Syftet med examensarbetet är att identifiera diskursiva representationer av genus i tre olika läromedel som används i kursen psykologi 1 på gymnasienivå i Sverige. Metod och teori kommer primärt från diskursanalytiska traditioner och har även influerats av vissa feministiska teorier. Ur en systematisk läsning och kodning av text och bilder som finns i materialen visade sig tre teman: pronomen, normer och skillnad/avvikelse. Uppsatsen är en del av ett lärarprogram på avancerad nivå och analysens syfte var att hjälpa mig själv och andra lärare i psykologi, min specialisering, att utveckla normkritisk pedagogik och didaktik för att bidra till en bättre förståelse för utsatta människor hos våra elever. Resultatet var att de två psykologi kursböckerna Psykologi 1+2a (Levander och Levander, 2012) och Mänskligt (Bernerson och Cronlund, 2017) har adresserat normer inklusive normer kring genus och sexuell läggning, men har även cementerat normativa diskurser i dessa områden. Mänskligt har lyckats något bättre i att lyfta och applicera normkritik. Det tredje materialet Bryt! är inte en psykologi kursbok utan en handbok i normkritik som mestadels består av gruppövningar med syftet att främja förståelse för normer och deras konsekvenser. Min rekommendation är att använda Bryt! som komplement till en eller både av de analyserade kursböckerna i klassrummet för att erbjuda våra elever en djupare förståelse för hur normer, i synerhet cis/heteronormen, negativt påverkar psykisk hälsa hos utsatta populationer såsom HBTQIA+ personer. / The aim of this thesis is to identify discursive representations of gender in three different learning materials used in an introductory course to psychology on the high school level in Sweden. Methodology and theory come primarily from discourse analytical traditions and have also been informed by certain feminist theories. A systematic reading and coding of the text and images present in the materials led to the emergence of three themes: pronouns, norms, and difference. The thesis is a part of a degree in pedagogy, and the intended result of the analysis was to aid myself and other teachers of psychology, my specialization, in the development of norm critical pedagogy and didactics which foster a better understanding of marginalized people in our students. The findings were that the two psychology textbooks, Psychology 1 + 2a (Levander and Levander, 2012) and Mänskligt (“Human”) (Bernerson and Cronlund, 2017), have each addressed norms, including norms surrounding gender and sexual orientation, but have also acted to reify normative discourses in these areas. Mänskligt has done a somewhat better job of lifting and applying norm critique. The third material, Bryt! (“Break the Norm!”), is not a psychology textbook but a workbook in norm critique mostly consisting of exercises to be carried out in groups with the intention of facilitating understanding of norms and their consequences. My recommendation is to employ Bryt! as a supplement to the use of one or both of the analyzed textbooks in the classroom in order to offer our students a more thorough understanding of the ways in which norms, particularly the cis/heteronorm, act to negatively affect the mental health of marginalized populations such as members of the LGBTQIA+ population.

No description available.

Zweigendernde Diskurse bilden die Basis für den gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Intergeschlechtlichkeit auf den Ebenen der Medizin, des Rechts, der Politik und in großen Teilen der Wissenschaft. Inter* Personen und ihre Organisationen kritisieren seit langem die hieraus entstehenden Diskriminierungen und Pathologisierungen. Auch Gremien der Europäischen Union, wie der Ethikrat, mahnen Deutschland wiederholt für den rechtlichen und medizinischen Umgang mit inter* Personen ab. Die deutsche Bundesregierung kündigt in ihrem Koalitionsvertrag von 2018 ein Verbot von nicht konsensualen Operationen an intergeschlechtlichen Minderjährigen an. Sie hat zum Januar 2019 aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Bundesverfassungsgerichts einen dritten optionalen Personenstand divers für intergeschlechtliche Personen eingeführt. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Diskrepanzen zwischen Denk- und Handlungsweisen, denen der hegemonialen Geschlechterdiskurs zugrundeliegt, auf der einen und Diskursen geschlechtlicher Vielfalt sowie den Einstellungen und Forderungen der Inter*Bewegungen auf der anderen Seite. Zudem werden die Wechselwirkungen der Diskursebenen Medizin, Recht, Politik und Wissenschaft herausgearbeitet. Hierzu werden Gesetze, Antidis-kriminierungsrichtlinien, medizinwissenschaftliche Theorien und Vorgehensweisen sowie Ansätze aus Psychologie, Bildungs- und Beratungsarbeit untersucht. (Post)identitäts- und bündnispolitische Strategien und Aspekte der Biopolitik werden im Kontext von Anpassung und Widerstand analysiert. Darüber hinaus wird die Verwobenheit struktureller Diskrimini-erungsformen einbezogen. Partizipative intersektionale Forschungsansätze werden im Zusammenhang mit Intergeschlechtlichkeit aufgezeigt. Die Arbeit hat das Ziel, herauszuarbeiten, welche Denk- und Handlungsoptionen Diskurse geschlechtlicher Vielfalt zukünftig bestärken können, und wie Forderungen von Inter*Be-wegungen sowie menschenrechtliche, antipathologisierende und antidiskriminierende Aspekte hierbei beachtet werden können. / Discourses about gender binary form the basis for the social interaction with intersex on the levels of medicine, law, politics and in large parts of science. Inter*persons and their organizations have long criticized the resulting discrimination and pathologies. In addition, committees of the European Union, as the Ethics Council, remind Germany repeatedly for the legal and medical dealing with inter*persons. The German government announced in its coalition agreement of 2018 a ban on non-consensual operations on intersex minors. In January 2019, it introduced a third optional civil status divers for intersex persons on the basis of a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court. The present thesis investigates the discrepancies between modes of thinking and acting that underlie the hegemonic gender discourse, discourses of gender diversity, and the attitudes and demands of the inter*movements. In addition, the interactions of the disciplines of medicine, law, politics and science are worked out. For this purpose, laws, anti-discrimination guidelines, medical science theories and approaches as well as approaches from psychology, education and consulting work are examined. (Post) identity and alliance policies and aspects of biopolitics are analyzed in the context of adaptation and resistance. Furthermore, it includes the interweaving of structural forms of discrimination. Participatory intersectional research approaches are presented in the context of intersex. The aim of the paper is to work out which options for thought and action can encourage discourses of gender diversity in future, and how demands of inter*movements as well as human rights, antipathologizing and anti-discriminatory aspects can be considered.

Using hauntology as a linchpin, this dissertation explores the undertheorized connection between intersex and disability. Building on important feminist research in the fields of intersex, queer, disability, crip, and hauntology studies, I ask, how do we understand and reconcile the contested meanings, responses to, and effects of intersex? Intersex is “a perpetually shifting phantasm” (Holmes 2002: 175), yet intersex is typically represented and treated as innate disorder, disability, or disease by medical professionals. That said, many intersex people appear to distance from disability. By engaging intersex studies with feminist disability and crip theories, however, I demonstrate that an intersex politic and intersex studies must be rooted in a disability politic and disability studies. Through a feminist disability and crip lens, I conduct a textual and critical discourse analysis of three case studies of interphobic violence or, what I term, “compulsory dyadism,” meaning the instituted cultural mandate that people cannot have intersex traits or house the “spectre of intersex” (Sparrow 2013: 29); such a spectre must be exorcised. The three case studies include nonconsensual medical interventions, sport sex testing, and employing reproductive technologies to select against intersex variations. My analyses of these case studies produce three important observations. First, intersex is presently and effectively being integrated into conventional notions of disability; second, ableist logics underpin interphobic violence; and third, compulsory dyadism is intertwined with, or is an iteration of, compulsory able-bodiedness. In recognizing this interconnection, theorizing intersex and disability together is not merely beneficial, doing so is necessary. Ultimately, my dissertation interrogates and extends questions of the ever-shifting categorization of body-minds, culturally mandated ways of being, and (the haunting effects of) pathologization. I apply pressure to the academic field of intersex studies as well as intersex activist and advocate communities to center disability in discussions concerning intersex human rights and interphobia.

Orchids: Intersex and Identity in Documentary explores the creative practice challenges of working with bodies with intersex in the long-form auto/biographical documentary Orchids. Just as creative practice research challenges the dominant hegemony of quantitative and qualitative research, so does my creative work position itself as a nuanced piece, pushing the boundaries of traditional cultural studies theories, documentary film practice and creative practice method, through its distinctive distillation and celebration of a new form of discursive rupturing, the intersex voice.

The purpose with this dissertation is to study the Intersex phenomenon in South Africa, meaning the interplay between the dual sex and gender norms in society. Hence, the treatment by some medical institutions and the view of some non-medical institutions upon this ‘treatment’, have been studied in relation to the Intersex infant’s human rights and citizenship rights. The thesis has moreover also investigated how young Intersex children are included/excluded and mentioned/not mentioned within South Africa’s legal system and within UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child. Furthermore, because Intersex children are viewed as ‘different’ on two accounts – their status as infants and born with an atypical congenital physical sexual differentiation, the thesis’ theoretical framework looks at the phenomenon from three perspectives – ‘the politics of difference’, human rights, and citizenship rights directed towards infants. The theoretical frameworks have been used to ask questions in relation to the empirical data, i.e. look at how the Intersex infants are ‘treated’ in relation to their status as ‘different’; and also in relation to the concept of being recognized, respected and allowed to partake in deciding whether to impose surgery or not. Moreover, what ‘treatment’ serves the best interest of the Intersex child? This has been done through semi structured interviews. In conclusion, some of the dissertation’s most important features are that since the South African society, like many other societies, strongly live by the belief that there are only two sexes and genders, this implies that Intersex infants do not fit in and become walking pathologies who must be ‘fixed’ to become ‘normal’. Moreover, since most genital corrective surgeries are imposed without being medically or surgically necessary, and are generally imposed before the age of consent (18), the children concerned, are generally not asked for their opinion regarding the surgery. Lastly because early corrective surgery can have devastating life lasting consequences, this ultimately means that the child’s human rights and citizenship rights are of a concern. These conclusions do however not ignore the consequences one has to endure for the price of being ‘different’.

No description available.

The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis Gender Identity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (GID NOS) is used to describe individuals who have gender issues but do not meet the current criteria for GID. As part of a consensus process conducted by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, the authors make the following recommendations for DSM 5: removal from the chapter on sexual disorders, more specific diagnostic criteria, retention of clinical significance criteria, and removal of exclusionary criteria of Intersex/Disorders of Sex Development. Changes to the existing clinical examples were also recommended, suggesting additional clinical examples that encompass a broader range of gender-variance and more commonly found transgender presentations. The diagnosis must reflect the severity of the clinical issues that represent legitimate identity experiences and possible need for gender-confirming treatments.

The cis norm could be described as the norm that forces everyone to be either female or male and that genitals, gender identity and juridical sex should be constant throughout a person’s lifetime. “Cis” means “on the same side” in Latin, and in this study Wendel Strömbeck, student at the Pedagogy Institution of Konstfack, University College of Arts, Crafts and Design, has coined the notion “the cis gaze”. “The cis gaze” refer to a performative act of sorting bodies into a female or male category. Wendel study how people with trans* experiences could experience gazes and pictures in relation to the cis norm. The study is based on the queer community that Wendel is a part of, and includes interviews and self-reflections. “Trans” means “to move over” in Latin and “trans*” refers to the whole spectra of possible ways of transgressing the cis norm. The study is devided into two parallel works, an essay and an artistic figuration, a comic book. The comic book includes rendering of the interviews that Wendel has carried out and an irreverent study of cis gendered persons. The essay also includes rendering of the same interviews and an analysis of a poster for the Hollywood movie Glen or Glenda from 1953

The perception of how sexed bodies should behave and look has shifted throughout history and today we see a rise in discussions about bodily autonomy and the opportunity for diverse bodies to co-exist and flourish in modern society. Human rights activists and organisations led by people born with intersexual variations of sex characteristics (IVSC) have persistently critcized health care regulations for “fixing” intersex bodies without the consent of the individual. This study investigates how the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) intend to protect intersex infants from invasive surgeries and interventions performed early in life. The study also adresses the pathological aspects of how intersex conditions are being described by medical discourses as well as how current legislations manage to secure the rights and integrity of people with IVSC. By using Faircloughs critical discourse analysis I delve into the updated guidelines presented by the NBHW to review if significant changes in the recommendations for medical practice of intersex health appear in line with the organisations’ requests. This essay takes on a poststructuralist perspective with support from Judith Butler’s body and gender based theories as the main theoretical framework.Previous studies have concluded that most medical practises regarding intersex remain unchanged. They show that there is a tendency to rationalize normalizing interventions with a primary focus on the looks of genitalia. There seems to be an underlying lack of communication between the medical world and the human rights organisations, these conclusions were brought to light by authors such as Erika Alm and Surya Monro. The results of this study show that a traditional and pathological definition of intersex dominates the medical discourse and that progressive terminology is only discussed on a doctor-patient level and not on a structural scale. These results impart on the current legal inconsistencies which weaken the protection of intersex integrity as they remain unchanged. While the importance of patient integrity is addressed, the NBHW argue that there is lack of evidence based knowledge to implement more resolute restrictions and they express a lack of ambition to investigate further into these matters.