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State cooperation within the context of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court : a critical reflectionNgari, Allan Rutambo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a reflection of the provisions of the Rome Statute in relation to the most
fundamental condition for the effective functioning of the Court – the cooperation of
states. It broadly examines the challenges experienced by the Court with respect to
application of Part IX such as whether non-State Parties to the Rome Statute can,
notwithstanding their right not to be party, be compelled to cooperate with the Court
owing to the customary international law obligation for all States to repress, find and
punish persons alleged to have committed the crimes within the jurisdiction of the
Court (war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide). This is particularly
challenging where such persons are nationals of non-States Parties. The various
meanings of international cooperation in criminal matters is discussed with reference
to and distinguished from the cooperation regime of the International Criminal
Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia.
For States Parties to the Rome Statute, the thesis evaluates the measure of their
inability or unwillingness to genuinely prosecute persons alleged to have committed
crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court within the context of the principle of
complementarity. It seeks to address, where such inability or unwillingness has been
determined by the Court, how effective the cooperation between the States Parties and
the Court could best serve the interests of justice. The thesis answers the question on
what extent the principle of complementarity influences the cooperation of States with
the Court, whether or not these States are party to the Rome Statute. The concept of
positive complementarity that establishes a measure of cooperation between the Court
and the national criminal jurisdictions is further explored in the context of the Court’s capacity to strengthen local ownership of the enforcement of international criminal
justice.
A nuanced discussion on the practice of the Court with respect to the right of persons
before the Court is developed. The rights of an accused in different phases of Court
proceedings and the rights of victims and affected communities of crimes within the
Court’s jurisdiction are considered at length and in the light of recently-established
principles regulating the Court’s treatment of these individuals. These persons are key
interlocutors in the international criminal justice system and have shifted the
traditional focus of international law predominantly from states to individuals and
bring about a different kind of relationship between States as a collective and their
treatment of these individuals arising from obligations to the Rome Statute.
Finally the thesis interrogates the enforcement mechanisms under the Rome Statute.
Unlike States, the Court does not have an enforcement entity such as a Police Force
that would arrest persons accused of committing crimes within its jurisdiction,
conduct searches and seizures or compel witnesses to appear before the Court. Yet,
the Court must critically assess its practice of enforcing sentences that it imposes on
convicted persons and in its contribution to restorative justice, the enforcement of
reparations orders in collaboration with other Rome Statute entities such as the Trust
Fund for Victims. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n weerspieëling van die bepalings van die Statuut van Rome in
verhouding tot die mees fundamentele voorwaarde vir die effektiewe funksionering
van die Hof - die samewerking van State. Dit ondersoek breedweg die uitdagings wat
deur die Hof ervaar word met betrekking tot die toepassing van Deel IX soos
byvoorbeeld of State wat nie partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, nieteenstaande hul
reg om nie deel te wees nie, verplig kan word om saam te werk met die Hof weens die
internasionale gewoontereg verpligting om alle persone wat na bewering misdade
gepleeg het binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof (oorlogsmisdade, misdade teen die
mensdom en volksmoord) te verhinder, vind en straf. Dit is veral uitdagend waar
sodanige persone burgers is van State wat nie partye is nie. Die verskillende
betekenisse van die internasionale samewerking in kriminele sake word bespreek met
verwysing na, en onderskei van, die samewerkende stelsel van die Internasionale
Kriminele Tribunale vir Rwanda en die voormalige Joego-Slawië.
Vir State wat partye is tot die Statuut van Rome, evalueer die tesis - in die konteks
van die beginsel van komplementariteit - die mate van hul onvermoë, of
ongewilligheid om werklik persone te vervolg wat na bewering misdade gepleeg het
binne die jurisdiksie van die Hof. Dit poog om aan te spreek, waar so 'n onvermoë of
ongewilligheid bepaal is deur die Hof, hoe effektiewe samewerking tussen State wat
partye is en die Hof, die belange van geregtigheid die beste kan dien. Die tesis
beantwoord die vraag op watter mate die beginsel van komplementariteit die
samewerking van die State met die Hof beïnvloed, ongeag of hierdie State partye is
tot die Statuut van Rome. Die konsep van positiewe komplementariteit wat
samewerking vestig tussen die Hof en die nasionale jurisdiksies aangaande kriminele sake word verder ondersoek in die konteks van die Hof se vermoë om plaaslike
eienaarskap in die handhawing van die internasionale kriminele regstelsel te versterk.
'n Genuanseerde bespreking op die praktyk van die Hof met betrekking tot die reg van
persone voor die Hof word ontwikkel. Die regte van 'n beskuldigde in die verskillende
fases van die hof verrigtinge en die regte van slagoffers en geaffekteerde
gemeenskappe van misdade binne die hof se jurisdiksie word in diepte bespreek in die
lig van die onlangs gevestigde beginsels wat die Hof se behandeling van hierdie
individue reguleer. Hierdie persone is sleutel gespreksgenote in die internasionale
kriminele regstelsel en het die tradisionele fokus verskuif van die internasionale reg
van State na individue, en bring oor 'n ander soort verhouding tussen State as 'n
kollektiewe en hulle behandeling van hierdie individue as gevolg van hul verpligtinge
aan die Statuut van Rome.
Ten slotte bevraagteken die tesis die handhawings meganismes onder die Statuut van
Rome. In teenstelling met State, het die Hof nie 'n handhawing entiteit soos 'n
Polisiemag wat persone kon arresteer wat beskuldig word van misdade binne sy
jurisdiksie, deursoek en beslagleggings uitvoer of persone dwing om as getuies te
verskyn voor die Hof nie. Tog, moet die Hof sy praktyk van uitvoering van vonnisse
wat dit oplê op veroordeelde persone en in sy bydrae tot herstellende geregtigheid die
handhawing van herstelling in samewerking met ander Statuut van Rome entiteite
soos die Trust Fonds vir Slagoffers krities assesseer.
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La dérive des travaux communautaires/bénévoles au Québec : échec d’une alternative... ou alternative à un échecApotheloz, Caroline 08 1900 (has links)
Les travaux communautaires sont de manière générale un travail exécuté sans rémunération par un contrevenant pour le compte de la société.
Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons d’une part à appréhender la perception qu’ont les acteurs de la réalisation des travaux communautaires au Québec et d’autre part à savoir si les acteurs judiciaires (avocats, procureurs et juges) et non judiciaires (intervenants des organismes de justice alternative, délégués à la jeunesse et organismes d’accueil) ainsi que les jeunes contrevenants donnent un sens réparateur aux travaux communautaires. Nous abordons ces questions à partir de deux schèmes : le schème fonctionnel pour comprendre la/les fonction(s) des travaux communautaires et le schème herméneutique afin de saisir la valeur symbolique, le sens qui est donné aux travaux communautaires.
Les résultats de cette étude montrent des variations entre les points de vue en fonction des différents groupes et cela autour des trois grands thèmes principaux : la nature des travaux, les objectifs des travaux et les effets de ces derniers. Malgré certaines divergences de points de vue et quelques difficultés dans l’application des travaux, les acteurs sont pour la plupart satisfait de cette mesure. / Community work services are usually unpaid work performed by an offender in the interest of the society.
In this paper, we seek both to understand the perceptions of actors carrying out the community work services in Quebec and secondly whether legal actors (lawyers, prosecutors and judges) and non-judicial (alternative justice agencies, youth workers and host organizations) and young offenders do give a restorative aspect to community work services. We address these questions using two schemes: the functional scheme to understand the function(s) of community work services and the hermeneutic scheme to capture the symbolic value, the meaning that is given to community work.
The results of this study show variations between the points of view of the different groups and that, around three main themes: the nature of community work, community work objectives and effects of the latter. Despite some differences of views and some difficulties in the implementation of the community work services, the actors are mostly satisfied with this measure.
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Reparação de danos pelo incapaz (artigo 928 do Código Civil) / Indemnification payment by the disabled: article 928 from the Civil CodeFrascino, Christiane Macarron 24 November 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-11-24 / The legal system absorbs the social facts and transforms itself according to the
interests, desires, ethic and moral values which predominate in the society that is
worried with balance, justice and its social aspect. The unfair payment of
indemnification is denied by the individuals and those factors determine that the
victim shall not stay without any sort of reparation, even in case of damage caused
by a disabled, but financially able to pay for at least part of such indemnification.
Thus, based on equity, it was introduced in our legal system that The disabled is
liable for the damage that he may cause, if the ones for him responsible are not
obliged to do so or do not possess the means for that. (Article 928 from the Civil
Code of 2002 caput). However, as it deals with disabled people, the liability of
indemnifying is subsidiary to the one of his legal representative or responsible person
and must attend the concepts from the unique paragraph from the article 928: The
indemnification predicted in this article, that shall be equitable, will not be valid if it
removes from the disabled person his basic needs or even from the ones dependent
on him.
The current Civil Code followed the world tendency of making the victim in dene,
whenever possible, based on the sociality, human being dignity, justice feeling, and
when it comes to the disabled person, especially, on equity, that became the main
point of the law enforcer. Such are the requirements for the assets of the disabled to
answer for the damages caused by him: (i) the illegal act performed by the disabled
would make a legally capable person responsible, in a similar situation; (ii) causation
between fact and damage, injury (iii) that his responsible does not have the legal duty
to answer for the damage or cannot afford the indemnification; (iv) fixation of equity
as it is impossible to compromise his survival or his dependent s basic needs.
Consequently, it tends to promote the social life of the disabled, granting them
guarantees of constitutional rights and integration, and to the society a better result
concerning the indemnification of possible damage caused by them. Although the
victim shall stay with no due reparation if the responsible person does not have the
legal duty for that or, no means to support such indemnification, and the disabled
could not afford any indemnification without losing his basic needs for survival or of
his dependents / O ordenamento jurídico absorve os fatos sociais e se transforma de acordo com os
interesses, anseios e valores éticos e morais predominantes na sociedade, que hoje
se preocupa com o equilíbrio, a justiça, o social. O dano injusto é repudiado pelos
indivíduos e esses fatores determinaram que a vítima não deve ficar sem alguma
reparação, mesmo diante de um dano causado por pessoa incapaz, mas com
condições financeiras para arcar com pelo menos parte da reparação.
Nesse sentido, com fundamento na eqüidade, foi introduzido em nosso ordenamento
jurídico que O incapaz responde pelos prejuízos que causar, se as pessoas por ele
responsáveis não tiverem obrigação de fazê-lo ou não dispuserem de meios
suficientes (art. 928, caput, do CC de 2002). Entretanto, por se tratar de pessoa
incapaz, a obrigação de reparar é subsidiária à do seu responsável e deverá atender
aos preceitos do parágrafo único do art. 928: A indenização prevista neste artigo,
que deverá ser eqüitativa, não terá lugar se privar do necessário o incapaz ou as
pessoas que dele dependem .
O atual Código Civil acompanhou a tendência mundial de tornar a vítima in dene,
sempre que possível, calcada na socialidade, na dignidade da pessoa humana, no
sentimento de justiça e, tratando-se do incapaz, principalmente, na eqüidade, que
direciona o aplicador do direito.
São requisitos para que o patrimônio do incapaz responda pelos danos a que der
causa: (i) que o ato danoso praticado pelo incapaz responsabilize pessoa imputável
em circunstância análoga; (ii) que haja nexo de causalidade entre o fato e o dano;
(iii) que o seu responsável não tenha o dever legal de fazê-lo ou não tenha meios
para arcar com a reparação; (iv) fixação com eqüidade em face da impossibilidade
de comprometer seu sustento ou de seus dependentes.
Dessa forma, pretende-se incentivar o convívio social do incapaz, garantindo-lhe o
direito constitucional de integração e à sociedade uma maior eficácia da reparação
de eventuais danos causados por ele. Mas a vítima ficará sem a devida reparação
dos prejuízos que sofreu por ato praticado por incapaz se o responsável não tiver a
obrigação legal ou não dispuser de meios suficientes e o incapaz não tiver
condições de arcar com qualquer reparação sem comprometer seu sustento ou o de
seus dependentes
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La réparation du préjudice professionnel à la suite d'un dommage corporel en droit de la responsabilité civile / Reparation for professional prejudice as a result of bodily injury in tort lawChiche, Jennifer 24 January 2019 (has links)
A l’heure où le droit du dommage corporel tente de se démarquer de pars les règles qui lui sont propres, la réparation intégrale des dommages corporels ne semble être véritablement obtenue par la victime que dans le cadre de la responsabilité civile. Le préjudice professionnel a gagné en autonomie depuis l’élaboration de la nomenclature Dintilhac distinguant les pertes de gains professionnels du déficit fonctionnel et conceptualisant un nouveau poste de préjudice professionnel « l’incidence professionnelle ». La réparation intégrale « tout le préjudice ; rien que le préjudice ; le préjudice réel » en devient l’expression. Cependant ce principe est souvent malmené et inéluctablement des inégalités de traitement entre les victimes en découlent. En effet, l’influence excessive du recours des tiers payeurs, sur l’évaluation du préjudice professionnel et l’absence d’outils indispensables à la pérennité de la matière laissent perplexes / At a time when the law of personal injury tries to stand out from the rules that are specific to it, full compensation for bodily injury seems to be truly obtained by the victim only in the context of civil liability. Professional prejudice has become more autonomous since the development of the Dintilhac classification distinguishing professional earnings losses from the functional deficit and conceptualizing a new professional harm position « professional incidence ». Comprehensive reparation « all prejudice; nothing but prejudice; the real harm » becomes its expression. However, this principle is often abused and inevitably inequalities of treatment between victims result. Indeed, the excessive influence of third-party payers' recourse on the assessment of professional harm and the absence of tools essential to the sustainability of the matter are puzzling
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Thiel embalmed cadaveric tissue : a model for surgical simulation and researchOdobescu, Andrei 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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La dérive des travaux communautaires/bénévoles au Québec : échec d’une alternative... ou alternative à un échecApotheloz, Caroline 08 1900 (has links)
Les travaux communautaires sont de manière générale un travail exécuté sans rémunération par un contrevenant pour le compte de la société.
Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons d’une part à appréhender la perception qu’ont les acteurs de la réalisation des travaux communautaires au Québec et d’autre part à savoir si les acteurs judiciaires (avocats, procureurs et juges) et non judiciaires (intervenants des organismes de justice alternative, délégués à la jeunesse et organismes d’accueil) ainsi que les jeunes contrevenants donnent un sens réparateur aux travaux communautaires. Nous abordons ces questions à partir de deux schèmes : le schème fonctionnel pour comprendre la/les fonction(s) des travaux communautaires et le schème herméneutique afin de saisir la valeur symbolique, le sens qui est donné aux travaux communautaires.
Les résultats de cette étude montrent des variations entre les points de vue en fonction des différents groupes et cela autour des trois grands thèmes principaux : la nature des travaux, les objectifs des travaux et les effets de ces derniers. Malgré certaines divergences de points de vue et quelques difficultés dans l’application des travaux, les acteurs sont pour la plupart satisfait de cette mesure. / Community work services are usually unpaid work performed by an offender in the interest of the society.
In this paper, we seek both to understand the perceptions of actors carrying out the community work services in Quebec and secondly whether legal actors (lawyers, prosecutors and judges) and non-judicial (alternative justice agencies, youth workers and host organizations) and young offenders do give a restorative aspect to community work services. We address these questions using two schemes: the functional scheme to understand the function(s) of community work services and the hermeneutic scheme to capture the symbolic value, the meaning that is given to community work.
The results of this study show variations between the points of view of the different groups and that, around three main themes: the nature of community work, community work objectives and effects of the latter. Despite some differences of views and some difficulties in the implementation of the community work services, the actors are mostly satisfied with this measure.
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Les commissions vérité et les violations droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire / Truth commissions and human rights and international humanitarian law violationsGuematcha, Emmanuel 18 December 2012 (has links)
Après la commission de violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire et dans le cadre parfois d’une transition ou d’une situation post conflictuelle difficile, les Commissions vérité ont été de plus en plus créées au sein des Etats. Parce qu’elles sont destinées à l’examen de violations de règles établies en droit international, se pose la question de leur rapport avec ce droit. Par leurs spécificités formelles et la flexibilité de leurs règles, leur utilisation du droit international et leur prise en compte des victimes, elles constituent un cadre particulièrement novateur dédié à l’examen des violations des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire. Cependant, instances non judiciaires et eu égard aux évolutions du droit international, elles conduisent à s’interroger sur la responsabilité pour ces violations et des obligations internationales de l’Etat à cet égard, et à exiger la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité pénale pour la commission des violations les plus graves qu’elles ont constatées. / In time of transition or in post conflict situations, many truth Commissions have been increasingly created within many States to deal with a past caracterised by many human rights and international humanitarian law violations. Because they are dedicated to investigate violations of established rules of international law, the question emerge on their relationships with international law. Their formal characteristics and their flexibility, their use of international law and the focus and attention they give to the victims of these violations, make them appear to be an innovative mean allowing specific review of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. However, because there are non-judicial bodies and taking into consideration the developments of international law, they raise questions about responsibility for these violations and international obligations of the State in this regard, and lead to the requirement of prosecution and the implementation of criminal liability for the serious violations they reported.
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A model for implementation of restorative justice in the South African correctional systemPlaatjies, Minette Feona 30 June 2008 (has links)
This report is the culmination of literature study and semi-structured interviews which assisted in developing a Model for Implementation of Restorative Justice in the South African Correctional System. The study explores the use of Restorative Justice as part of rehabilitation in a prison setting.
Literature focuses mainly on Restorative Justice as part of diversion, in cases of first offenders and less serious offences. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders has been gaining momentum, though. Diversity in terms of language, cultural and religious practice as well as social background, should be considered as it affects the decision to enter into a Restorative Justice process. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders is challenging and in the main a largely unsupported field. The study draws on experience from other countries, while at the same time advocate for uniquely South African practice.
The involvement of the most important role players, namely victim, offender and the community is emphasized. Attitude and insufficient training seem to be some of the challenges for the implementation of Restorative Justice. Successes are reported in the few sites where Restorative Justice is implemented in the Correctional System, but a change of mindset, of being open to possibilities other than lock-up and punish in the entire Criminal Justice System is needed. Restorative Justice in the Correctional System seems to have been approached as yet another new programme, and not as a paradigm shift for the entire Criminal Justice System. Dealing with conflict in a restorative way should be at the front end of the chain, with young children whose behaviour can be directed, as changing behaviour of adults proves to be difficult.
Repentance and forgiveness in different cultures and spiritual backgrounds are some of the issues that are grappled with, although forgiveness is nowhere indicated as a requirement for a successful Restorative Justice process. Voluntary participation is required from victims and offenders with support from communities. It remains a deeply spiritual and individual journey for those who choose to turn away from anger, fear and hatred, and start the process of personal healing and restoration. Restorative Justice with sentenced offenders can assist in dealing with the aftermath of crime. / Penology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)
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Da responsabilidade do Estado quanto ao erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutóriaBarbosa, André Luis Jardini [UNESP] 30 May 2008 (has links) (PDF)
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barbosa_alj_me_fran.pdf: 1094004 bytes, checksum: 08acc7fd3aafae589a4d2b3bcd6f16e4 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... / This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.
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La justice en transition. Le cas du Burundi / Justice in transition : the case of BurundiMatignon, Emilie 06 September 2012 (has links)
En réponse aux cycles de violences de masse et à la guerre civile qui ont jalonné son histoire douloureuse, le Burundi s’est engagé dans un processus de justice transitionnelle, officiellement depuis la signature des Accords de paix d’Arusha en 2000. Malgré la mobilisation des énergies internationales et l’omniprésence de la problématique au sein du débat public depuis douze ans, seules des consultations nationales destinées à recueillir l’avis de la population burundaise sur le sujet ont été organisées en 2009. Á l’aube de la mise en place d’une Commission Nationale de Vérité et de Réconciliation, à laquelle devrait être associé un tribunal spécial, le constat de la nature globale de la justice transitionnelle s’impose. Cette globalité s’exprime à travers le recours à des instruments à la fois judiciaires et extra-judiciaires mais également à des outils ayant vocation à s’appliquer de façon immédiate (ou conjoncturelle) et durable (ou structurelle). D’une part, dans une perspective normative et légaliste, le processus global de justice transitionnelle semble être cause d’inerties et de blocages comme peut a priori l’illustrer le cas du Burundi. D’autre part, à la lumière d’une approche systémique et inclusive, la globalité est au contraire source d’évolutions et d’émulations qui stimulent la créativité de la justice transitionnelle comme le démontre également le Burundi. Cette justice elle-même en transition est en réalité une justice réconciliatrice porteuse de doutes mais aussi d’espoirs. Elle est une justice complexe qui s’invente chaque jour, qui ne peut être efficace et efficiente qu’à condition d’être adaptée, légitime et appropriée par ceux à qui elle est destinée. Elle implique que soient trouvées des réponses satisfaisantes aux souffrances et aux besoins indissociables des victimes et des auteurs des violences de masse d’hier et des injustices sociales d’aujourd’hui. Elle a aussi pour ambition de prévenir la commission des crimes du futur en participant au renforcement de l’État de droit et, de façon plus globale, de rompre avec l’histoire de violences symboliques et actives subies et perpétrées au Burundi. / As an answer to cycles of mass violence in Burundi, a transitional justice process has been opened. The Burundian case study presents some particularities among this kind of process. Whereas the Arusha peace and reconciliation agreement for Burundi in 2000 decided setting up two transitional justice instruments, a special court and a Truth Reconciliation Commission, the transitional justice process has not begun yet. Only National Consultations were organized in 2009. The negotiations and the mediation occurred during the ongoing war. There were no winners and no losers but just armed men who decided to discuss in order to conquer the power and then to keep it. That may explain why negotiations were so longer and staggered. A sort of consociativisme system was set up in Burundi as the model organization of power-sharing. Inside the politic game of power-sharing the peace-justice dilemma appears through instrumentalization of retributive justice which is assimilated to justice and the truth and pardon which claim referring to peace. Another particularity is found regarding numerous judicial and legal reforms relatively to children rights, lands conflict, electoral law or Criminal Code. On the eve of the implementation of the Truth Reconciliation Commission, the global nature of the transitional justice process is obvious. The Burundian context appears as an illustration of the extensive meaning of transitional justice which represents a justice in transition. The global nature of the matter is emerging through its temporal and disciplinary versatility. On one hand, transitional justice seems to be past justice, currently justice and future justice at the same time and on the other hand it may take several forms out of the official one, initially predicted. In a legalist and normative view, global nature of justice in transition might cause deadlock regarding the case of Burundi. In a systemic and multidisciplinary perspective, global nature of justice in transition reveals change capacities according to the case of Burundi. What really matter in such transitional justice process is relieving victims and perpetrators’sufferings which are undeniably linked and bringing answers to each protagonist of the crime as to the society with the permanent and ambitious aim of reconciliation.
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