[pt] A gestão da cadeia de suprimentos envolve múltiplos participantes, inúmeras incertezas e alta complexidade devido a um ambiente de negócios cada vez mais fragmentado e que envolve grandes volumes financeiros. A governança surge então como um caminho para melhorar o desenvolvimento de toda a cadeia de suprimentos, por meio de uma abordagem multidimensional e com foco no desempenho. No contexto da administração pública não é diferente, para as Forças Armadas a questão orçamentária é um desafio constante, nesse escopo, a Marinha do Brasil (MB), tem buscado austeridade nos gastos públicos, a despeito da necessidade de manter seus meios operativos em condição de plena eficiência, diante de um cenário de crescente participação em ações socias e operações que visam, por exemplo, a saúde de populações ribeirinhas e o combate a ilícitos. Dentro deste contexto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo melhorar o processo de compras da MB no escopo da cadeia logística de combustíveis, lubrificantes e graxas à luz dos preceitos e mecanismos de governança. Inicialmente, portanto, foi realizada uma revisão de escopo (RE) da literatura, tendo como resultado uma taxonomia e um framework que articulam os elementos basilares do conceito de governança na cadeia logística e as interações entre eles, corroborando a visão de interdependência entre os agentes da cadeia, seus processos e práticas. Os resultados da RE foram, então, aplicados em um estudo de caso na MB, através da análise inicial das publicações oficiais, da revisão do processo atual à luz dos conceitos que emergiram da RE e por meio de entrevistas com especialistas da MB. Como resultado, este estudo de caso proporcionou um processo de compras mais eficiente para a cadeia logística de combustíveis, lubrificantes e graxas da MB. / [en] Supply chain management involves multiple participants, numerous uncertainties and high complexity due to an increasingly fragmented business environment that involves large financial volumes. Governance thus emerges as a way to improve the development of the entire supply chain, through a multidimensional and performance-focused approach. In the context of public administration, it is no different, for the Armed Forces the budget issue is a constant challenge, in this scope, the Brazilian Navy (MB) has sought austerity in public spending, despite the need to keep its operational means in good condition. of full efficiency, in the face of a scenario of increasing participation in social actions and operations that aim, for example, at the health of riverside populations and the fight against illicit activities. Within this context, this dissertation aims to improve MB s purchasing process in the scope of the fuel, lubricant and grease logistics chain in the light of governance precepts and mechanisms. Initially, therefore, a scoping review (RE) of the literature was carried out, resulting in a taxonomy and a framework that articulate the basic elements of the concept of governance in the logistics chain and the interactions between them, corroborating the vision of interdependence between agents chain, its processes and practices. The results of the RE were then applied in a case study at MB, through the initial analysis of official publications, the review of the current process in the light of the concepts that emerged from the RE and, finally, through interviews with experts from the RE. MB, with the objective of proposing a new purchasing process for MB by enabling more efficient processes aimed at increasing the expected performance in the purchasing process.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis(M.Com. (Business Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the use of mobile technology in SMEs for the improvement of the supply chain. The study uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technology Readiness Index (TRI) as theories. This study has four objectives: (1) To identify the determinants of the use of mobile technology in supply chains of SMEs, (2) To determine the level of adoption of mobile technology in the supply chain of SMEs, (3)To determine the relationships between determinants of the use of mobile technology and the adoption of mobile technology in the supply chain of SMEs, and (4) To determine the relationship between mobile technology adoption and supply chain performance. The study uses a quantitative approach. Exploratory and correlation research is used to determine the determinants of adoption of mobile technology. The study population are SMEs in Polokwane Local Municipality. A sample of 122 is used and aself administered questionnaire is used to collect primary data. Data analysis is carried out utilising SPSS version 27. A Cronbach alpha test is carried out to measure the internal reliability of the research instrument. The results show that there are positive relationships between determinants of the use of mobile technology and the adoption of mobile technology in the supply chain of SMEs and that there is a positive relationship between mobile technology adoption and supply chain performance. It is recommended to businesses to take into consideration the determinants of mobile technology adoptionin attempting to improve their supply chain performance and to adopt the mobile technology to enhance productivity and the processes of supply chain for those who have not adopted it. The research contributes to the knowledge about the factors influencing the use of mobile technology in SMEs for the improvement of supply chains / Service SETA

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'application des techniques Scanning Capacitance Microscopy (SCM) et Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM) pour la caractérisation électrique de nanofils de ZnO avec l'objectif d'en déterminer le dopage par profilage des porteurs libres suite à des essais de dopage de type p. Afin de pouvoir utiliser un référentiel planaire nécessaire à ces mesures par sonde locale, un procédé de remplissage par dip-coating et de polissage a été spécialement développé sur des champs de nanofils quasi-verticaux. De plus, dans le but de parvenir à un étalonnage des mesures SCM et SSRM, nous avons conçu et fait fabriquer des échantillons étalons de dopage de type n, contenant des niveaux de Ga en escalier de densité variable de 2×10^17 à 3×10^20 cm^-3. Les mesures sur des coupes transversales de ces deux de structures multicouches ont permis, pour la première fois sur ZnO d'établir un étalonnage des mesures SCM et SSRM et de déterminer le dopage intrinsèque électriquement actif de couches 2D nanométriques, résultat difficilement atteignable par d'autres techniques d'analyse. Des résultats inattendus de concentration résiduelle de porteur de l'ordre de 2×10^18 et 3×10^18 cm^-3 ont été trouvés sur les nanofils de ZnO crus par MOCVD et par CBD respectivement. Outre la caractérisation électrique microscopique des nanofils par SCM et SSRM, des techniques macroscopiques classiques ont été utilisées pour caractériser des assemblées importantes de nanofils de ZnO. L'origine de la difference entre les résultats de deux genres de technique a été discutée. Nous avons aussi étudié les effets des dopages ex-situ par diffusion du phosphore (procédé SOD) et des dopages in situ par incorporation d'antimoine (Sb) pendant la croissance MOCVD. Les résultats majeurs sont obtenus pour l'antimoine, en utilisant des couches ZnO: Sb 2D et des nanofils cœur-coquille ZnO/ZnO: Sb, ou l'hypothèse d'une compensation partielle du dopage n résiduel par un centre accepteur créé par le dopage Sb semble pouvoir être établie raisonnablement. / Based on atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) have demonstrated high efficiency for two dimensional (2D) electrical characterizations of Si semiconductors at nanoscale and then have been extensively employed in Si-based structures/devices before being extended to the study of some other semiconductor materials. However, ZnO, a representative of the third generation semiconductor material, being considered a promising candidate for future devices in many areas, especially in opto-electronic area, has rarely been addressed. Recently, extensive research interests have been attracted by ZnO NWs for future devices such as LED, UV laser and sensor. Therefore, a good understanding of electrical properties of the NWs is in need. In this context, this thesis work is dedicated to the 2D electrical characterization of ZnO NWs with the focus of carrier profiling on this kind of nanostructure in the effort of their p-type doping. For this purpose, a planarization process has been developed for the NWs structure in order to obtain an appropriate sample surface and perform SCM/SSRM measurements on the top of the NWs. For quantitative analysis, Ga doped ZnO multilayer staircase structures were developed serving as calibration samples. Finally, residual carrier concentrations inside the CBD and MOCVD grown ZnO NWs are determined to be around 3×10^18 cm^-3 and 2×10^18 cm^-3, respectively. The results from SCM/SSRM characterization have been compared with that from macroscopic C-V measurements on collective ZnO NWs and the differences are discussed. In addition to carrier profiling on NWs structure, applications of SCM/SSRM on some other ZnO-based nanostructures are also investigated including ZnO:Sb films, ZnO/ZnO:Sb core-shell NWs structure, ZnO/ZnMgO core-multishell coaxial heterostructures.

企業要提昇營運管理績效及核心競爭力，除了組織及流程改造外，改變作業管理方式，精進e化管理模式，亦是不可或缺的解決方案之一。而企業導入資訊系統更是為因應這變動劇烈的產業競爭環境必備的條件之一。 K公司因營運範疇急速擴增，事業版圖擴及大陸，卻面臨原來所使用的AS400系統，已無法快速且精確的揭露財務報表，及面臨嚴峻之經營挑戰。為解決此一問題，該公司透過經營管理委員會之投資審議機制，形成導入企業資源規劃(Enterprise Resource Planning，ERP)之決策。ERP系統係將企業內部各事業體、各部門，以資訊科技，企業內部大小系統，整合在一起，將所有的資訊能在線上即時揭露，由於資訊的透明化、即時化，使K公司能達成立即反應規劃的目標，並將所有的營運資訊納為決策資訊。 企業建置ERP系統，將會付出相當可觀的軟體費用和顧問諮詢費用，且在人力成本上，若事先未溝通清楚，而引進新系統，將會使企業內部員工或主管產生抗拒與適應不良，這些有形或無形的成本，身為企業主或高階經營者均必須審慎考量，既然導入成本很高，管理者更應慎思:「ERP系統是否可以提升企業的營運績效與競爭力」。 爰此，K公司在專案導入過程中，從專案評估、籌備、流程設計、系統設定階段、系統上線等五大導入過程，均是環環相扣且是綿密的，以及應用專案管理九大領域之要領，使專案能如期如質成功導入。 本研究主要針對K公司導入SAP/ERP系統，瞭解其成功關鍵因素為: 一、考量最佳流程，而非用舊流程套新系統 是要避免將系統AS400化，亦即不是用SAP做到原來AS400中舊系統的作業流程，而是要學習SAP系統中的流程實務，思考最佳的作業模式。 二、分析系統關連圖，找出完善業務的IT建置。 透過整個資訊的關連圖，需進一步找到更多需整合或開發的細節，讓ERP系統的管理幅度能夠涵蓋所有的企業流程。 三、分階段讓主管受益，降低導入阻礙 為了與使用單位主管溝通，專案經理及關鍵使用者(Key User)，對主管簡報與分享經驗，讓主管能感受到系統的預期效益。 四、有系統解決問題，而非見招拆招 系統成功上線後，並非導入已經結束，而是將工作重新從系統建置及導入時程與品質的確保，移轉到ERP系統的調教，並持續推動ERP基礎工程，研討的系統改進。 並就企業導入ERP後，在作業面及人力成本與營運管理之改善成效與成功關鍵因素進行實證研究，研究方法係採用AHP方法來驗證軟(硬)體，顧問團隊之系統評選與人為評選之差異，與個案訪談的方式來進行研究，探討導入ERP系統是否提升企業營運改善成效之差異。 本研究之結論:透過ERP系統導入確實可以使K公司從「印量預測」到「生產交貨」至「財報揭露」改善成效更具體。

自從「京都議定書」在2005年2月16日經160個國家簽署生效後，為兼顧環境保護及經濟發展，各國政府便開始鼓勵其國內能源產業發展生質燃料作為替代燃料，以減少溫室氣體排放。然生質燃料產業起步階段，因技術與市場交易機制均未成熟，故有賴政府的補貼才能順利推廣。是以，目前生質燃料的補貼是否應受到WTO協定之規範仍是備受爭議，而實有討論與研究之必要。 本論文主要研究目的，遂在分析目前德國、美國、巴西等主要生質燃料生產國為鼓勵、推廣生質燃料產業之發展，其獎勵措施所涉及的補貼是否會對未受補貼的國內外競爭者形成不公平待遇，以及是否違反WTO補貼暨平衡稅措施協定及農業協定補貼規範的情形，以政策事實套法律要件的方式，深入討論現階段各國生質燃料補貼措施：市場保證、價格補貼、投資補貼、稅賦優惠四種措施態樣，在和平條款落日後，於生質燃料製程上游、中游、下游的協定管轄情形與適法性，以期對目前生質燃料補貼政策作一完整的評估與建議。 / Since the Kyoto Protocol was signed by 160 countries and entered into forced on 16 Feburauy 2005, the governments of above countries began encouraging their enery industries to develop biofuels as substitute to reduce green house gases in pursuit of environmental protection and economic development. While the technologies and trading mechanisms of biofuel industries were immature at the preliminary stage, the prevalence of the biofuels will be dependent on government subsidies. Therefore, whether biofuels subsidies shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements is still a controversial issue and needs to be discussed and studied. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the domestic policies and incentives of those key biofuel-producuing countries such as Germany, United States and Brazil, and find if such subsidizing measures constitute unfair treatments to foreign compeitiors and violate the SCM Agreement or Agriculture Agrmment under the WTO. In order to conduct a comprehensive analysis and come up with feasible suggestions, the thesis will take the four main incentives, the so-called“Market Assurance”, “Price Support”, “Investment Support”and “Tax credit”as facts to conduct legal analysis as well as discuss the applicability of agreements when Peace Clause came to an end and analyze the legality of each incentive from upstream to downstream of the biofuel production process.

[pt] O gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos tornou-se um tema de preocupação para administradores públicos de todo o mundo. O aumento no nível de consumo, somado ao uso indiscriminado de materiais descartáveis, despertou na opinião pública movimentos que cobram das empresas uma nova postura referente à preservação dos recursos naturais. O Green Supply Chain Management - GrSCM, surge como uma nova forma de gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos que leva em conta todo o ciclo de vida do produto, desde a extração de suas matérias-primas, até sua disposição final. Uma vez que a aplicação deste conceito ainda é incipiente, o presente trabalho inicialmente apresenta uma abordagem das principais definições descritas na literatura para os termos ligados ao GrSCM. Em seguida, a partir de um diagnóstico que referencia a situação dos resíduos sólidos na comunidade da Rocinha, uma favela no Município do Rio de Janeiro, propõe diretrizes gerais para um sistema logístico de recolha e beneficiamento destes resíduos (com destaque aos recicláveis) para áreas de favela em geral, buscando medidas práticas de aplicação do conceito de GrSCM em locais de ocupação irregular e pobreza acentuada. As diretrizes foram traçadas sob três perspectivas: a dos empresários geradores dos produtos; a dos moradores e organizações locais e a dos órgãos públicos e instituições responsáveis pela coleta e limpeza da região. Como conclusão, defende-se que para o bom funcionamento de um sistema de gerenciamento de resíduos a partir da aplicação do GrSCM em realidades tão complexas, governo e empresas privadas devem ser parceiros e atuar de forma coordenada. Cabe ainda aos moradores e organizações locais, o dever de cobrar, adotar, fiscalizar e promover ações que visem o bem estar do local onde vivem. / [en] Municipal solid waste management (MSCM) has become a topic of concern for public administrators all over the world. The increase in the level of consumption added to the indiscriminate use of disposables, gave rise to public opinion movements that require new approaches from companies in order to preserve the natural resources. The Green Supply Chain Management (GrSCM) emerges as a new way of managing the supply chain that takes into account the whole life cycle of the product, from the extraction of raw materials to its correct final disposal. Since the application of this concept is still new, this dissertation initially defines the main terms related to the GrSCM described in the literature. Following, based on MSW data obtained on the Rocinha community, in the Rio de Janeiro municipality, general guidelines of a logistic system for the collection and processing of waste (with emphasis on recycling) in slum areas aiming to achieve practical measurements for the application of the GrSCM concept are proposed. These guidelines were drawn from three perspectives: that of the entrepreneurs that generate the goods; that of the residents and local organizations; and that of the public agencies and institutions responsible for collecting and cleaning the area. In conclusion, it is argued that for the proper functioning of a MSW management system in complex neighborhoods based on the application of GrSCM, government and entrepreneurs must be partners and act in a coordinated manner. Besides, the residents and local organizations must adopt, promote and monitor actions that aim the welfare of the local where they live.

The modern supply chain is long, complex, interconnected and global, and plays a fundamental role in business competitiveness. These conditions, along with various supply chain management trends in recent years have increased risks in supply chains which threaten supply chain performance. Greater impact, especially on cost, from an increased threat of supply disruptions is one area of particular concern. Companies today are struggling to find effective means to manage this increased risk and avoid adverse financial impacts. An approach to managing supply disruption risk in supply chains based on the minimization of the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the supply chain is explored in this thesis. Insights are provided into an appropriate view of supply chain risk and a general four step risk management process to guide the design and evaluation of a new risk management tool based on such an approach. A prototype of the new total cost-based, modeling and simulation tool was created in partnership with ProModel Corporation and a government contractor that requested to remain anonymous. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of this tool in minimizing TCO and providing an interface useable by non-modelers is provided. This study also reviews and compares a sample set of current supply chain risk management methods and tools and compares them with the new tool for relevance in aiding users in managing supply disruption risk. Based on literature findings and preliminary feedback from pilot contextual demonstrations of the tool, the total cost approach to risk modeling appears promising, although the execution needs to be improved with further enhancements made to the prototype tool. In this preliminary study and evaluation, sufficient evidence is not available to determine that the new prototype tool is any more effective than other currently available risk management tools to provide necessary information to make supply chain risk management decisions that minimize TCO of a supply chain. Suggestions for further development of the tool, especially for improvement of the total cost approach, are provided as well as a preliminary evaluation procedure and survey instruments for a more robust evaluation of the new tool.

半導體生產的流程可分成四階段：晶圓生產(fabrication)、測試分類(sorting)、封裝(assembly)與檢驗(testing)。每個階段都有不同的廠商可提供服務。當晶圓生產廠商接獲訂單，其供應鍊管理者會根據產能、需求量、交貨日、技術水準與成本等考慮因素，決定此訂單應由何晶圓廠區生產、由何測試分類廠做分類、由何封裝廠做封裝與最後由何檢驗廠做檢驗。本研究的主要目的為在各種限制條件下，以最小成本為目標，找出完成客戶訂單的最佳廠商組合。可能的限制包括產能限制、交貨日的滿足、各廠區的技術水準及需求量的大小。本問題可視為產品組合、廠商組合與生產排程的綜合問題，過去常用的解決方法為整數與線性規劃的混合應用，但是由於牽涉的因素太多，常常問題的模式中變數與限制式過多導致無法解決。本研究先以資料的收集與模式的建構為主，利用並修改現有的產品結構樹模型使其變成供應鏈網路模式，並加入半導體產業供應鏈相關特性，建立一個以時間軸為機制的混合整數線性模式。並且以時間成本的概念來衡量整個半導體供應鏈的效能。 混合整數線性模式常會面臨許多問題，由於模式的複雜，變數與限制式過多，造成求解的困難。對電腦資源的需求很大，花費的時間也很長。同時對於問題的規模亦造成制限。於是本研究藉著修改Kim (1995) 的 backward list scheduling 演算法概念，建構一個解決問題的啟發式演算法，可快速求得一組近似最佳解之可行解。 由於供應鏈所面對的是隨機環境，因此必須以模擬的方式對上述模型進行檢驗，確認其有效性及適用的範圍。利用系統模擬方法，確定隨機變數與其分配，以建立模擬模型程式。實際進行模擬，以驗證上述供鏈模型之有效性，並瞭解、分析模型之適用性及應用方式。 對於半導體產業供應鏈廠商指派與資源分配之網路管理方面，提供一數量化的思考邏輯。運用數量化的模式表現出不同的半導體產業供應鏈廠商指派與資源分配之網路管理的問題，並提出解決問題的演算機制。