Bakgrund I takt med att den äldre befolkningen ökar, ökar även antalet äldre över 65 år som upplever ensamhet. Idag anses ofrivillig ensamhet utgöra ett folkhälsoproblem med bland annat en ökad dödlighet hos de drabbade. Sjuksköterskans arbete kan ha en betydande roll för att minska den äldres ensamhet med personcentrerad vård, hänsyn till den äldres resurser och behov för att främja en meningsfull vardag. Utifrån detta behövs kunskap sammanställas inom området för att förbättra kunskapen kring åtgärder som förbättrar den sociala situationen samt syftar till att minska ofrivillig ensamhet hos äldre personer boende i ordinärt boende. Känsla av sammanhang, KASAM, kan fungera som en skyddsfaktor mot ensamhet och har därför valts som teoretisk utgångspunkt för denna litteraturöversikt. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva de omvårdnadsåtgärder som syftar till att minska upplevelsen av ofrivillig ensamhet hos äldre i ordinärt boende. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes baserat på 18 artiklar av både kvantitativ, kvalitativ och mixad metod. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed och genomgick en kvalitetsgranskning. Genom en integrerad analys sammanställdes resultatet av artiklarna. Resultat Resultatet visade på flera interventioner som hade positiv effekt på att minska ofrivillig ensamhet hos äldre. De mest framträdande interventionerna ämnade att minska äldre personers upplevelse av ensamhet var gruppaktiviteter, sällskapsdjur, volontärarbete, digitala hjälpmedel och individuellt stöd. Dessa visade sig vara effektiva vid ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt och betonar kombinerade omvårdnadsåtgärder för att få en bestående minskning av ensamheten. Rörelsebegränsningar, hälsotillstånd och graden upplevd ensamhet visade sig vara faktorer som påverkade interventionens effektivitet. Slutsats Denna litteraturöversikt erbjuder insiktsfulla perspektiv och påvisar vikten av att integrera presenterade omvårdnadsåtgärder i omsorgen av äldre för att minska ofrivillig ensamhet som är ett ökande samhällsproblem i åldersgruppen. Genom att integrera KASAM i omvårdnaden av de äldre och tillämpa en holistisk och personcentrerad vård kan insatser riktas därefter för att minska ofrivillig ensamheten hos äldre / Background As the elderly population increases, so does the number of seniors experiencing loneliness. Today, involuntary loneliness is considered a public health issue associated with increased mortality among those affected. Nurses play a significant role in addressing the loneliness of the elderly through person-centered care, consideration of the individual's abilities and needs to promote a meaningful daily life. Based on this, knowledge needs to be compiled in the field to enhance understanding of measures that improve the social situation and which aims to reduce involuntary loneliness for elderly individuals. A sense of coherence, SOC, can act as a protective factor against loneliness and has therefore been chosen as the theoretical framework for this literature review. Aim The purpose was to highlight nursing interventions aimed to reduce the experience of involuntary loneliness among older adults living in ordinary housing. Method A non-systematic review was conducted based on 18 articles using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. The articles were retrieved from CINAHL and PubMed databases and underwent a quality review. The results of the articles were compiled through an integrated analysis. Results The results revealed several interventions that had a positive effect on reducing involuntary loneliness among older adults. The most prominent interventions aiming to reduce the experience of loneliness in older individuals were group activities, companion animals, volunteer work, digital aids and individual support. These were found to be effective with a person-centered approach and emphasize combined nursing measures for a lasting reduction of loneliness. Factors such as limited mobility, health conditions and the degree of perceived loneliness were found to influence the effectiveness of the different interventions. Conclusions This review provides insightful perspectives and emphasizes the importance of integrating the presented nursing interventions in the care of elderly to reduce involuntary loneliness, an escalating societal issue within this age group. By incorporating the theory Sense of Coherence into the care of elderly and implementing a holistic and person-centered approach, efforts can be directed and effectively reduce involuntary loneliness among older individuals.

I början av 2020 drabbades världen av Covid-19, och med pandemins intåg följde restriktioner för allmänheten av olika slag. WHO klassade äldre människor över 60 år som en riskgrupp och de tvingades till skyddande hälsobeteenden, som bland annat att undvika att ta emot besök i sitt hem som inte är helt nödvändigt, samt undvika folktäta platser. Många gemensamma aktiviteter i samhället stängdes ned vilket resulterade i att många äldre människor isolerades i sina hem. Syftet med denna scoping review har varit att kartlägga vad befintlig forskning visar avseende hur äldre människor påverkats av restriktioner som Covid-19 inneburit. Studien innehåller både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar och analysen har gjorts tematiskt respektive narrativt. Resultatet visar att äldre människor blev ensammare under pandemin men att det inte nödvändigtvis var till det negativa. / In 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 pandemic, and to control/minimize the spread of COVID-19 restrictions were enforced of varying degree around the world. The WHO classified older people over the age of 60 as a risk group and they were forced into protective health behaviors, including avoiding unnecessary visits to their homes and avoiding crowded places. Many of the common activities in the community were shut down and older people werei solated in their homes. The purpose of this scoping review has been to map what existing research shows regarding how older people were affected by restrictions during COVID-19. The study contains both qualitative and quantitative articles and the analysis has been done thematically and narratively.The results show that older people became more lonely during the pandemic but the loneliness was not necessarily negative.

During recent years, there has been a major change in the way people engage in politics. The introduction of social media to the world, as well as the fact that the number of members of political parties has halved between 1990 and 2010, are part of a major shift in the study of political participation and engagement. This change shows that there has been a switch in political engagement, from the traditional representative democracy institutions to a much more digital way. Having taken this into consideration, this study aims to explore how young first-time Swedish voters experienced the political climate on social media during the Swedish general election in 2022. The focal point of this study is firstly to answer how the voters believe that the political climate on social media affected their political gathering of information ahead of the election. Secondly, to gain a deeper understanding of the students' opinions and experiences on politics in social media in relation to concepts like tolerance, freedom of speech, intolerance and censorship. And thirdly, if these experiences seem to influence the first-time voters' political participation and engagement on social media. The theoretical framework is foremost based on Henrik Bang’s theory on project-oriented identities, John Stuart Mill's understanding of freedom of speech and political scientist Sigal Ben-Porath’s definition on censorship. The method that will carry out this paper is face-to-face interviews with 10 upper secondary school students in a social science class in Orebro. The chosen method is content analysis, combined with an analysis scheme which will outline the empirical collection based on four main categories. The results show that the first-time voters did not use social media voluntarily for political information gathering, but that it rather happened because social media is part of their everyday life. The study also demonstrates that the first-time voters considered the political climate on social media as relatively harsh. Their opinions also vary regarding the political climate in relation to tolerance, freedom of speech, intolerance and censorship. Lastly, it was rather difficult to know with certainty whether the first-time voters’ experiences of the political climate had an impact on their political participation and engagement or not, but that it may possibly have been the case.

<p> </p><p>Internet har sedan starten öppnat nya portar för kommunikation. En av de allra populäraste just nu är att blogga. Att uttrycka sig språkligt har kommit att bli så mycket mer än bara att använda sig av ord. På bloggen ges möjlighet att tillföra bild, film, färg och att använda olika typografiska medel, såsom att kursivera eller göra text fetstilt. Element som alla bidrar till hur text tolkas.</p><p>Utifrån fjorton dagboksbloggar och totalt 289 blogginlägg har min uppsats syftat till att undersöka hur framställning på dessa bloggar, tillhörande gymnasieelever, skett.</p><p>Mina frågeställningar jag utgått ifrån lyder:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Hur använder sig gymnasieungdomar av olika uttrycksmedel för att estetiskt och kreativt skapa ett blogginlägg på så kallade dagboksbloggar?</li></ul><p>-          Hur används rubriksättning, bild, film, färg och olika stilformat på texten för att skapa kommunikation och olika uttryck på blogginläggen?</p><ul type="disc"><li>Hur förhåller sig gymnasieungdomars dagboksblogg till den traditionella dagboken vad det gäller utformning och kommunikationsmöjligheter?</li></ul><p>Genom en strukturalistisk analys, med utgångspunkt hos Jurij Lotman, har jag gripit mig an blogginläggen på olika plan där jag både undersökt detaljer i texten och övergripande utformning. Jag har funnit att dagboksbloggen och dagboken skiljer sig på flera plan. Främst i fråga om kommunikationen som sker öppet på dagboksbloggen. Språkligt utmärker sig bloggen främst genom att ord och meningar betonas genom fetstilt och kursiv text, både för att göra texten mer lättövergriplig men också för att betona uttryck. Smileys och andra känslouttryck visar i sin tur hur ungdomarna undviker missförstånd på ett sätt som inte kräver bearbetning av texten. Jag vill säga att uppsatsen visar på hur en vidgad syn på språklighet och kommunikation idag är nödvändig, i och med de nya medel som tillkommit i dagens IT-samhälle.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Internet has since the beginning widened the form of communication. In recent times one of the most popular form is via blogs.</p><p>To express yourself has become more than words. The blogs give you the ability to add pictures, videos, colors and more. You are also able to use typological medium like italic and bold types. All these elements contribute to how the text is read and interpreted.</p><p>From 14 different diary blogs written by high school students and 289 posts in total my thesis intend to study which method of fabrications these blogs use.</p><p>The question formulations I have based my thesis on are:</p><p>·         How do high school students use different ways of expressions to esthetical and creatively create posts at the so called diary blogs?</p><p>-          How does headlining, pictures, film, colour and different typological medium being used to create communication and different expression on the posts?</p><p>·         How does the diary blog relate to the traditional diary regarding the formation and forms of communication?</p><p>Through a structuralistic analysis method based on Jurij Lotman’s analysis I’ve approached the posts on different levels, where I examine details in the text but also the structure. I’ve found that the diary blog and the diary separate from each other on several plans, foremost the way of communication which is overt in a diary blog. Linguistically the diary blog distinguish itself from diaries by the way to be able to emphasize words or a sentence with italic and bold types. Smileys and different kinds of emotional forms of expressions are used by the blogger to avoid misconceptions.</p><p>The thesis has proven that a widening way of looking at linguistic and communications are necessary due to the new medium that comes with the IT.</p><p> </p>

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka äldre människors (pensionärers) välmående genom att analysera samband mellan upplevd stress, självkänsla och livstillfredställelse i relation till kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå och civilstånd. Studien grundades på en enkätundersökning där 91 äldre individer deltog. Enkäten konstruerades med hjälp av skalorna Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) som mäter stress, Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) som mäter självkänsla och Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) som mäter livstillfredsställelse. Resultaten visade att det fanns signifikant samband mellan upplevd stress, självkänsla och livstillfredsställelse samt signifikanta skillnader mellan män och kvinnor gällande stress och livstillfredsställelse. Kvinnliga deltagare upplevde mer stress, hade lägre livstillfredsställelse och självkänsla än män. Resultaten visade att kön, livstillfredsställelse och självkänsla signifikant predicerar stress. / The aim of the study was to examine wellbeing of older people (pensioners)by analyzing the relationship between perceived stress, self-esteem and life-satisfaction in relation to gender, age, educational level and marital status. The study was based on a survey where 91 older individuals participated. The survey included Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measuring stress, Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) measuring self-esteem and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), measuring life satisfaction. The results showed that there were significant relationships between perceived stress, self-esteem and life satisfaction, as well as significant differences between men and women regarding stress and life satisfaction. Females experienced more stress, had lower life satisfaction and self-esteem than males. The results also showed that gender, life satisfaction and self-esteem significantly predict stress.

During the past twenty years, the Swedish school systems have slowly changed to becomemore and more performance-driven. Private schools have been growing in general and, likeindependent schools and schools managed by municipalities, they profile themselves. Schoolsare becoming more performance and result-oriented, which has changed the roles of teachersin a dramatic way and is in general, still changing. By profiling students based on theirindividual performance, schools are able to help students identify themselves and their owngoals. The process of profiling is a slow one in which some teachers adapt more quickly thanothers, and one that is critical for other teachers to learn in order to keep up with the demandsof society.Schools, like ordinary businesses, are in constant competition with each other to keep up withthe newest and greatest models of teaching and to rank among the best in high achievements.Perhaps the downside of this modern school structure is that it is often difficult to have aschool where both school management and teachers see eye to eye. School management must heavily focus on the school’s results as a whole. They rely on the teachers to produce theseresults among their students, which at times creates a heavy burden on teachers. The teachersare expected to have a much larger role, often ones that have to do with advertising for theschool in addition to teaching their students. In order to attract more student applications,school management expects that their teachers follow a curriculum that will produce highscores and grades. This study was done with a secondary school in Stockholm, where four teachers and oneprincipal were interviewed in order to have their opinion of the discussion about teachers newposition in the school as they operate today.

Uppsatsen utmanar det planeringsideal som grundas i att planera utifrån verksamheter med kommersiellt utbud för att skapa liv och rörelse i staden. Fysisk planering är en profession som har stor rådighet över offentliga rum i staden, där uppsatsen undersöker vilka verktyg som faktiskt finns. Uppsatsen lyfter betydelsen av offentliga rum och varför offentliga rum ser ut som de gör idag. Offentliga rums betydelse för demokrati och tolerans är några aspekter som lyfts för att säkerställa allas rätt till staden. Fyra fallstudier på fyra geografiska platser i Karlskrona står till grund för undersökningen. De fyra fallen observeras och analyseras, vilket sedan mynnar ut i gestaltningsförslag för hur de offentliga rummen kan gestaltas för att påverka användningen, utan att gestalta utifrån ett kommersiellt utbud. Gestaltningen ifrågasätter planeringsideal genom att ge förslag på hur ett fysiskt rum kan utformas för att främja demokrati och tolerans.

The purpose of this study was to examine how a few travellers described animal agency in travelogues from the 17th century, printed in Swedish language. Because the aim of this paper was to study animal agency, the posthumanist perspective was chosen to analyse how the travellers both objectified animals and described certain animals to be able to express free agency. Furthermore, the study also examines how the travellers interpreted the animal’s free agency. First, the results show that animals were objectified in situations where animals functioned as economic resources, which also has been shown in previous research. Animals were objectified as tools, food, means of transportation and commodities. Second, the study shows that larger predators, the chameleon, the elephant and larger apes, were described to be able to express free agency. The larger predators exercised agency outside human living quarters and was interpreted negatively because of the danger they posed. This has also been shown in previous research. Third, and most important, the results indicate that humans didn’t view all animals the same. The travellers seem to have thought that certain animal individuals in certain situations could express free agency. For example, specific crocodiles were described to be able to choose whether to attack humans or not. They could also play with each other, which indicates that the author thought that the specific crocodile had emotions. Moreover, the elephant was described to be able to make its own decisions and only lacked the human ability to speak. In addition, the larger apes were deemed to be able to comprehend abstract concepts and act on conscious intention, like the elephant. Also, although the apes didn’t speak, they were believed to be able to. This shows that the travellers thought that specific animals could express free agency in given situations and had many so-called human abilities.

<p>Coaching har blivit en trend i vårt samhälle och denna studie kan ses som en resa genom ”coachingdjungeln”. Undersökningen består av strukturerade telefonintervjuer blandat med litteratur- och artikelstudier där syftet var att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning NLP – <em>neurolingvistisk programmering</em> – förekommer i coaching av arbetslösa och hur det används. Urvalsgruppen finns i 14 av Sveriges 21 län och består av kommunala, privata och statligt anställda jobbcoacher som arbetar med individer som står utanför arbetsmarknaden. Resultatet visar att NLP i coaching av arbetslösa inte är en vanlig modell utan det lösningsfokuserade arbetssättet dominerar. Studien belyser att förhållningssätt, begrepp, metoder, inställning till klienter och kommunikativa verktyg är centralt inom all coaching. Undersökningens resultat visar att likheter finns mellan olika coaching- och vägledningsmodellers innehåll fast de kan ha olika benämningar inom respektive modell. Studien visar också coachingens för- och nackdelar samt tankar kring utbildning, professionalitet och yrkestiteln ”coach”.</p> / <p>Coaching has become a trend in our society and this study can be seen as an expedition through the “coaching jungle”. The inquiry consists of structured interviews by telephone mixed by studies of related literature and articles, where the purpose was to find out to what extent NLP – <em>Neuro Linguistic Programming </em>– occurs in coaching of the unemployed and to what extent it is used in coaching. The selection-group can be found in 14 of the 21 counties of Sweden and it contains job coaches from the local government, private and also staff from the public sector who works with unemployed. The results exhibit that NLP is not a regular model in coaching of unemployed – instead the solution-focused model is quite the dominant one among the selection-group in this inquiry. The study also illustrates approaches, concepts, various methods, attitudes to the clients as well as communicative tools which are all central parts of coaching.  The survey reveals that there are similarities between the contents of different coaching- and counselling models, even though they might have different names for it.  The study shows the pros and cons of coaching in general and also thoughts and opinions of education, professionalism and the job title “coach”.</p> / Examensarbete inom påbyggnadskurs i studie- och yrkesvägledning, studie- och yrkesvägledarprogrammet