Syfte med denna studie var att undersöka om en hälsosatsning i form av hälsosamtal, konditionstest samt friskvårdstimme har skapat något lärande bland deltagarna och om så var fallet vilken lärdom. Ett samarbete skapades tillsammans med en stadsdel i Göteborgs stad, där hälsosatsningen implementerades på arbetsplatser inom måltidservice. Detta arbete är gjort som en uppföljning av den redan implementerade hälsosatsningen. Studien för detta arbete har präglats av en kvalitativ inriktning och 16 intervjuer har utgjort en grund för studiens resultat. En inspiration av fenomenologisk ansats har format studiens inriktning som var att fånga deltagarnas upplevelser. Vid sammanställning av materialet samt analysarbetet användes Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). En del av resultatet som framkom var att deltagarna överlag ansåg att hälsosatsningen varit bra då den anpassats utifrån alla individers förmåga och alla kunde därför dra en lärdom på ett eller annat vis. Individerna har fått en ökad kunskap kring betydelsen av den lilla träningen och att alla har något att vinna oavsett tidigare fysisk status. En förändring och upplevelse som hälsosatsningen resulterat i var en förstärkt gruppsammanhållning samt ett bättre arbetsklimat. / The purpose of this study was to investigate if a healthcare intervention in form of health dialogue, fitness test and training on working hours created any new knowledge among the participants and if so, what wisdom did it create. This was a collaboration together with Gothenburg city, where the healthcare intervention was implemented on workplaces within meal service. This thesis was done to do a follow-up of the already implemented healthcare intervention. The study for this paper was formed by a qualitative objective and 16 interviews provided a foundation for the study’s result. An inspiration of phenomenography approach formed the study’s objective that was to catch the participant’s experience. At the compilation of the material and the analysis was the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) used. A part of the result that appeared was that the participants overall thought that the healthcare intervention was good because it was adaptable from all of the participant’s capabilities and therefore everyone could learn something from this, in one way or another. The individuals have gotten an increased knowledge of the impact of small workouts and that everyone has something to gain regardless of previous physical status. A change and experience of the healthcare intervention have resulted in a tighter group cohesion and a better working climate.

Syftet med föreliggande kvalitativa studie var att undersöka de känslomässiga och relationella upplevelserna av tillfälliga sexuella relationer (TSR) hos kvinnor i vuxenblivande. Studien syftade även till att undersöka upplevelser av förväntningar inom TSR, hur deltagarna förhåller sig till sina upplevelser och vilka faktorer som påverkar den känslomässiga upplevelsen. Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades med Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) som analysverktyg. Resultatet utgjordes av tre övergripande teman; Förväntningar i och kännetecken på TSR, Individens förhållningssätt till och påverkan av förväntningar i TSR samt Primära faktorer som påverkar den känslomässiga upplevelsen. Resultatet visade på att det generellt finns en förväntan om att TSR ska vara en känslolös form av relation. Relationen karaktäriseras av en hög grad av ovisshet och otydlighet såväl som frihet. Olika affektregleringsstrategier genom vilka deltagarna förhöll sig till dessa förväntningar och karaktäristika framkom. Deltagarna beskrev även förhållningssätt som antas förstärkas som resultat av rådande könsnormer, däribland en ambivalens mellan olika förväntningar och att ta ett stort socialt- och känslomässigt ansvar. Slutligen beskrevs överensstämmelse mellan vill och får, medvetenhet kring egna upplevelser, autentiskt relaterande och respekt för gränser vara de primära faktorerna som påverkar deltagarnas känslomässiga upplevelse av TSR. / The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the emotional and relational experiences of casual sex relationships (CSR) among women in emerging adulthood. Furthermore, the purpose of this study was to examine expectations within CSR, how the participants cope with their experiences and which factors that affect the emotional experience. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed according to Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as a method. The analysis resulted in three main themes: Expectations in and characteristics of CSR, The individual´s approach to and influence of CSR and The primary factors affecting the emotional experience. The results showed that there generally is an expectation of CSR to be an emotionless kind of relationship. The relationship is characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and ambiguity as well as freedom. Different strategies used by the participants to cope with these expectations and characteristics emerged. The participants also described approaches which are believed to be a result of the prevailing gender norms, such as an ambivalence between different expectations and a tendency to take a large social- and emotional responsibility. Lastly, the primary factors affecting the participant´s emotional experience of CSR were described in terms of a congruence between want and get, awareness of ones own experiences, authentic relating and respect for boundaries.

The social insurance agency (SIA) investigates and takes decisions regarding sickness benefit in Sweden. The SIA are also commissioned to coordinate and support the sick listed return to work. The SIA struggles with low trust from the Swedish inhabitants. In former studies the sicklisted claims that the treatment of the SIA have affected their return to work. The objective of this study was to investigate individual’s experiences of treatment in an encounter with their social insurance officer. Four individuals, with experience of sickness absence for three months or longer, were asked to write a retrospective story about an encounter with a social insurance officer which was followed up with in-depth interviews using open–ended questions. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Five superordinate themes were found and the result showed the importance of a social insurance officer to act personal with engagement and communicate in ways that evoke positive emotions in the sick listed individual. The discussion focus on how the emotion the social insurance agency can evoke in the sick-listed individual by their treatment could affect the sick-listed ability to return to work. The affect may be caused by the treatments evoke of stress release or empowerment .The result indicated that the treatment was the major cause of why the individual felt trust or mistrust for the SIA. / Försäkringskassan (FK) utreder och beslutar om rätt till sjukpenning samt har ett samordningsansvar för den sjukskrivnas återgång till arbete. Undersökningar har visat att allmänheten har relativt lågt förtroende för Försäkringskassan. Tidigare undersökningar visar också att de sjukskrivna anser att Försäkringskassans bemötande har påverkat deras återgång till arbete. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kunders upplevelser av bemötande i ett möte med Försäkringskassans handläggare. Fyra individer med en sjukperiod överstigande tre månader, blev ombedda att skriva en retrospektiv berättelse om ett möte med en handläggare. Berättelserna följdes upp med djupintervjuer som spelades in, transkriberades för att sedan analyseras genom Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Fem övergripande teman identifierades och resultatet visade på vikten av att handläggaren bemötte kunden på ett personligt och engagerat sätt samt kommunicerade på ett sätt som väckte positiva känslor hos den sjukskrivna. Diskussionen fokuserar på hur de känslor som kan uppstå av bemötandet från Försäkringskassan kan påverka den sjukskrivnas återgång till arbete. Detta skulle kunna orsakas av bemötandets funktion som stresslösande eller som skapare av empowerment. Resultatet visar också att bemötandet utgjorde den viktigaste faktorn för huruvida de sjukskrivna individerna upplevde förtroende eller misstro för Försäkringskassan.

The aim of the thesis is to examine the work experience of investigative journalists. Regarding the specificity and a demanding character of this job, the attention was aimed to perceieved risks and coping strategies of selected journalists. The theoretical part was divided into two sections. The first stemming from the theoretical background of the media studies. In the second, the themes emerging from the analysis, relating to the field of psychology, were described. The empirical part of the research is based on qualitative design, more specifically on the method The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Within the research two in-depth interviews with two investigative journalists were made. Each of the respondents is dedicated to different type of investigative journalism and focuses primarily on different geographical area. Within the characteristics of IPA I concentrated on their subjective experience while the working process. Both of the respondents were asked to talk freely about what they considered important relating to my questions. In the analytical part I tried to intepret the answers regarding possible personality sources. Based on the findings I formed a proposal of the categories of these sources which within the living experience of the respondents seemed crucial for...

Studiens syfte var att undersöka utländska akademikers upplevelser av mötet med, och inträdet på, den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Studiens frågeställningar: Vilka hinder kan försvåra etableringen på arbetsmarknaden för utländska akademiker? Vilka faktorer kan främja etableringen på arbetsmarknaden för utländska akademiker? Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien är hämtad utifrån socialkonstruktivism samt begreppet etnicitet som social konstruktion. Studien är genomförd med kvalitativ forskningsmetod, vilken utfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade livsvärldsintervjuer. Analysmetoden för studien var IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis), där gemensamma teman lyftes fram och diskuterades utifrån de teoretiska utgångspunkterna. I resultatavsnittet har studiens frågeställningar besvarats enligt följande: Hinder som kan försvåra etableringen av utländska akademiker på arbetsmarknaden är samhällets föreställningar, sociala kategoriseringar, etnisk diskriminering, strukturella förändringar på arbetsmarknaden samt arbetsgivarnas inflytande. Sammanfattningsvis skildrade studiens resultat hur viktigt det är att belysa att de föreställningar som finns i samhället gällande personer med utländsk bakgrund påverkar synen på individen. Dessa faktorer var de mest centrala elementen och kärnan i det empiriska materialet kopplat till denna frågeställning. De främjande faktorerna till etableringen av utländska akademiker enligt studiens resultat är: Delaktighet, personligt ansvarstagande och betydelsen av utbildning. I enhet med respondenternas upplevelser framgår vikten av att samma anställningskriterier ska gälla för alla oberoende av ens bakgrund eller tillhörighet. Även personligt ansvarstagande visade sig vara betydelsefullt, exempelvis individens egen motivation, styrka och inre resurser. Vidare betonas att det finns tendenser till att samhällets syn på utländska personers resurser är i förändring. Detta på grund av det växande behovet av mångkulturell arbetskraft med flerspråkighet, kulturell kompetens samt akademisk utbildning, med anledning av den stora flyktinginvandring som pågår just nu. Studiens resultat har både gått i linje med tidigare forskning samt gått emot eller visat nya infallsvinklar på tidigare forskningsresultat. / The purpose of this study was to investigate foreign academics' experiences of meeting with, and entry to the Swedish labor market. Study questions: What obstacles could hamper the establishment of the labour market for foreign graduates? What factors can promote the formation of the labour market for foreign graduates? The theoretical starting point for the study is taken on the basis of social constructivism and the concept of race as a social construction. The study was conducted with qualitative research, which was conducted using semi-structured interviews, life-world. The analytical method for the study was the IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis), where common themes were highlighted and discussed from the theoretical points. In the results section, the study questions were answered as follows: Obstacles that can hinder the establishment of foreign graduates in the labour market is society's beliefs, social categorizations, ethnic discrimination, structural changes in the labour market and employers' influence. In summary, the study's results depicted how important it is to highlight that the perceptions that exist in society concerning people with foreign backgrounds affect the perception of the individual. These factors were the key elements and the core of the empirical material related to this issue. The promotion factors to the establishment of foreign graduates according to the study's results are: Involvement, personal responsibility and the importance of education. The unit with the respondents' experience illustrates the importance of the recruitment criteria should apply to all, regardless of one's background or affiliation. Although personal responsibility proved to be important, such as the individual's own motivation, strength and inner resources. They also stress that there are tendencies that society's view of foreigner's resources is changing. This is because of the growing need for multicultural workforce with multilingualism, cultural competence and academic training, due to the large influx of refugees that is going on right now. The study results have both been in line with previous research, and gone against or demonstrated new angles on previous research.

Dans le contexte international actuel, les entreprises doivent être capables de développer des stratégies leur permettant d’augmenter leurs performances et d'être plus compétitives. Cet environnement très évolutif introduit de nombreuses incertitudes et contraintes qui rendent beaucoup plus difficile la détermination de la meilleure stratégie à adopter selon les objectifs fixés. Le travail développé dans cette thèse, s’inscrit dans ce cadre et nous nous intéressons plus précisément à l'optimisation du pilotage de systèmes de production soumis à aléas (comme les pannes des machines) de façon à minimiser les coûts globaux. Pour la modélisation, le modèle à flux continus est choisi afin de représenter le flux de matières transitant dans le système. Ce modèle, nous permet également d'intégrer les délais de transfert et de transport entre les différents éléments qui composent le système.La méthode de résolution analytique utilisée est issue des méthodes d’analyse de sensibilité et correspond à la méthode d’analyse des perturbations infinitésimales (IPA). Cette méthode nous permet de déduire à partir d'une étude de trajectoires, un gradient du coût global pour chacune des études menées. Nous prouvons alors que ces gradients ne sont pas biaisés. Cela nous permet de les utiliser dans des simulations numériques. Ces simulations nous permettent de déterminer les variables de décision des stratégies de pilotage du système considéré. Le pilotage intègre la maintenance à la production. Pour le pilotage des systèmes considérés, nous considérons également des contraintes liées aux trois piliers du développement durable. Ces contraintes sont intégrées à nos modèles sous forme de coûts. Ainsi, les coûts globaux peuvent comporter en plus de coûts purement économiques, des coûts environnementaux et sociaux. Nous montrons donc que l'approche de résolution proposée peut être utilisée pour optimiser d'autres objectifs dans un cadre de durabilité / In the current international context, companies need to be able to develop strategies to increase their performance and become more competitive. This rapidly changing environment introduces many uncertainties and constraints, making much more difficult to determine the best strategy according to the objectives set. The work developed in this thesis falls within this context and, more precisely, we are interested in the optimization of the control of production systems subject to uncertainties (such as machine failures) in order to minimize the overall costs. For modeling, the continuous-flow model is chosen to represent the material flow moving through the system. This model allows us to integrate transfer and transportation delays between the different components of the system. The analytical resolution method used is based on the sensitivity analysis methods and corresponds to the infinitesimal perturbation analysis method (IPA). This method allows us to deduce, based on learning from sample-paths, a gradient of the overall cost for each of the studies conducted. We prove that these gradients are unbiased, which allows us to use them in numerical simulations. The simulations allow us to determine the decision variables of control strategies of the studied systems. The control integrates the maintenance to the production. For the control of the considered systems, we also take into account constraints linked to the three pillars of sustainable development. These constraints are integrated into our models in terms of costs. Thus, the overall costs may not only include purely economic costs, but also environmental and social costs. We show that the proposed resolution approach may be used to optimize other objectives within a sustainability framework

在當時大家認為產品品質與顧客滿意呈現一維的線性關係時，狩也紀昭首先將二因子的概念應用在產品品質上，發現了品質也有二維的特性，因此可以辨別出何種品質較其他品質重要，藉以形成品質改善的優先順序，其後亦有學者將服務品質概念應用在Kano模式上，發現服務品質也有二維品質的特性，然而Kano模式僅能提供品質的屬性分類，卻無法瞭解目前使用者的狀態，因此後來有學者加入IPA( Importance-Performance Analysis )，藉以瞭解目前使用者主觀的感受如何，因此Kano模式是將品質作「定性」，也就是瞭解品質的特性，而IPA是將品質「定量」，也就是瞭解目前使用者的感受。然而將Kano模式與IPA結合後所提出之品質改善建議往往流於模式上的字面解釋，有些甚至不符合公司當時實際在管理品質的情境，因此本研究試著導入核心策略與戰略行動的概念，試著重新提出Kano模式與IPA結合後的品質改善建議。 接著本研究以E-S-QUAL網路服務品質為基礎，結合Kano模式與IPA分析方式，並以Facebook為研究對象，探討Facebook網路服務品質的特性是否具有二維品質模式，並以不同人口統計變項將樣本分群，探討不同人口統計變項下，使用者是否對Facebook網路服務品質特性之分類有所不同，最後驗證本研究所提出的品質改善建議之合理性，並同時與Kano模式與IPA結合的品質改善建議作一對比。 結果發現，Facebook的網路服務品質的確有二維品質的屬性，但在32項品質項目中，沒有任何一項為魅力品質，代表E-S-QUAL所提出的所有品質項目，對於Facebook的使用者而言，沒有一項品質會令他們愛慕或嚮往。而對於不同人口統計變項的使用者而言，對於Facebook的網路服務品質特性之分類，在某些構面上的確有所不同。最後利用分析過後的資料，實證本研究所提出之品質改善建議，同時比較Kano模式與IPA結合的品質改善建議，發現後者確實在某些品質改善建議上有所遺漏，並於本研究所提出之改善建議中加以彌補，以形成更為周全的品質改善建議。 / At the time we think that product quality and customer satisfaction is a linear relationship, hunting Zhao Ji first applied the concept of two factors theory on quality and found that quality and customer satisfaction also has two-dimensional relationship. So you can identify what kinds of quality are more important than others to the formation of quality improvement priorities. Other researches also applied the concept of the Kano model on service quality and found that service quality also has the two-dimensional quality attribute. However, Kano model only can provide the classification of quality attribute, but cannot understand the current experience of the user. So some researches subsequently joined the IPA( Importance-Performance Analysis ), in order to understand current user subjective experience. We can know Kano model is used to “qualitative”, that is, to understand the attributes of quality, while the IPA is used to “quantitative”, that is, to understand the users current experience. However, the quality improvement suggestions from the combination with Kano model and IPA tend to fellow the literal interpretation from two models. Some suggestions even mismatch the actual company management situation. Therefore, the core of this study tried to import the concept of strategy and strategic action into the combination of Kano model and IPA to submit new recommendations of quality improvement. Then this study, based on E-S-QUAL, combining with analysis methods of Kano model and IPA, and using Facebook as an example, explores whether the characteristics of Facebook social network service qualities show two-dimensional quality attributes. Grouping the samples by different demographic variables to explore whether different users will affect the classification of quality attributes. Finally, this study examines the reasonableness of quality improvement suggestions from itself and also makes a comparison with the suggestion combining with Kano model and IPA. The results showed that, Facebook’s network service qualities do have the two dimensional quality attributes. But in 32 network service quality items, there do not have any attractive quality attribute. It shows that, there is no one service quality item proposed from E-S-QUAL will be loved or desired by Facebook users. For the different demographic variable users, there are some different in classifying Facebook’s network service quality attributes in some dimension. Finally, this study uses the result from the data analyzed through Kano model and IPA to examine the reasonableness of quality improvement suggestions from itself, and also makes a comparison with the suggestion combining with Kano model and IPA. The examination discovered that the latter is indeed miss the quality improvement suggestion in some situation. So the suggestions of this study compensated the missing part and also proposed a more comprehensive suggestion for Facebook’s quality improvement.

This explorative study focuses on young, university attending males (22-27 years) and their understanding and pratice of the classic tail coat. It is based on five qvalitatively interpreted interwievs with a total of six participants, and through open questions regarding individuality and identicalness, limits and possibilities and inclusion and exclusion, a masculininty of a less contemporary hue takes shape. These conversations have revealed the tail coats potential of respresenting a male stereotype that can set a foundational and minimal standard for inclusion. Above this layer these males can then manifest and negotiate their masculine position in a homosocial hierarchy which decides the amount of passage, privilieges and confirmation of self- worth received for the wearer. These negotiation is performed by value bearing symbols (such as medallions, cordons and the like) allowed by the wearer and by the actions that systematically ensure that the lines of the tail coat are watched and unbroken. This is to preserve the priviliege of being allowed to deconstruct the unit of the tail coat, as this would be an absolute indication of achievement of the correct masculinity and the surrounding of the right spectators. The guarding of the tail coats limits lies within the tendencies of wanting to correct each other with feelings of either irritation or sympathy, a practice that seem rather unreflected by these men themselves. This pratice could be interpreted as a form of ”subjectfying” performed between these men, collectively and systematically (as well as unreflected) ensuring the image of masculinity remains unflawed. The tail coat allows the somewhat questioned homosociality to stay vital by forming a third gender sphere which is separated from the rules of the public (male) sphere and the private (female), but can still transcend and interact with these. In a society that porgressively have condemned the homosocial practice of men choosing and protecting other men in aspects regarding both work and domesticity, the third gender sphere becomes a sanctuary which can allow this structure to continue. However, these young men also experiences a duality, an awareness of the problems involved with gender exclusive contexts which could be a symptom of this homosocial sphere cracking in its surface. However, the overall experience of the tail coat and its connected contexts seems to be understood as fun and easy, neutral and uncomplicated, and the tail coat itself as an form of ”pavlovian conditioning” on the pleasantries connected to it.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förskollärares upplevelser av vaken-vila. Kvalitativaintervjuer med tio förskollärare har genomförts och resultatet har analyserats med IPA. Tvåhuvudteman har framtolkats. Konceptet vaken-vila visar hur förskollärarna uttrycker att vaken-vilaska vara en stund för lugn och återhämtning samtidigt som deras upplevelser skiftar, den upplevs bådesom bra och trevlig men också som svår och stressframkallande. Organisation av vaken-vila handlarom förskollärarnas upplevelser av möjligheter och begränsningar för aktiviteten i relation tillbarngruppsstorlek, personaltäthet, lokal och material. Studiens slutsatser är att vaken-vilan upplevssom en aktivitet med många dimensioner. Strukturella svårigheter såsom brist på personal i relationtill antal barn i förskolan skapar organisatoriska begränsningar för vad aktiviteten vaken-vila kaninnehålla. Detta leder till att några av förskollärarna upplever stress i samband med aktiviteten. Vi kangenom tolkning av vårt resultat se att vaken-vilan verkligen är det vår rubrik påstår: en svår nöt attknäcka. / The purpose of this study is to examine preschool teachers experiences of awake-rest. Qualitativeinterviews with ten preschool teachers have been conducted and the results have been analyzed withIPA. Two main themes have been interpreted: The concept of awake-rest and The organization ofawake-rest. Our interviews revealed that the concept of awake-rest is a moment where preschoolteachers wants there to be calm while allowing for mental recovery. But their experiences of awakerestis of different character. Feeling the activity as both good and enjoyable but also as difficult andstress related. The organization of awake-rest regards preschool teachers experiences about therestrains and opportunities of the activity in relation to child group size, number of staff, environmentand materials. The study concludes that the awake-rest is experienced as an activity with manydimensions. Structural difficulties such as lack of staff in relation to the number of children createsorganizational limitations on what the activity awake-rest may contain. This leads to some of thepreschool teachers experiencing stress in connection with the activity. We can, by interpreting ourresults, see that the awake-rest is really what our headline claims: a hard nut to crack.

I yrken med möten med människor som varit utsatta på något sätt och behöver stöd i en förändringsprocess krävs en kompetens för att möta den hjälpsökandes behov. Ständiga möten med människor i en utsatt situation alstrar ett lärande även hos den som förväntas stötta och uppmuntra till förändring. Föreliggande studie avser att undersöka upplevelser av lärande hos individer som arbetar med kvinnor utsatta för våld i en nära relation. Sex kvinnor i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige har deltagit i studien. De arbetar antingen yrkesmässigt eller ideellt i två samverkande verksamheter med utsatta kvinnor. Totalt har elva intervjuer genomförts där förfarandet haft en kvalitativ ansats. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats med en tolkande fenomenologisk analys, där resultatet består av följande tre teman: Ett omedvetet och medvetet lärande, formellt lärande samt informellt lärande. Resultatet visar också hur informanterna upplever olika förutsättningar för lärande samt vilken betydelse lärandet får för den dagliga verksamheten. Deltagarna upplever att de ständigt lär av andra och sig själva, där samarbete och samverkan är viktiga förutsättningar för att det dagliga arbetet skall fungera. Lärande är betydelsefullt för verksamhetens utveckling, individens personliga utveckling och för att den utsatta kvinnan skall få god hjälp. För att kunna lära behövs förutsättningar som exempelvis engagemang och intresse. Och för att dessa ska tillgodoses krävs förutsättningar av mottaglighet och utrymme som ges och fås, dels av individen själv men främst av individer i verksamheternas nätverk. / In occupations where encounters with people who have been exposed in some way and are in need of support in a process of change, competence is required to meet the needs of that person. Every encounter with people in vulnerable situations generates situations of learning also for the person that is expected to give support and encourage change. The present study aims to examine the experiences of learning within individuals who work with women victims of domestic violence. Six women in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden participated in the study. They either work with salaries or voluntarily in two collaborative units with abused women. A total of eleven interviews were conducted where the approach had a qualitative alignment. The collected material was analyzed with an interpretative phenomenological analysis and the result consists of the three following themes: Unconscious/conscious learning, formal learning and informal learning. The result also shows how the participants experience different conditions for learning and the importance learning adress to the daily worklife. Furthermore, the participants experience a constant learning from both other individuals and herself, where cooperation and collaboration are essential for the function of daily work. Learning is important for development of the workplace, personal development and so that the abused woman will get the help she need. To be able to learn, there are necessary preconditions such as commitment and interest. And for these to be met, other conditions are required such as receptivity and space, which are provided and obtained partly by the individual herself but mostly by individuals in the network surrounding the work places.