Detta examensarbete belyser fenomenet kodväxling som kommunikativ strategi hos en grupp gymnasieelever med svenska som modersmål och svenska som andraspråk, vid samtal på engelska. Med en sociokulturell syn på kunskap och lärande och med språkanvändning som förargument, antogs en samtalsanalytisk inriktning med avsikt att studera form och funktioner för kodväxling. För att belysa det som sker i ett samtal mellan dessa elever och konkret ge exempel på olika former och funktioner för kodväxling genomfördes både en ljud-och videoinspelning med eleverna i två omgångar följt av en transkribering av det inspelade materialet. Det centrala materialet i studien har därför sin grund i transkriberingen och bygger ur metodologisk synpunkt på samtalsanalytiska aspekter som på kommunikativa strategier. Studien visar att deltagarna använde kodväxling för en mängd olika funktioner där målet var att få fram sitt budskap. Inga sammanbrott i kommunikationen mellan deltagarna i denna studie inträffade, dels för att samtliga deltagare behärskar kodväxlingsspråket, dels för att deltagarna inte letar efter språkliga misstag hos varandra (Gröning 2004). Studien visar även på ett samband mellan var kodväxling inträffar och vad dess funktion avser uppfylla. / The present study investigates the use and appearance of code-switching as a communicative strategy used by a group of upper secondary students in Sweden. A total of six students participated in this study in which three of them have Swedish as a first language and three students have Swedish as a second language. All students were sound and video recorded while speaking English together (without my presence or interference). The recordings were analyzed using a revised conversational analysis (Norrby 2004) in order to detect the appearance of and function for code-switching. The present study shows that the occurrence of code-switching does not contribute to breakdown in communication. The reason for why the communication did not break down is based on the fact that the code-switched language is Swedish, which all the contestants comprehend to various degrees, and because the participants were not aiming at pointing out each other’s mistakes (Gröning 2004). Code-switching is used for various different functions which all contribute to keeping the conversation going in order to maintain the interactional goal. This study also indicates that there is a connection between where the code-switched element occurs in the utterance and function for code-switching.

Syftet med studien är dels att undersöka åtta elevers erfarenheter och uppfattningar av den formativa återkoppling som de upplever sig ha fått på sina texter i svenska 1, och dels analysera om elevernas upplevelser skiljer sig beroende på om de läser ett yrkes- eller studieförberedande program. Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i det sociokulturella perspektivet med en fenomenografisk ansats och insamlingsmetoden har bestått av semistrukturerade intervjuer. En innehållsanalys gjordes av materialet med hjälp av mid-range coding, vilket innebär att både induktiv och deduktiv metod har använts. Resultaten visar att sju av åtta elever generellt har positiva erfarenheter och uppfattningar av formativ återkoppling, men fem av dem saknar antingen tydliga mål, konkret återkoppling eller ett individanpassat stöd för sin skrivutveckling. Resultaten visar också att elevernas uppfattningar skiljer sig beroende på om de studerar på ett yrkes- eller studieförberedande program, bl.a. genom lärarnas sätt att stödja dem, möjligheten till muntlig återkoppling, samt användandet av betyg och bedömningsmatriser.

När lärares undervisning blir påverkad av ett nationellt prov talar man om washbackeffekter av provet. Det är vad den här licentiatuppsatsen handlar om. Genom att studera svensklärares uppfattningar om det nationella läsförståelseprovet i kursen Svenska 1 på gymnasiet belyser studien vad som kan hända när nationell policy bestående av ett nationellt prov möter den lokala kontexten i form av enskilda lärares undervisning. I studien har arton gymnasielärare i svenska fått komma till tals genom intervjuer. Resultaten visar att det nationella läsförståelseprovet i Svenska 1 inte i någon nämnvärd utsträckning påverkar lärarnas undervisning. Detta beror dels på att lärarna uppfattar att undervisningen redan behandlar det som provet testar, dels på att lärarna inte anser att resultatet på provet är användbart vid betygsättningen. Lärarna uppfattar också att deras tolkningar av vad läsförståelse är skiljer sig från provkonstruktörens. Delvis kan detta bero på att lärarna saknar ett metaspråk för att tala om läsförståelse och bedömning av elevers läskompetens. Maria Larsson är verksam gymnasielärare i svenska och engelska vid Lugnetgymnasiet i Falun och har bedrivit forskarstudier på halvtid med start höstterminen 2013. Hon har ingått i forskarskolan Skolnära som är ett samarbete mellan Högskolan Dalarna och Karlstads universitet. / This study investigates the washback effects on teaching practices caused by the national test in the course Swedish 1 which was introduced in upper secondary school in 2011. The test consists of three parts; oral presentation, writing proficiency and reading comprehension. The focus of the study is on the washback effects of the reading comprehension test which is an entirely new type of test for upper secondary school in Sweden. The study draws on qualitative data from interviews with 18 teachers of Swedish in upper secondary school. The interviews were carried out in four focus groups and also in a series of four interviews with five individual teachers. The theoretical framework consists of Stephen Ball’s theory of policy enactment. In addition, theory about reading comprehension and an adaptation of Ivanič’s concept discourses of writing transferred into the context of reading are used in order to analyse data. The findings indicate that even though there seems to be substantial washback from the oral and the writing tests, the reading comprehension test does not seem to have affected reading instruction to any large extent. One reason seems to be that reading instruction already covers the contents of the test to a great extent. The teachers in the study also perceive that there is a discrepancy in the alignment between the results of the test and the assessment critera of the course, making it problematic to communicate the results to pupils and to relate them to the final grade. As the result of the test is not interpreted as being useful to the teachers they admit to paying little attention to the reading comprehension test. Furthermore, the teachers tend not to consider the test as an important indicator of pupils’ reading competence as they seem to oppose the notion that interpreting fiction is something that can be measured and objectively assessed according to preset standards. When talking about reading instruction the teachers seem to value most the type of reading which deals with basic values, gives new perspectives on what it means to be human and which encourages pupils to want to read more literature, a type of reading the test cannot offer. Findings also indicate that even though the teachers have adequate knowledge about the teaching of reading comprehension they seem to lack a metalanguage to talk about the different components it is made up of which affects how they perceive the national reading comprehension test.

The Swedish school has grown multicultural due to the recent years' migration and globalization of society. This place higher demands on the school's responsibility to educate students who are accepting and understanding towards each other, no matter their cultural and ethnic backgrounds. With application of postcolonial theory and its features; alterity, identity and racial prejudice to C.N Adichie's novel Americanah, it is argued that the inclusion of postcolonial literature in the EFL classroom may help students in developing an understanding for democratic values, and in exploring their roles in a diverse environment.

This thesis examines students’ understanding of economic aspects of global environmental problems. The first aim is to identify and characterise changes in business and economics students’ conceptions of negative environmental effects and pricing goods and services. The second aim is to identify and characterise changes in students’ values, beliefs and personal norms regarding effective solutions to climate change problems. Three studies were carried out with students in Swedish upper secondary schools. The first study used an open-ended questionnaire and is presented in Article I. The second and third studies drew on a longitudinal study, using both qualitative and quantitative research methods and results are presented in Article II and Article III. Article I shows that students’ awareness of environmental issues varies in relation to the type of good. Some goods are seen as more harmful to nature than others, for example, jeans were not perceived as environmentally negative while beef burgers and travel services were to some extent. This indicates that environmental references are often characterised through perceptible aspects of goods’ production i.e. being more expensive because of environmentally friendly production. Furthermore, some understanding of negative externalities was revealed. Interestingly, when value aspects of how prices should be set students more frequently refer to environmental impact. Article II describes changes in students’ price and environmental conceptions over the course of a year. It identifies the fragmentary nature of students’ every-day thinking in relation to productivity, consumer preference and negative externalities. Differences in conceptions of how prices are linked to negative impact is characterised in terms of basic, partial and complex understandings of productivity as well as basic and partial understandings of consumers’ influences. Partial conceptions are seen as students’ conceptions in a process of change towards a more scientific understanding of price and negative environmental impact. Most interestingly, the results show that more than one aspect of environmental impact and pricing are simultaneously relevant. This is highlighted by a change from views putting productivity at the centre for how prices are set to include consumers’ preferences when judgmentally describing how prices should be set. The results conclude that students show a broader content knowledge regarding pricing and the environment when including normative preferences. Article III explores changes in students’ value orientations, beliefs regarding efficient solutions to climate change and norms for pro-environmental actions. Small changes are observed regarding the three constructs. Value changes are reported in terms of a small average increase in importance of altruistic, biospheric and egoistic orientations while common individual changes are shown in shifts between weak and strong values. Beliefs regarding efficient climate change solutions are taxes and legislations while changes in market prices are perceived as being least effective. The findings show no direct relations between values and norms hence change in norms is associated with values through changes in beliefs. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

This study investigates how teachers of the subject ensemble in Swedish upper secondary school talk about their choices of subject content in light of their background as musicians and/or music teachers? According to current regulations and curricula (Läroplan för de frivilliga skolformerna, Lpf 94; Programmål för Estetiska programmet, ES 2000:05) the Swedish upper secondary school system can be described as goal-centered, which implies that the goals of the education are in focus and that methods and material to achieve those goals can show great variances. The aim of this study is to investigate how music teacher talk about their choices of content in relation to several background factors like music teacher education and experience and their experience as professional performers. Research questions are: * How do musicteachers talk in groupinterviews regarding choices of content in ensemble in upper secondary school? * What do musicteachers perceive as essential contents in music teaching in the subject ensemble? The conceptual framework in this study is inspired by Berger and Luckmann’s (1966/1979) theories of the construction of reality. This means that a non-essentialist approach is taken and that subject matter, content and curricula all are understood as constructs in relation to a context, historically and cultural specific (Burr, 2003). This explains the focus on the interviewees professional backgrounds in relation to choice of content. Furthermore it relies on discourse psychology (Potter &amp; Wetherell, 1987) where interpretative repertoires is used as an analytical tool. By focus group-interviews (Wibeck, 2000; Morgan, 1998) data has been collected and then analyzed. The interviewees are both professional musicians and music teachers, and they are all working as music teachers in upper secondary schools. The results of the study indicates that the teachers’ talk about choices of content is constructed mainly through their experiences of performing and professional musicianship and that didactical constructions highly relies on those experiences. This means that music as a subject (cf. Nielsen, 1998) is often seen as a product, as in a concert or a recording, and that the music teachers’ professional experiences of making music is an important ground for accomplishing that task. This raises further questions about how music teaching should be carried out and what implications the focus on a product has on musical learning from a democratic as well as a pedagogical perspective.

Abstract This study explores the degree of preparedness for studying at Universities of Applied Sciences that is provided by the content of mathematics curricula in upper secondary schools from the viewpoint of engineering students. The theoretical framework is based on learning objectives and a view of mathematics. I categorized mathematical contents in upper secondary school from the point of view of engineering studies. Students defined important knowledge and skills as learning objectives and evaluated how well they were achieved in upper secondary schools from the standpoint of engineering studies. The view of mathematics is based on students’ descriptions of their experiences with mathematics and of themselves as students of mathematics in upper secondary school with respect to engineering studies. The empirical data consist of surveys (N = 222), initial mapping of attitudes (N = 65) and thematic interviews (N = 14). The research problem was approached through mixed research methods. The quantitative data were analyzed with basic statistical methods and students’ accounts of their experiences were examined using a qualitative narrative research method. The narratives were analyzed holistically and categorically focusing on content. According to the engineering students, they felt they should learn how to apply basic algebra and geometry, differential calculus and also equations - the so-called key components of upper secondary school syllabi. These learning objectives were accomplished well in compulsory mathematics courses in the advanced syllabus, but not as well in the basic syllabus. Students experienced mathematics in upper secondary school as instrumentalist and formal. The advanced mathematics syllabus demanded more work with numerous procedures, whereas the basic syllabus required a better understanding of word problems. Even a portion of advanced mathematics provided a good foundation for engineering studies. Supplementing compulsory courses in the basic syllabus with specialized or applied courses created an opportunity to succeed. By combining the advanced and basic syllabi and adding more practical problems, upper secondary school mathematics could provide an even better base for engineering studies. This study can be used for expanding the curricula, designing students’ high school learning paths and supporting teachers’ pedagogical work. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, millaista osaamista lukion matematiikan oppisisältöjen pohjalta rakentuu ammattikorkeakoulujen insinööriopiskelijoille. Teoreettinen viitekehys muodostuu oppimistavoitteista ja matematiikkakuvasta. Luokittelin lukion matematiikan oppisisältöjä ammattikorkeakoulujen tekniikan ja liikenteen alan matematiikan opetussuunnitelmien kautta. Insinööriopiskelijat määrittivät kokemustensa perusteella ammattikorkeakouluopintojen kannalta tärkeitä matematiikan tietoja ja taitoja – oppimistavoitteita – sekä arvioivat niiden toteutumista lukiossa. Insinööriopiskelijat kertoivat lukion matematiikkakokemuksistaan sekä arvioivat itseään matematiikan oppijana lukiossa ja osaajana ammattikorkeakoulussa. Näiden pohjalta rakentui insinööriopiskelijan matematiikkakuva. Empiirinen aineisto koostuu insinööriopiskelijoille suunnatusta survey-tutkimuksesta (N = 222), asenteiden alkukartoituksesta (N = 65) sekä teemahaastatteluista (N = 14). Sovelsin mixed methods -tutkimusta. Analysoin kvantitatiivisen aineiston tilastollisten perusmenetelmien avulla. Sovelsin opiskelijoiden kokemuksiin liittyvien kertomusten tarkastelussa narratiivista tutkimusmetodia. Tarkastelin narratiiveja holistisesti sekä kategorisesti keskittymällä sisältöön. Insinööriopiskelijoiden mukaan lukion matematiikassa pitäisi oppia soveltamaan avainsisältöjä (perusalgebra ja -geometria, differentiaalilaskenta sekä yhtälöoppi). Lukion matematiikassa tunnistettiin instrumentalistis-formaalin oppiaineen piirteitä. Pitkä oppimäärä koettiin työläänä proseduurien muistamisena. Lyhyessä oppimäärässä tarvittiin paljon sanallisten tehtävien ratkaisemista, mistä oli hyötyä insinööriopinnoissa. Pitkän oppimäärän osittainenkin suorittaminen näytti muodostavan hyvän pohjan insinööriopintoihin, mutta myös täydentämällä lyhyen oppimäärän pakollisia kursseja syventävillä tai soveltavilla kursseilla oli mahdollista onnistua. Käytännönläheisyyttä lisäämällä ja molempia oppimääriä yhdistämällä oppisisällöistä muodostuisi vieläkin parempi pohja insinööriopintoihin. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää opetussuunnitelmia kehitettäessä, opiskelijan matemaattisen lukiopolun suunnittelussa sekä opettajan pedagogisen työn tukena.

Abstract The objectives of this study are to describe and analyse upper secondary school teachers’ views on education and teaching directed at drug use prevention. The aims of the study are to identify the different ways in which teachers perceive drug prevention in upper secondary school education, as well as to examine different meanings given to different perceptions and the variation of such perceptions in order to give a holistic view on the phenomenon. Drug prevention and the related teaching and education were approached by analysing the teachers’ common understanding on intoxicants, drugs in particular, and their methods of drug use prevention. The approach chosen was the phenomenographic method. Teachers’ views and their characteristics were compiled into clearly separated categories. The data were collected by interviewing the same teachers twice. The interview started with selected key questions and was thus semi-structured in nature. The objective of the interview was to give the teachers an opportunity to present their own views on their own lifeworld. The analysis of empirical data focussed on the variation in the ways teachers experience drug prevention. The teachers’ views were studied by means of direct and indirect intentionality, and the critical aspects of their view as well as the knowledge contained in them were examined. The study includes descriptions on the teachers’ knowledge on the issue and content of their drug prevention methods collected by means of ‘what’ questions. ‘How’ questions were used to obtain information on their actions and behaviour as teachers and educators. The study is based on the variation theory in the context of upper secondary school. The study creates several concept categories and explicitly describes their meanings. The meanings related to the critical aspects of different concept categories on drug prevention teaching and education open new horizons and provide teachers with tools for comparing different concepts and creating new links to the world. The study created tools for changing one’s opinions and extending one’s horizons, which in turn permits qualitative changes in one’s perceptions. The tools can be used and finalised in practical drug use prevention teaching and education. The study gives us a more profound understanding of the upper secondary school teachers’ views on drug prevention in teaching and education. It also provides us with better understanding of, and commitment in, phenomenographic research and qualitative change in drug prevention teaching and education. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa kuvataan ja analysoidaan lukion opettajien käsityksiä ehkäisevästä huumetyöstä ja siihen liittyvästä koulukasvatuksesta ja opetuksesta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tunnistaa opettajien erilaisia tapoja ymmärtää ilmiö ja paljastaa käsityksiin liittyvät merkitykset sekä kuvata käsitysten vaihtelut kokonaiskuvan muodostamiseksi ilmiöstä. Ehkäisevää huumetyötä ja siihen suuntautuvaa opetus- ja kasvatustoimintaa lähestyttiin mm. tutkimalla opettajien arkiymmärrystä päihteistä ja heidän tapojaan toteuttaa ehkäisevää huumetyötä. Tutkittavaa ilmiötä lähestyttiin fenomenografisen metodin kautta. Käsitykset ja niiden ominaispiirteet tiivistettiin selkeästi toisistaan erottuviin käsitystyyppeihin. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla lukion opettajia kaksi kertaa. Samat opettajat osallistuivat molempiin haastatteluihin. Haastattelun alussa käytettiin avainkysymyksiä, jolloin siinä oli piirteitä puolistrukturoidusta haastattelusta. Haastattelutilanteessa oli tavoitteena, että opettajat voisivat esittää omaa ajatteluaan omasta elämismaailmastaan. Empiirisen aineiston analysoinnissa keskityttiin tarkastelemaan ilmiöön liittyviä opettajien käsitysten vaihteluita. Opettajien käsityksiä tutkittiin intentionaalisuuden suoran ja epäsuoran aspektin kautta ja paljastettiin käsitysten kriittiset aspektit ja niihin sisältyvä tieto. Tutkimuksessa on kuvauksia opettajien tietoperustasta, mitä-kysymysten avulla tuotettua sisältötietoa ehkäisevästä huumetyöstä ja miten-kysymysten avulla tuotettua tietoa toiminnasta ja tavasta olla opettajana tai koulukasvattajana. Tutkimuksen taustalla on variaatioteoriaa, johon kontekstin kautta liittyy lukion opetus- ja kasvatustoiminta. Tutkimuksessa tunnistettiin useita käsitystyyppejä ja paljastettiin niihin liittyviä merkityksiä eksplisiittisesti. Käsitystyyppien kriittisiin aspekteihin liittyvät merkitykset ehkäisevän huumetyön opetuksesta ja koulukasvatuksesta avaavat uusia perspektiivejä ja mahdollistavat opettajille käsitysten vertailut ja uusien suhteiden muodostamisen maailmaan. Tutkimus tuotti välineitä käsitysten muutoksiin sekä maailman laajenemiseen mahdollistaen näin osaltaan ajatusten laadullisen muutoksen. Välineitä voidaan käyttää ja jalostaa käytännössä ehkäisevän huumetyön opetus- ja kasvatustyössä. Tämän tutkimuksen myötä ymmärrämme paremmin lukion opettajien erilaisia käsityksiä ehkäisevän huumetyön opetuksesta ja koulukasvatuksesta. Tämän tutkimuksen kautta ymmärrämme myös osaltaan paremmin tavan sitoutua fenomenografiseen tutkimukseen ja laadulliseen muutokseen opetuksessa.

Det här examensarbetet handlar om hur rumslig identitet kan stärka orienterbarheten i en byggnad med hjälp av en tydlig mental bild. Arbetet är skrivet inom ämnet informationsdesign med inriktning mot rumslig gestaltning. Det praktiska problemet som ligger till grund för arbetet är miljön på Karlbergsgymnasiet i Åmål som elever och personal upplever likformig och svår att hitta i. Syftet med arbetet har varit att ta reda på hur identitetsstärkande rumslig gestaltning kan bidra till ökad orienterbarhet. Detta har undersökts med hjälp av teorier om den mentala bilden av en miljö samt orienterbarhet i relation till den mentala bilden. Empiri har samlats in genom intervju, rumslig analys, introspektion och workshops. Metoderna visade att byggnaden saknar flera viktiga aspekter för att vara ett stöd till orientering. Den mentala bilden hos elever och lärare varierade väldigt, men gemensamt var att en helhetsbild av byggnadens struktur saknades. Examensarbetet har resulterat i ett designförslag där elever och personal kan förstå sin miljö bättre och få ökade möjligheter att hitta i byggnaden. Genom färg, form och fysiska objekt har förslaget fokus på en variation i miljön och en luftigare, mer transparent rumslig gestaltning.

The purpose of this study is to examine how upper secondary school teachers within the social studies subject interpret and transform the mission of preparing students for political participation. Based on teachers' dictums of how the mission is interpreted and transformed ahead of teaching, as well as which factors are expressed to affect this transformation, the study aims to determine what differences exist regarding how the mission is transformed and what can be seen to cause these differences. Through semi-structured interviews with seven social studies teachers, the study aims to answer three research questions addressing how the teachers interpret the mission, their expressions of how the mission is transformed ahead of teaching as well as which factors are mentioned to affect this transformation. The general conclusion of the study is that the teachers express that the mission of preparing students for political participation contain several contrasting dimensions, which in various ways are transformed ahead of teaching. The most central differences can be seen within the knowledge conveying and participation promoting dimensions, where the variations appear as the teachers to a certain extent focus on different areas of teaching and attend to these on different levels. Furthermore, different possibilities of influence and forms of participation are accentuated to various extent. To conclude, the study indicates that the teachers, qua agents of political socialisation, are preparing the students dissimilarly for political participation. / Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur gymnasielärare i samhällskunskap tolkar och transformerar skolans uppdrag att förbereda elever för politiskt deltagande. Utifrån lärares utsagor kring hur uppdraget tolkas och transformeras inför samhällskunskapsundervisning, samt vilka faktorer som uttrycks påverka denna transformering, syftar studien till att utröna vilka skillnader som föreligger beträffande hur uppdraget transformeras, samt vad dessa skillnader kan ses bero på. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju samhällskunskapslärare, syftar studien till att besvara tre forskningsfrågor, vilka behandlar hur lärarna tolkar uppdraget att förbereda elever för politiskt deltagande, hur de uttrycker att uppdraget transformeras inför undervisning samt vilka faktorer som uttrycks påverka denna transformering. Studiens övergripande slutsats är att lärarna ger uttryck för att uppdraget att förbereda eleverna för politiskt deltagande inbegriper flera olika dimensioner, vilka transformeras på olika sätt inför undervisning. De mest centrala skillnaderna kan ses finnas inom de kunskapsförmedlande och deltagarfrämjande dimensionerna, vilket yttrar sig genom att lärarna i viss mån fokuserar på olika undervisningsområden och behandlar dessa på olika nivåer. Vidare framhävs olika påverkansmöjligheter och deltagandeformer i varierande grad. Sammanfattningsvis indikerar studien att lärarna, i egenskap av politiska socialisationsagenter, förbereder eleverna olika för politiskt deltagande.