Den polariserade debatten om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck i Sverige har karaktäriserats av å ena sidan en feministisk förklaringsmodell, å andra sidan en kulturspecifik förståelse av problemet. Debatten har sipprat ner till det sociala arbetet och orsakat osäkerhet hos socialarbetare i arbetet med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Socialstyrelsen, som utgör den primära kunskapskällan för socialtjänstensarbete, bidrar inte med tillräckligt stöd för professionella i denna fråga. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur problemrepresentationer av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck produceras genom diskurser i ett urval av Socialstyrelsens kunskapsstöd. Med hjälp av en postkolonial feministisk ansats och diskursanalytisk metod med utgångspunkt i Bacchis angreppssätt ”What’s the problem represented to be?” identifierades och analyserades tre olika diskurser. Vi fann att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck och patriarkalt förtryck framställdes som ett ”osvenskt” problem, liksom motsägelser mellan problemframställningar och föreslagna insatser. Begreppet ”hederskontext” är centralt i Socialstyrelsens inramning av problemet, men begreppet definieras aldrig utan används snarare för att dölja Andrefiering av våldsutsatta. / The debate on honor-related violence and abuse in Sweden has been characterized by two polarized understandings of the issue, one being feminist and the other a culture-based understanding. This has affected social workers who work with these issues to a point of uncertainty. The National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW), the Swedish authority responsible for producing guidelines for social workers, has not contributed with enough support in this matter. The aim of this study is to analyze how problem representations of honor-related violence and abuse are produced through discourses in a selection of guidelines published by NBHW. The study takes a postcolonial feminist approach and uses Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach for analyzing policy. The discourses found seem to be contradicting one another and after reviewing the material, we found that NBHW uses the concept of "honor context" to frame the problem. However, this concept is never properly defined or explained, but is rather used to disguise an Othering of victims of honor-related violence and abuse.

Refugee espionage, the act of spying on individuals to gather information for a foreign state, is illegal in Sweden. In this study, this phenomenon is considered part of transnational repression, an increasing threat against primarily dissidents posed by authoritarian states.  By using the method of qualitative content analysis on texts from the Swedish parliament and four large Swedish newspapers, the study attempts to answer questions about the debate on refugee espionage in the Swedish parliament and media. The timespan ranges from 2014- 2023. How do debaters talk about sovereignty and national security in relation to refugee espionage? Do debaters discuss the digital dimension: the opportunities, and risks from digital technology, in relation to refugee espionage?  The theoretical perspective is based on Lucas Kello’s cybertheory in international relations, on how cyberspace alters relations between states and has the possibility of expanding and enhancing ways to perform espionage.  Results reveal that debaters see refugee espionage as a threat to both Swedish sovereignty and national security. However, the debate rarely touches on concerns with digital technology as a mean to use refugee espionage against a state.

Honor-related violence and oppression are societal issues that are relevant to social work. However, it is an under-researched area with a lack of knowledge, especially regarding boys and young men in an honor context. The existing research primarily focuses on girls and women. The aim of this study was to describe the content of public publications regarding social work on honor-related violence and oppression in relation to boys and young men. The focus was to examine how boys and young men in an honor context are described as both victims and perpetrators. In addition to that, the study also aimed to investigate the interventions available for this target group. Thematic content analysis was used to address the research questions and objectives by analyzing and thematizing the content of public publications. The findings of this study indicate that boys and young men exist in dual roles as both victims and perpetrators, but more emphasis is often placed on their role as perpetrators rather than victims, as girls' and women's victimization is considered more extensive. Furthermore, the study suggests that there are few interventions specifically targeted at boys and young men living in an honor context. The available interventions mainly focus on victims. The results have been analyzed using power theory and street-levelbureaucracy theory. The analysis demonstrates that power is a central aspect in both an honor context and the practice of social work, and that the structure of street-level bureaucracy affects work with this target group. Therefore, this study concludes that more knowledge and work are needed regarding boys and young men in an honor context.

This study aims to highlight the challenges and shortcomings that affect social work related to honor-based issues, which often result in individuals at risk of honor-based violence choosing to remain in oppressive situations, regardless of the consequences. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with social workers who address these problems in various professional roles, including social secretaries, counselors, foster homes, and organizations that work with preventive measures. Scientific articles, books, and reports were used in the study to gain deeper insight into the subject. The material was analyzed based on intersectionality, systems theory, and anomie theory to gain a more profound understanding of the subject from different perspectives. These perspectives help analyze the factors that contribute to honor-based violence and oppression, and how the interaction between these factors can reinforce honor norms in Sweden. The results reveal shortcomings in addressing honor-based problems, such as a lack of cooperation, knowledge, and interventions. These deficiencies, among other factors, restrict the opportunities for victims of honor-based violence to escape their destructive situations. The study also underscores limiting factors such as victims' low trust in authorities and insufficient long-term measures following a break-up. The segregation of ethnic groups in Sweden and its consequences is a recurring theme, focusing on how cultural distinctions and segregation can reinforce honor norms in society. The study also points out a lack of adequate strategies and sufficient knowledge about how to effectively address honor norms within schools and social work, often overshadowed by the fear of being accused of racism. A key conclusion is that more knowledge about the issue is needed, along with the development of interventions for non-emergency cases that are grounded in a deeper understanding of the cultural context. It is also essential that the stigma surrounding terms such as "honor culture" and "honor-related violence" be eliminated, promoting a more productive debate and dissemination of knowledge at different levels, among politicians, in social work, in schools, and among immigrants. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need to improve integration efforts.

Honor-related violence and oppression is a societal problem that needs to be addressed. Previous research has primarily been focused on defining honor as a term, which has contributed to the schools’ important role in working with honor-related issues being neglected. The essence of this study is not only to create awareness and an understanding of school counselors work with honor-related issues, but it will also account for analyzes of difficulties they have encountered during their time of work. The study is based on six semi-structured interviews with school counselors in one of Sweden's largest cities. The data that is presented in this study is obtained by previous research, articles and reports - as the basis of the study is to deepen the understanding of the school counselors' work with the subject in question. The data gathering of empirical material indicates that honor-related problems are a prevailing phenomenon in Swedens’ schools. The school counselors emphasize a number of dilemmas they are encountered with or have encountered in their profession. The ambivalence is distinctive where there is a clearly expressed fear of appearing xenophobic or risking someone falling through the cracks. The results of the study observes and emphasizes how segregation and the professionals' own attitudes and knowledge can appear as an obstacle to the preventive work with honor-related issues. The study has led to an understanding that in-depth research is of fundamental importance for school professionals’ ability to notice and assist the children and young people who grow up in home conditions characterized by standards of honor. The results of the empirical data are analyzed in relation to selected relevant theoretical frames of reference for the study, symbolic interactionism, segregation and profession theory. / Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är ett samhällsproblem som behöver uppmärksammas. Tidigare forskning har till större del haft sitt fokus i att definiera heder som ett begrepp vilket har bidragit till att skolans viktiga roll i arbetet med hedersrelaterade frågor gått förlorad. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en förståelse kring skolkuratorers arbete med hedersrelaterade frågor samt analysera de hinder som skolkuratorerna upplever i sitt vardagliga arbete. Studien baseras på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med skolkuratorer i en av Sveriges storstäder. Studiens ändamål har grundat sig i strävan efter en mer djupgående förståelse av skolkuratorernas arbete med dessa komplexa frågor, därav har tidigare forskning, artiklar och rapporter legat till grund för analysen av insamlat empiriskt material. Datainsamlingen av empiriskt material indikerar att hedersproblematik är ett rådande fenomen i Sveriges skolor. I arbetet med studien betonar skolkuratorerna ett flertal dilemman de bemöter eller har bemött i yrket. Ambivalensen är stor där det tydligt uttrycks en rädsla för att framstå som främlingsfientlig eller missa att någon faller mellan stolarna. Resultatet av studien anmärker och poängterar hur segregation och de yrkesverksammas egna inställningar samt kunskaper kan komma att bli ett hinder för det förebyggande arbetet med hedersrelaterade frågor. Studien har föranlett till en förståelse om att djupgående forskning är av fundamental betydelse för att yrkesverksamma inom skolan ska kunna uppmärksamma alla barn och unga som växer upp i hemförhållanden präglade av hedersnormer. Resultatet av empiriskt material analyseras i förhållande till valda relevanta teoretiska referensramar för studiens syfte, symbolisk interaktionism, segregation och professionsteori.

Honor-related violence and oppression is a global social problem where women who are at risk of honor in many cases do not dare to seek help and support from social services. The purpose of this study is to investigate how women are affected by honor-related violence and oppression and what challenges the social service in Sweden is facing. The study is carried out through an overall literature study in the form of 12 scientific articles. The results show that honor-affected women live under constant oppression where standards of honor are more prioritized than the women's well-being and right to freedom. It also shows that the social service is going through a series of different challenges, including through a lack of experience and a lack of cooperation between different authorities. When these results are presented, it becomes clear how dishonored women are considered "especially vulnerable", which pushes their isolation in society even more. The social workers' lack of experience on the subject means that vulnerable women do not receive the help and support they need. In addition, the dishonored woman runs the risk of being subjected to even more violence by her perpetrator if she is denied the support and help she needs. This study sets out what problems honor-prone women can encounter in contact with social services. Their contact with social services can either free them from honor violence or make the situation even worse. / Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är ett globalt samhällsproblem där hedersutsatta kvinnor i många fall inte vågar söka hjälp och stöd av socialtjänsten. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kvinnor påverkas av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck samt vilka utmaningar socialtjänsten i Sverige står inför. Studien utförs genom en övergripande litteraturstudie i form av 12 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visar att hedersutsatta kvinnor lever under ständigt förtryck där hedersnormer är mer prioriterade än kvinnornas mående och rätt till frihet. Det visar även att socialtjänsten går igenom en rad av olika utmaningar, bland annat genom bristande erfarenhet samt bristande samverkan mellan olika myndigheter. När dessa resultat presenterats blir det tydligt hur hedersutsatta kvinnor betraktas som  “särskilt utsatta”, vilket trycker på deras isolering i samhället ännu mer. Socialarbetarnas bristande erfarenhet kring ämnet leder till att hedersutsatta kvinnor inte får den hjälp och stöd de är i behov av. Dessutom löper den hedersutsatta kvinnan en risk att utsättas för ännu mer våld av sin förövare om hon nekas stöd och hjälp som hon behöver. Denna studie planterar fram vilka problem hedersutsatta kvinnor kan stöta på i kontakt med socialtjänsten. Deras kontakt med socialtjänsten kan antingen fria dem från hedersvåldet eller göra situationen ännu värre.

This study examines social authorities' experiences of what it is like to work and collaborate with honour-related violence and oppression. All respondents come from different authorities and are members of a collaboration group aiming to collaborate and work against honour-related violence and oppression. The study is based on six semi-structured interviews with professionals from school, the police, social services, county administration and health care. The study shows that honour-related violence and oppression is a complex and multidimensional concept that is mainly expressed by collectively exercised control which in the worst case can lead to murder. Furthermore, it can be seen that there is a common understanding that cooperation in honour-related violence and oppression is particularly important because these cases are more complex than others. The result shows that there is a common understanding and consensus regarding the concept's definition within the collaboration group. Success factors for good collaborative work are highlighted by shared knowledge of the problem and understanding of each other's different roles, which the respondents feel they have gained by participating in the collaboration group. However, the respondents feel that this is lacking within the authorities due to the fact that knowledge within this field is scarce. The result describes obstacles in cooperation which are described as a lack of knowledge within the authorities but also laws, high workload, staff turnover and time restriction. Thus, the results show that despite a functioning collaboration, there are limited opportunities to help people exposed to honour-related violence and oppression. / I denna studie undersöks samhällsaktörers upplevelser av hur det är att arbeta och samverka kring hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Respondenterna kommer från olika verksamheter och är medlemmar i en resursgrupp mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Studien är baserad på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från skola, polis, socialtjänst, länsstyrelse och hälso- och sjukvård. Av studien framkommer att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är ett komplext och mångdimensionellt begrepp som främst tar sig i uttryck av en kollektivt utövad kontroll som i värsta fall kan resultera i mord. Resultatet i studien visar att samverkan inom hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är särskilt viktigt eftersom dessa ärenden är mer komplexa än andra. Resultatet visar att det föreligger en gemensam förståelse och samsyn kring begreppets definition inom resursgruppen. Framgångsfaktorer för ett gott samverkansarbete framhävs av gemensam kunskap om problemet samt förståelse för varandras olika roller vilket respondenterna upplever att de fått genom att ha medverkat i resursgruppen. Däremot upplever respondenterna att detta saknas inom respektive verksamheter då det råder brist på kunskap inom området. Resultatet redogör för hinder inom samverkan som utgörs av rådande kunskapsbrist inom respektive verksamheter men också lagstiftning, hög arbetsbelastning- och personalomsättning och tidsbrist. Dock visar resultatet att det trots en fungerande samverkan, finns begränsade möjligheter att hjälpa personer utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck.

What if the narrative of hope, in fact, is hopeless for the oppressed? Even oppressive? If hope is hopeless, can hope be found in the middle of hopelessness? The aim of this study is to define a hopeful and sustainable theology of hope for the oppressed.  This study is a literature analysis on three authors offering different perspectives on oppression, as well as various models of hope. By connecting the lynching era of black americans in Cross and the Lynching Tree by James H. Cone, theories on affect in relation to oppression in Grave attending by Karen Bray, and the conflict of borders and dualism in Borderlands by Gloria Anzaldúa the study seeks to discuss hope in relation to oppression.  The literary material is initially categorized by each author separately and analyzed with three identical topics. The first topic- Oppression, defines how each author describes oppression. In the second topic- The Utopian Hope, hope is problematized in relation to oppression in the light of models presented by the author. Ultimately the third topic, The Hope of Gap, seeks to define how hope for the oppressed can be found in between hopelessness and hope.  The analysis indicates several problematic effects of a dualistic view of hopelessness and hope, effects that rather result in hopelessness than hope. To form a hopeful theology for the oppressed the analysis instead emphasizes the importance of the gap inbetween as a vital link between hopelessness and hope. Each author addresses this with different models, but with similar functions in transcending dualisms. In relation to Cone the gap can be understood as telling the stories of hopelessness as a source of hope. Bray highlights the importance of the grave in the christian narrative, as the gap connecting the crucifixion and resurrection where emotional affects such as grief, anger, sorrow, anxiety and depression are expressed. Anzaldúa defines the gap as a borderland, nepantla, which is a hybrid and performative state of change and becoming that she means has been cut straight through by unnatural oppressive boundaries.  In conclusion a hopeful hope for the oppressed confirms hopelessness and hope, as mutually dependent in a dialectical relationship, rather than as antagonists.

Syftet med den här kvalitativa studien har varit att undersöka hur socialsekreterare upplevermöjligheten till familjebehandling i familjer där hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck (HRV)förekommer. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med yrkesverksammasocialsekreterare eller socionomer, som under de fem senaste åren arbetat somsocialsekreterare. Studiens teoretiska ram bestod av begreppen orientalism, essentialism,konstruktivism och ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att socialsekreterarnaupplever möjligheten till familjebehandling, i dessa kontexter, som begränsad.Intervjupersonerna beskriver arbetet som komplext där ett förändringsarbete sällan är möjligt,då hedersnormer och kultur beskrivs vara djupt rotade och svåra att förändra.Familjebehandling beskrivs även som en kompletterande insats till mer omfattande insatsersåsom placering utanför hemmet, och anses därför i de flesta fall inte fungera som en isoleradinsats. Utifrån intervjupersonernas beskrivningar kan det tolkas som att synen består av attdet ofta handlar om grovt våld och förtryck, vilket motiverar omfattande och ingripandeåtgärder. En annan faktor till den begränsade möjligheten att bevilja familjebehandling kanutifrån intervjuerna, förstås vara en brist på kunskap och insatser riktade mot dessa familjer.För att motverka HRV kan det utifrån intervjupersonernas utsagor, förstås viktigt att arbetamed förebyggande insatser för att bryta den isolering många familjer upplever. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how social workers perceive thepossibility of family treatment in families experiencing honor-based violence and oppression(HBV). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers, or social workerswho have worked in the field within the past five years. The theoretical framework of thestudy included orientalism, essentialism, constructivism and an intersectional perspective.The results show that social workers perceive the possibility of family treatment in thesecontexts as limited. The interviewees describe the work as complex, where bringing aboutchange is rarely possible as honor-norms and culture are described as deeply rooted anddifficult to alter. Family treatment is also understood as a complementary intervention tomore comprehensive measures such as out-of-home placement and is therefore generally notconsidered effective as a standalone intervention. Based on the interviewees’ descriptions,there is often a motivation to implement more comprehensive and interventionist measuresdue to the severity of the violence and oppression. Another factor contributing to the limitedpossibility of approving family therapy, could be a lack of knowledge and targetedinterventions for these families. To counter HBV, it is important to work on preventivemeasures to break the isolation experienced by families.

Zimbabwe har varit utsatt för ekonomiska sanktioner sedan 2002 och syftet med studien har varit att analysera perioden mellan år 2001 och 2005 för att se om sanktionerna bidragit till oavsedda konsekvenser i landet. Utöver detta var syftet att förklara sambandet mellan ekonomiska sanktioner och ökat statligt förtryck som i sin tur leder till ökade kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter. Den kvalitativa inomfallsmetoden - kongruensmetod - användes för att testa Dursun Peksens (2009) teori om fyra faktorer i ekonomiska sanktioner, som kan bidra till ökat förtrycks överensstämmelse med situationen i Zimbabwe. Tre av fyra faktorer stämde överens tämligen väl med situationen i Zimbabwe, medan den fjärde faktorn inte stämde överens lika väl. Studien kom fram till att de ekonomiska sanktionerna hade bidragit till ökat statligt förtryck, vilket i sin tur hade bidragit till ökade kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter i Zimbabwe. Sambandet kan förklaras enligt följande. De ekonomiska sanktionerna bidrog till en ekonomisk kris som negativt påverkade de genomsnittliga medborgarnas levnadsvillkor på många områden. De försämrade livsvillkoren bidrog till ökad aktivitet i oppositionen och befolkningen vilket i sin tur bidrog till att staten ökade sitt förtryck. Vidare målade staten upp de ekonomiska sanktionerna som ett extern hot mot landet och staten legitimerade därmed sitt ökade förtryck med att de skyddade landets suveränitet mot ett externt hot.