Gender is a universal factor that is unavoidable in classroom interaction between pupils and teachers. The principle aim of this essay is to illustrate whether, during the interaction between pupil and teachers still occurs behavior that expresses a gender order. We also want to establish if the ones who attract attention from the teachers is the individual, or if teachers still on a subconscious or conscious level, think of the pupils gender and ascribes him or her some characteristics or qualities. Especially we want to bring out the pupils thoughts and sights of there is a difference on how teachers treat boys and girls. Another purpose we wanted to achieve was to illustrate how teachers work with the concept of equivalence between the sexes, according to Lpo94. Our essay is built on our studies around what teachers think on how they treat the pupils, on the basis of gender perspective. The study has also a more objective view that builds on observations. The parts of the essay that explores earlier studies and different developments, deal with the issues that affect our society and the schools purpose as a rear. Our results have point out to more conscious pedagogical methods that teachers have come to use in order to turn the traditional gender stereotype around. But we cannot fully ignore the gender issue because we are all part of it and we will always carry it with us as part of our culture.

The purpose of my essay is on one hand to research and evaluate the measures that one intermediate school in Sweden, uses in order to prevent bullying and stop it in the event that one pupil happens to get bullied or harassed. In other words, I would like to show how that school is capable of creating a safe environment. Qualitative research is used to obtain these findings. On the other hand, I also wish to examine what pupils at the school think about these measures and how they perceive the attitudes of the school’s teachers and management regarding the prevention of bullying. In order to acquire this information quantitative research is used. The conclusions that I draw after conducting my research are as follows: 1- Regarding the “Anti – bullying Performance Plan”, my essay shows that school teachers and management actively work in order to maintain a safe environment and as a result bullying is successfully prevented the school. However, I also highlight some aspects of the school’s plan that should be altered in other to make it more understandable to pupils. 2- The majority of the pupils surveyed feel secure at the school and also think that teachers and school management do a good job in preventing bullying. This despite the fact that few pupils know about the existence of the aforementioned plan. I therefore point out how important it is that the school’s teachers work to make pupils aware of the plan’s existence and the rights that the plan gives them.

Arbetets art: Examensarbete i lärarutbildningen, Avancerad nivå, 15hp Högskolan i Skövde Titel: Interaktionen i klassrummet – En kvalitativ observationsstudie om pedagogens interaktion med eleven i undervisningen. Sidantal: 38 Författare: Linn-Marita Johansen Eva Söhrman Handledare: Eva Dahlgren Datum: Januari 2009 Nyckelord: interaktion, kommunikation, pedagog, elev. Pedagogens interaktion med sina elever har stor betydelse för elevernas möjlighet till genuina lärandetillfällen och utveckling. Läroplaner och styrdokument betonar att samtliga individer har rätt till en jämlik utbildning. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i interaktionen mellan pedagog och elev, med fokus på dess kvalitet. Studien har en didaktisk inriktning och genomfördes som en observationsstudie i en årskurs tre med två verksamma pedagoger. Genom studien framkom att kvaliteten på interaktionen mellan pedagog och elev varierade. Vissa elever hade god kvalitet och andra hade sämre, även kvantiteten på interaktionen varierade mellan pedagogerna och eleverna. Förfarandet ledde till att vissa elever hamnade utanför undervisningen, andra blev passiva, medan en liten grupp dominerade och tog för sig av interaktionsutrymmet. Vi anser att studien är relevant för vår yrkesprofession då det är viktigt att som yrkesverksam pedagog ha en kvalitativ interaktion med sina elever. Medvetenheten om variationen i interaktionen mellan pedagog och elever är viktig att uppmärksamma, så att pedagoger utvecklas i sitt uppdrag att nå samtliga elever. / Study: Degree project in teacher education, Advanced level, 15 hp University of Skövde Title: Interaction in classroom settings - A qualitative observation study of teachers interaction with pupils in learning environment. Number of pages: 38 Author: Linn-Marita Johansen Eva Söhrman Tutor: Eva Dahlgren Date: Januari 2009 Keywords: Interaction, communication, teacher, pupil The teacher´s interaction with his students is of great significance for pupils' prospects for genuine learning and development. Curriculums and policies emphasize the individual's right to an equal education. This study covers the quality of the interaction between the teacher and the pupil. It has a didactical focus and was carried out in a third grade class with two teachers. The study showed that the quality of the interaction between the teachers and the pupils varied. Some pupils received good quality while others received poorer quality. The quantity of the interaction also varied between the teachers and the pupils. This led to some pupils being left out of the tutoring, some becoming passive, and a small group dominating the interaction. We consider the study as relevant to our profession because it is important for teachers to have a qualitative interaction with their pupils. Awareness of this variation in interaction is important, so that teachers can develop in their mission to reach all pupils.

This essay is about the representation of orthodox Christianity in Swedish educational material. With the help of my analytical approach inspired by Michel Foucault, I have studied material used in school for the subject Religion. I have limited the educational material in two ways. First, the main reason for this is that I am only interested in material written and produced from the year 2010 until today. Secondly, the material I have chosen to focus on is written for the grades 7-9 and for high school. My goal is to define how orthodox Christianity is presented to the Swedish pupil. The aim is to create a discussion about the ways a religion, generally considered as foreign, is presented in school and what kind of picture of the said religion is thereby created.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a dispersed interferometric technology used to obtain tomographic images, typically of tissue for medical applications. OCT is a competing technology with confocal microscopy (CM) and confocal fluorescent microscopy (CFM), which are both used for biopsy imaging for pathology as the gold standard. OCT offers several advantages over CM/CFM: it is able to acquire a full 3D image in a single pass, it requires little or no sample preparation time, and the axial (depth) and lateral (transverse) resolution are not dependent on one another. SD-OCT is limited in imaging depth to a few millimetres due to the quality performance of the spectrograph section of the instrument--that which determines the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system. In this thesis a design for an SD-OCT system is presented that is suitable for biopsy imaging for pathological studies, i.e. an OCT microscope. The purpose of this system is to provide a fast diagnosis to be made in a surgical environment to reduce the amount of tissue removed from a patient and lower the chance of a returned visit at a later date due to insufficient tissue removal. The secondary purpose of the SD-OCT microscope is to serve as a research testbed system for implementing novel hardware advancements. One such technology, called an optical pupil slicer (OPS), will be implemented in the instrument to improve the depth imaging performance of the SD-OCT system over conventional SD-OCT systems. The OPS is a device that generally improves the performance of a dispersive-type spectrograph by increasing the spectral resolution without a loss in throughput, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the SD-OCT system.

Vi måste spegla oss och få bekräftelse av andra för att utvecklas. Tidigare forskning och litteratur inom socialpsykologi och pedagogik visar att genom att bli sedda med andras ögon får vi syn på oss själva. Hur vi speglas eller bekräftas påverkar den bild vi har av oss själva. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka vad lärare anser att bekräftelse innebär samt vad deras erfarenheter av bekräftelsens betydelse för elevers självbild är. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och studiens empiri utgörs av fyra enskilda intervjuer med lärare verksamma i klasser med elever i åldrarna sex till tretton år. I studiens resultat framkom att bekräftelse innebär att synliggöra elever. Lärarna arbetar aktivt med bekräftelse som ett verktyg för att bland annat lyfta elever, för att stärka tilltron till den egna förmågan och för att ge eleverna svar på vad som kan vara rätt och fel. Bekräftelse kan uttryckas verbalt, skriftligt och med kroppsspråk. Resultatet visar även att de motiv lärarna uppger sig ha för att bekräfta elever leder till att elevernas självbilder stärks. Slutsatsen är att lärare har en betydande roll i elevens utveckling. När lärare ger positiv bekräftelse, påverkas elevens självbild vilket i sin tur främjar elevens personlighetsutveckling. / We require reflection and affirmation from others to develop. Both litterature and previous researches within socialpsyhology and pedagogy makes clear, that we get sight of ourselves by seeing ourselves through the eyes of others. The way we are reflected or are affirmed has an effect on which image we have of ourselves. The purpose of this study was to examine what teachers consider affirmation is and also their experience of what impact affirmation has on a pupils' self-image. This study has a qualitative approach and the material of the study is the result of four individual interviews. The interviewees are teachers working in classes with pupils between the age of six and thirteen. This study's result showed that giving affirmation is to take notice to the pupils. The teachers are actively working with affirmation as a tool. The teachers use affirmation for exampel to raise pupils, to reinforce confidence in pupils' own ability and to give pupils answers of what can be right and wrong. Affirmation is expressed verbally, written or by bodylanguage. The result of this study also shows that the reasons the teachers are giving on why they affirm pupils, do lead to strengthening the pupils' self-image. The conclusion of this study is that teachers' role are of great importance in pupils development. When teachers affirm pupils, the pupil’s self-image are effected, which means that pupils personalitydevelopment is promoted.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the least developed countries in the world and its school system needs to be improved. The aim of this research is to find out what the Congolese state expects from language teaching (French and English), how this is described in the curriculum, and whether this differs from the curriculum of a more developed country, such as Sweden. Through a content analysis, the language view, the role of the teacher and views of pupil participation are investigated. The Swedish curriculum and the Congolese programme of French show similarities by communicative and constructivist views, while the Congolese programme of English demonstrates behaviouristic features. This study can serve as an example of how the language context, i.e., second language v. foreign language, as well as the national culture, influence the curriculum. / Demokratiska republiken Kongo är ett av världens minst utvecklade länder och dess skolsystem är i behov av en förbättring. Språk är en viktig del i utvecklingen av landet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på vad den kongolesiska staten förväntar sig av sin språkundervisning, hur den beskrivs i styrdokument samt om den skiljer sig från läroplanen i ett mer utvecklat land som Sverige. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har uppfattningar om uppsatsens teman; språksyn, lärarens roll och elevdeltagande, hittats. Materialet som analyserats är den kongolesiska skolans program för franska och engelska, samt den svenska läroplanen inklusive kursplanerna för franska och engelska. Analysen avser de första åren i den kongolesiska sekundärskolan och det svenska högstadiet, vilka motsvarar varandra när det gäller elevernas ålder. Skillnaden i DR Kongo mellan andraspråk (franska) och främmande språk (engelska) berörs.Den svenska läroplanen samt det kongolesiska programmet för franska visar många likheter genom att lyfta fram kommunikativa och konstruktivistiska perspektiv. Det kongolesiska programmet för engelska har däremot behavioristiska drag. Lärarens olika roller och hur elevdeltagande lyfts fram förstärker dessa språksyner. De två kongolesiska programmen liknar dock varandra när det gäller synen på hur läraren ska behandla språkliga fel i klassrummet. Studien kan ses som ett exempel på hur språkkontexten, d.v.s. andraspråk och främmande språk, likväl som den nationella kulturen påverkar läroplaner.

In this dissertation, we address the statistical analysis under the multiscale framework for the self-similar process. Motivated by the problems arising from geophysics and health informatics, we develop a set of statistical measures as discriminative summaries of the self-similar process. These measures include Multiscale Schur Monotone (MSM) measures, Geometric Attributes of Multifractal Spectrum (GAMFS), Quasi-Hurst exponents, Mallat Model and Tsallis Maxent Model. These measures are used as methods to quantify the difference (or similarities) or as input (feature) vectors in the classification model. As the cornstone of GAMFS, we study the estimation of multifractal spectrum and adopt a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) schemes in the wavelet domain to minimize the heteroskedastic effects , which is inherent because the sample variances of the wavelet coefficients depend on the scale. We also propose a Combined K-Nearest-Neighbor classifier (Comb-K-NN) to address the inhomogeneity of the class attributes, which is indicated by the large variations between subsets of input vectors. The Comb-K-NN classifier stabilizes the variations in the sense of reducing the misclassification rates. Bayesian justifications of Comb-K-NN classifier are provided. GAMFS, Quasi-Hurst exponents, Mallat Model and Tsallis Maxent Model are used in the study of assessing the effects of atmospheric stability on the turbulence measurements in the inertial subrange. We also formulate the criteria for success in evaluating how atmospheric stability alters the MFS of a single flow variable time series as a statistical classification model. We use the multifractal discriminate model as the solution of this problem. Also, high frequency pupil-diameter dynamic measurements, which are well documented as measures of mental workload, are summarized using both GAMFS and MSM. These summaries are further used as the feature vector in the Comb-K-NN classifier. The serious inhomogeneity among subjects in the same user group makes classification difficult. These difficulties are overcome by using Comb-K-NN classifier.

In this thesis, a visual 3-D eye gaze tracker is designed and implemented to tested via computer simulations and on an experimental setup. Proposed tracker is designed to examine human perception on autostereoscopic displays when the viewer is 3m away from such displays. Two different methods are proposed for calibrating personal parameters and gaze estimation, namely line of gaze (LoG) and line of sight (LoS) solutions. 2-D and 3-D estimation performances of the proposed system are observed both using computer simulations and the experimental setup. In terms of 2-D and 3-D performance criteria, LoS solution generates slightly better results compared to that of LoG on experimental setup and their performances are found to be comparable in simulations. 2-D estimation inaccuracy of the system is obtained as smaller than 0.5&deg / during simulations and approximately 1&deg / for the experimental setup. 3-D estimation inaccuracy of the system along x- and y-axis is obtained as smaller than 2&deg / during the simulations and the experiments. However, estimation accuracy along z-direction is significantly sensitive to pupil detection and head pose estimation errors. For typical error levels, 20cm inaccuracy along z-direction is observed during simulations, whereas this inaccuracy reaches 80cm in the experimental setup.

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