequence, the solutions proposed by Hegel are presented, as well as the critiques that can be interposed to them. As a subsequent development, the emergence of the rabble, as a result of poverty, is studied, and, connected to this issue, how it would be possible to fight the selfish behavior that is presented either in the members of the rabble or in the members of the many groups of the society. Also the reasons presented in order to justify the punishment of the criminals are evaluated, as well as the possibility that the punishment is bonded to a formation of the individual for freedom. At last, in the conclusion the partial results are assembled, in order to elaborate a complete analysis of Hegel’s project, as well as of the cogency of the arguments that support it.

A presente pesquisa aborda a dinâmica das estruturas demográfica, social e econômica de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande de São Pedro, em seu período formativo (entre 1772 e 1800). As principais fontes consultadas foram róis de confessados, relações de moradores, mapas de população e produção e livros de casamento e de batismo. Nos três primeiros capítulos da dissertação são analisadas as características da população e suas modificações, as diferenças entre a área urbana e rural e a distribuição da posse de escravos. No quarto e no quinto capítulo são estudas a estrutura agrária local e as redes familiares e estratégias dos produtores rurais. Os dois últimos capítulos, por fim, abordam a família e o compadrio escravo. O argumento central aqui defendido é o de que Porto Alegre, já em suas primeiras décadas de existência, demonstrava forte dependência em relação ao escravismo. A freguesia conheceu um expressivo crescimento demográfico decorrente, em grande medida, do aumento do número de cativos. Seu núcleo urbanizado mostrava-se, desde então, bastante desenvolvido, concentrando a maior parte da população, inclusive escrava. Os cativos eram muitos e estavam distribuídos em pequenas propriedades. A fronteira agrária encontrava-se fechada e há fortes indícios apontando para um processo de diferenciação social entre os produtores rurais. Ao avaliar as condições nas quais surgiram as famílias escravas, constatouse que a atividade produtiva do senhor, o tamanho da posse escrava e a origem dos cativos aparecem como importantes fatores a serem considerados. A escolha de padrinhos, por sua vez, conheceu uma profunda transformação ao logo do período, em um processo no qual incidiram as mudanças na estrutura de posse de escravos, as variações na dinâmica do tráfico, bem como os limites e possibilidades impostos pelas redes sociais senhoriais. A economia e a sociedade de Porto Alegre, em suas primeiras décadas de existência, podem, sim, ser classificadas como escravistas. / This paper aims to present an analysis of the dynamics of demographic, social and economic structures in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande de São Pedro, in its formative period (from 1772 to 1800). The main sources consulted were of confessed sterols, neighborhood relations, maps of production and population, and books of marriage and baptism. In the first three chapters of this dissertation, the population characteristics and its modifications, the differences between urban and rural areas and the distribution of slaveholding are analyzed. In the fourth and fifth chapters present the study of the local agrarian structure, family networks and farmers’ strategies. In the last two chapters the family and crony slave are discussed. The central argument supported is that Porto Alegre, in its first decades of existence, showed strong dependence on slavery. The parish has experienced a significant growth of population due largely to the increase in the number of captives. Its urbanized core showed up quite developed, concentrating most population, including slaves. There were many captives and they were distributed in small farms. The agrarian frontier was closed and there is strong evidence pointing a process of social differentiation among farmers. In assessing the conditions under which emerged slave families, it was found that the productive activity of the master, the size of the possession of captive and the origin of the slaves, are important factors to be considered. Meanwhile, the choice of godparents experienced a profound transformation over the period, a process which focused on changes in the structure of slave ownership, changes in the dynamics of trafficking, as well as the limits and possibilities posed by social networks manor. The economy and society of Porto Alegre, in its first decades of existence, can indeed be classified as slavery.

Submitted by Paulo Frederico Paganini Oliveira Junior (paganini.paulo@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T15:38:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Relatorio da Tese após banca 02.pdf: 1592222 bytes, checksum: 5e5b7b7a61c58f56450fc42af2ed1cc9 (MD5) / Rejected by Debora Nunes Ferreira (debora.nunes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Paulo, Por gentileza, alteração a 1 Pagina: Correto: FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS ESCOLA DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE EMRPRESAS DE SÃO PAULO Qualquer dúvida estou à disposição. Atenciosamente, Débora. on 2018-04-16T16:30:56Z (GMT) / Submitted by Paulo Frederico Paganini Oliveira Junior (paganini.paulo@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T19:07:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Paganini - tese final.pdf: 1592149 bytes, checksum: 88690612f632b26a42ea2103bd1efd1f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Nunes Ferreira (debora.nunes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-16T19:17:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Paganini - tese final.pdf: 1592149 bytes, checksum: 88690612f632b26a42ea2103bd1efd1f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-04-17T14:18:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Paganini - tese final.pdf: 1592149 bytes, checksum: 88690612f632b26a42ea2103bd1efd1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T14:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Paganini - tese final.pdf: 1592149 bytes, checksum: 88690612f632b26a42ea2103bd1efd1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-14 / Esta tese apresenta a investigação de uma parceria social intersetorial que busca a erradicação do trabalho escravo no Brasil. Para isto, foi realizada pesquisa de campo de dezoito meses em uma organização que visa compilar atores dos setores estatal, privado e terceiro setor, e mobilizar principalmente o setor privado para promoção do trabalho decente e erradicação do trabalho escravo. Esta pesquisa adotou a perspectiva indutiva, na qual o trabalho de campo foi iniciado anteriormente à escolha teórica desta tese, seguindo de modo recursivo no qual o primeiro alimentou o segundo e vice-versa, de modo cíclico e contínuo. Também em termos metodológicos, a forma qualitativa de se fazer pesquisa foi norteadora desta tese, guiando tanto o trabalho de campo quanto o trabalho de análise do corpus e discussão do caso e, por isso, foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade, observação dos sujeitos em interação, e uso de documentos. Por sua vez, o procedimento de tratamento do corpus se deu tomando por base os procedimentos indicados pela teoria fundamentada nos dados e, portanto, por meio de codificações e categorizações a partir do trabalho de campo. Assim, foram construídos cinco grandes temas – episódios, arenas de relações e contra-arena, boundary spanners e conveners, capacidades e poder, e paradoxos. Estes grandes temas foram discutidos sob o olhar da abordagem teórica da CSSP (cross-sector social partnership), cujo posicionamento mais amplo está na abordagem que investiga relações interorganizacionais. Para esta discussão, foi construído um guia teórico capaz de englobar os debates surgidos no campo e, por isso, segue estrutura similar aos cinco grandes temas. Desta forma, por fim, esta tese contribui com três grandes grupos de lacunas teóricas advindas do debate existente no campo de CSSP, sendo estas lacunas encaminhadas na direção das parcerias sociais e das arenas, dos sujeitos e o campo organizacional, e das tensões, capacidades e paradoxos, sendo estes três grandes grupos permeados por conceitos desenvolvidos a partir do trabalho de campo desta tese, e culminando também em um conceito mais amplo, em termos onto-epistemológicos, do que é CSSP. / This thesis presents an investigation of a cross-sector social partnership which aim is to eradicate slave labour in Brazil. To do such investigation, it was conducted field research over eighteen months in an organization that congregates players from the three sectors – private, public and third sector, and deploy mostly the private sector to promote decent work and to eradicate slavery. This research is inductive-oriented, so, according to this view, the fieldwork was began before the choice of the theoretical lens, following a recursive process in which the first fed the second and vice-versa as a cyclic and continued way to explore the field. Also, the qualitative approach guided this thesis, as this perspective has oriented the fieldwork and also the corpus analysis and the discussion of the case, and, therefore, it was carried out in-depth interview, field observations and notes, and use of written documents. The procedure of corpus treatment was conducted considering the procedures designated by grounded theory, and, therefore, through corpus codifications and categorizations. In this manner, it was built five big themes – episodes, arenas of relationships and counter-arenas, boundary spanners and conveners, capacity and power, and paradoxes. These big themes were discussed under the theoretical lens of CSSP (cross-sector social partnership) of which broader position is connected to interorganizational relationship approach. To this discussion, I built a theoretical framework able to involve debates emerged in the fieldwork, and, therefore, it follows a similar structure of the five big themes mentioned above. Lastly, this thesis contributes with three main groups of theoretical gaps that came from the existing debate in the CSSP literature, as these gaps are tried to be filled through the debate of social partnership and arenas, agents and organizational field, and tensions, capacities and paradoxes. These three groups are pervaded by concepts that were developed from the fieldwork, and also culminated in a broad concept, in terms of onto-epistemology, of ‘what is CSSP’.

A presente dissertação analisa o modo como Hegel concebe e defende um modelo de formação do indivíduo para a liberdade. Com tal propósito em vista, a dialética do senhor e do escravo é analisada, inicialmente em um estudo sobre as circunstâncias em que tal situação ocorre, e, posteriormente, com o propósito de apontar de que modo este tema da filosofia hegeliana contribui para a caracterização de sua perspectiva no que diz respeito à questão da formação de um indivíduo livre. Em um segundo estágio, são apresentadas as diferentes instâncias pelas quais passa o indivíduo em seu percurso de formação, e é analisado em que medida tais instâncias cumprem os objetivos a elas atribuídos. Nesse contexto, o trabalho é objeto de especial atenção, sendo apresentado como meio de libertar o indivíduo de suas necessidades. São expostas as relações existentes entre as necessidades e os meios para a satisfação das mesmas, assim como um dos impedimentos à satisfação das necessidades, a pobreza. Em seguida, as soluções propostas por Hegel são apresentadas, e igualmente o são as críticas que lhe podem ser interpostas. Como desenvolvimento subseqüente, estuda-se o surgimento da plebe como resultado da pobreza, e, vinculado a este tema, como seria possível combater o comportamento egoísta que se apresenta tanto entre os membros da plebe quanto entre os membros de diferentes grupos da sociedade. Também são avaliados os motivos apresentados para justificar a punição dos criminosos e a possibilidade de que a punição esteja vinculada à formação do indivíduo para a liberdade. Por fim, na conclusão são reunidos os resultados parciais para elaborar uma análise conjunta do projeto de Hegel e igualmente da cogência dos argumentos que o apóiam. / The present dissertation analyzes how Hegel conceives and defends a model of formation for freedom of the individual. Taking this purpose in view, the master-slave dialectic is analyzed, initially in a study about the circumstances in which this situation takes place, and, posteriorly, with the purpose of pointing out how this issue of Hegelian’s philosophy contributes for a characterization of his perspective regarding the question of the formation of a free individual. In a second stage, are presented the many instances through which the individual goes in his or her journey of formation, and it is analyzed in which extent such instances fulfill the objectives ascribed to them. In this context, the work is an object of especial attention, being presented as a means of freeing the individual from his or her needs. The existing relations between the needs and the means for satisfying them are exposed, as well as one of the impediments to the satisfaction of the needs, poverty. On the sequence, the solutions proposed by Hegel are presented, as well as the critiques that can be interposed to them. As a subsequent development, the emergence of the rabble, as a result of poverty, is studied, and, connected to this issue, how it would be possible to fight the selfish behavior that is presented either in the members of the rabble or in the members of the many groups of the society. Also the reasons presented in order to justify the punishment of the criminals are evaluated, as well as the possibility that the punishment is bonded to a formation of the individual for freedom. At last, in the conclusion the partial results are assembled, in order to elaborate a complete analysis of Hegel’s project, as well as of the cogency of the arguments that support it.

Toute économie ainsi que toute science a pour mission d’atteindre un certain progrès dans son domaine. Or si nous pouvons tous être d’accord sur ce point, nous ne partageons pas forcément la même définition du progrès. Pour élucider cette divergence de compréhension, nous avons pris le parti d’adhérer à une distinction entre éthique et morale : là où tout ordre moral consiste à ordonner les éléments d’un cadre déterminé pour une fin donnée, une posture éthique consiste à adopter et à adapter un principe faisant autorité pour découvrir un environnement alors inconnu. Nous avançons alors que le domaine de l’économie ainsi que toute idée de progrès ne peuvent être rattachés qu’à un ordre moral et non à une posture éthique. Pour illustrer ces propos, nous menons une réflexion sur la question de l’identité, notion certes vide et idéologique mais qui permet tout de même, couplée avec la distinction entre éthique et morale, de nous concentrer notamment sur les notions d’Etat, de personne ou encore de pouvoir. Ces réflexions nous éclairent sur certains fondements de l’économie et sur la philosophie utilitariste, philosophie avant tout liée au langage et de ce fait à la notion d’identité une fois encore ; utilitarisme et économie seraient en un sens déterministes, nous permettant d’accéder à un bonheur identifiable et vers lequel nous pourrions progresser. Ainsi nous avançons que le progrès ne peut qu’être conçu à partir d’un ordre moral et qu’il faille plutôt rechercher un certain équilibre pour que la dimension éthique puisse être elle aussi cultivée, au même titre que la catallaxie puisse être encouragée au côté de l’économie. / Every economics or science has to reach some progress in its field. But, if we can agree on this point, we do not necessarily share the same definition of progress. To clarify this divergence of understanding, we have chosen to distinguish between ethics and morals: if a moral order permits to order elements in a determined frame for a specific goal, an ethical posture means to adopt and to adapt an authoritative principle for the discovery of an unknown environment. We advance that the economic field and the idea of progress can only be associated with a moral order and not with an ethical posture. To illustrate that, we conduct a reflection about identity, which is an empty and ideological notion but which allows us, along the distinction between ethics and morals, to focus especially on notions like State, person or power. These reflections can enlighten us about some foundations of economics and utilitarianism which is a philosophy deeply related to language and then with the notion of identity once again; utilitarianism and economics are in a certain way playing a defining role, allowing us to reach a well-being which we can identify and to which we can progress. Thereby, we are advancing that the progress can only be conceived from a moral order and that we should search a kind of equilibrium to let the ethical dimension be cultivated, as well as to encourage catallaxy outre economics.

A presente pesquisa aborda a dinâmica das estruturas demográfica, social e econômica de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande de São Pedro, em seu período formativo (entre 1772 e 1800). As principais fontes consultadas foram róis de confessados, relações de moradores, mapas de população e produção e livros de casamento e de batismo. Nos três primeiros capítulos da dissertação são analisadas as características da população e suas modificações, as diferenças entre a área urbana e rural e a distribuição da posse de escravos. No quarto e no quinto capítulo são estudas a estrutura agrária local e as redes familiares e estratégias dos produtores rurais. Os dois últimos capítulos, por fim, abordam a família e o compadrio escravo. O argumento central aqui defendido é o de que Porto Alegre, já em suas primeiras décadas de existência, demonstrava forte dependência em relação ao escravismo. A freguesia conheceu um expressivo crescimento demográfico decorrente, em grande medida, do aumento do número de cativos. Seu núcleo urbanizado mostrava-se, desde então, bastante desenvolvido, concentrando a maior parte da população, inclusive escrava. Os cativos eram muitos e estavam distribuídos em pequenas propriedades. A fronteira agrária encontrava-se fechada e há fortes indícios apontando para um processo de diferenciação social entre os produtores rurais. Ao avaliar as condições nas quais surgiram as famílias escravas, constatouse que a atividade produtiva do senhor, o tamanho da posse escrava e a origem dos cativos aparecem como importantes fatores a serem considerados. A escolha de padrinhos, por sua vez, conheceu uma profunda transformação ao logo do período, em um processo no qual incidiram as mudanças na estrutura de posse de escravos, as variações na dinâmica do tráfico, bem como os limites e possibilidades impostos pelas redes sociais senhoriais. A economia e a sociedade de Porto Alegre, em suas primeiras décadas de existência, podem, sim, ser classificadas como escravistas. / This paper aims to present an analysis of the dynamics of demographic, social and economic structures in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande de São Pedro, in its formative period (from 1772 to 1800). The main sources consulted were of confessed sterols, neighborhood relations, maps of production and population, and books of marriage and baptism. In the first three chapters of this dissertation, the population characteristics and its modifications, the differences between urban and rural areas and the distribution of slaveholding are analyzed. In the fourth and fifth chapters present the study of the local agrarian structure, family networks and farmers’ strategies. In the last two chapters the family and crony slave are discussed. The central argument supported is that Porto Alegre, in its first decades of existence, showed strong dependence on slavery. The parish has experienced a significant growth of population due largely to the increase in the number of captives. Its urbanized core showed up quite developed, concentrating most population, including slaves. There were many captives and they were distributed in small farms. The agrarian frontier was closed and there is strong evidence pointing a process of social differentiation among farmers. In assessing the conditions under which emerged slave families, it was found that the productive activity of the master, the size of the possession of captive and the origin of the slaves, are important factors to be considered. Meanwhile, the choice of godparents experienced a profound transformation over the period, a process which focused on changes in the structure of slave ownership, changes in the dynamics of trafficking, as well as the limits and possibilities posed by social networks manor. The economy and society of Porto Alegre, in its first decades of existence, can indeed be classified as slavery.