Skönhetsideal och strävan efter dessa är inte ett nytt fenomen, utan har funnits i olika kulturer och samhällen genom tiderna. Däremot har vi idag nya metoder i form av skönhetsingrepp för att korrigera och uppnå det rådande idealet. Genom dagens sociala medier är det dessutom tillgängligare och lättare än någonsin att påverkas av både skönhetsideal och skönhetsingrepp. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka unga kvinnors förhållningssätt till skönhetsideal och skönhetsingrepp, samt hur de upplevde att sociala medier påverkade dessa.  Detta gjordes genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor i åldrarna 18-29. Materialet analyserades genom en tematisk innehållsanalys som resulterade i temana (och kategorierna) Skönhetsideal (Naturlig skönhet, Idealkropp, Strävan, Skönhetsingrepp), Social påverkan (Trender och normer, Socialt sammanhang, Social feedback, Samhällets dubbelmoral) och Självbild (Införlivade ideal, Självkänsla, Medvetet undvikande). Resultatet visade att kvinnorna upplevde att deras syn på skönhetsideal och skönhetsingrepp utformas genom interaktion med individens sociala omgivning. Genom samhällets trender och normer, social kontext och social feedback uttrycktes, med olika grad av medvetenhet, internaliserade ideal som påverkade kvinnornas självbild och välmående. / Beauty ideals and the aspiration to adhere to them is not a new phenomenon, but one that has existed in different cultures and societies throughout time. However, today we have cosmetic procedures as an increasingly accessible method to achieve the prevailing ideal. In addition, today it is more available and easier than ever to be exposed to beauty ideals and cosmetic procedures through social media. The purpose of this study was to explore how young women view beauty ideals and cosmetic procedures, and how they experience that social media affects these. This was done through eight semi-structured interviews with women of the ages 23-29. The material was analysed through a thematic analysis, which resulted in the themes Beauty Ideals (Natural Beauty, Ideal Body, Striving, Cosmetic Procedures), Social Influence (Trends and Norms, Social Context, Social Feedback, Society’s Double Standard) and Self Image (Internalised Ideals, Self-worth, Conscious Avoidance). The result showed that they experience their beauty ideals and opinions on cosmetic procedures as being created through the interaction with the social context of the individual. With different levels of awareness the women expressed their ideals as being internalised through society’s trends and norms, the social context and social feedback. These ideals affected their self image and well-being.

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Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor både i Sverige och globalt. Mastektomi är en av behandlingsformerna för bröstcancer, vilket innebär att en del eller hela bröstet tas bort. Kvinnobrösten har utöver den fysiologiska funktionen en sexuell, samt kulturell betydelse. I vårt samhälle är brösten en symbol för femininitet samt sexualitet, vilket gör förlusten av ett bröst till en av de orsaker som ändrar kvinnors kroppsbild. Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i omvårdnadsarbetet och att hjälpa patienten att acceptera och förstå att kroppen har ändrats samt ge stöd. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva upplevd självbild och behov av stöd hos kvinnor som genomgått mastektomi. Metod: Den valda metoden är en litteraturstudie med inriktning på kvalitativa studier. Informationssökningen gjordes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och Psycinfo. Relevanta studier kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av SBU:s granskningsmall för kvalitativ forskningsmetodik. Studiernas data analyserades och nyckelord samt meningsenheter identifierades. Resultat: Bearbetning av data gav tre huvudteman; Faktorer som påverkar kvinnans sjukdomsförlopp, upplevelser av förändrad kropp och livet efter mastektomin. I dessa tre teman framkom sex subteman; Stöd från olika parter i kvinnas liv, information & förberedelse, bröstensbetydelse och den emotionella påverkan, mastektomins inverkan på när relationer, bli vän med sin nya förändrade kropp, återfå livskvalitet. Konklusion: Mastektomi påverkade kvinnors fysiska samt psykosociala välbefinnande och ett behov av stöd uppstod. Stöd från sjuksköterskan behövdes innan, under och efter behandlingen. Ett personcentrerat arbetssätt var av vikt för att en anpassad vård skulle kunna ges där varje individs behov var i fokus. Trots att mastektomin innebar en förändring i vardagen utvecklade majoriteten av kvinnorna en acceptans gentemot den nya kroppsbilden. Livet var det som var betydelsefullt och ett förlorat bröst var obetydligt sett till helheten. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women both in Sweden and globally. Mastectomy is one of the treatments for breast cancer, where a part or all of the breast is removed. In addition to the physiological function, the female breast has a sexual and cultural significans. In our society, the breasts are a symbol of femininity and sexuality, which makes the loss of a breast one of the reasons that women's body image changes. The nurse has a central role in the nursing work, helping the patient to accept and understand that the body has changed and provide support. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe perceived self-image and need for support in women who have undergone mastectomy. Method: The chosen method is a literature study with focus on qualitative studies. The information search was performed in the databases PubMed, CINAHL and Psycinfo. Relevant studies were quality reviewed using SBU's review template for qualitative research. The data from the studies were analyzed and keywords as well as units of meaning were identified. Results: The data process yielded three main themes; factors that influence women around the mastectomy, experiences of an altered body and the life after mastectomy. In these three themes, six sub themes emerged; Support from different parties in women's lives, information & preparation, the meaning of the breast and the emotional impact, the impact of mastectomy on relationships, becoming friends with their new changed body, regain quality of life. Conclusion: Mastectomy affected women's physical and psychosocial well-being and a need for support arose. Nursing support was needed before, during and after treatment. A person-centered approach was important so that adapted care could be provided where everyone’s needs were in focus. Even though mastectomy meant a change in everyday life, most women developed an acceptance of the new body. The loss of a breast was insignificant, what mattered was being alive.

This study was aimed at finding reasons for nonparticipation in sport by black learners at secondary school level. It was carried out with a group of grade 9 to 12 learners who do not participate in sport at secondary schools in black townships. A nonparticipation in sport at secondary school level questionnaire was developed to measure the most important reasons for nonparticipation. Among the reasons learners cited were lack of sport facilities, political factors, social factors and factors related to self-image. Social circumstances were found to be intimately linked and overlapping with political circumstances. For learners coming from impoverished backgrounds, sport comes a very poor second. Based on the results of the study, a number of recommendations were made for education managers and sport administrators. Contributions of the study were highlighted and suggestions for further research made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Text in Afrikaans / Teen die agtergrond van toenemende gewelddadige gedrag binne die konteks van verskillende bevolkingsgroepe en gemeenskappe, is reeds ·heelwat navorsing ten opsigte van die aard en oorsake van aggressiewe gedrag onderneem. Aggressiwiteit as vorm van afwykende gedrag is nog nooit deur die onderskeie gemeenskappe in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika aanvaar nie. Die oorsake van aggressiwiteit word deur verskillende navorsers vanuit wydverspreide ooghoeke benader. Hoewel fisiologiese oorsake van aggressiewe gedrag nie deur die skrywer ontken word nie, word in hierdie studie die volwasse mens as verantwoordelike en verantwoordbare wese se motivering vir aggressiewe gedrag van naderby beskou. 'n Weldeurdagte literatuurstudie oor aggressiwiteit sowel as die basiese hunkeringe van die mens in die kontemporer-moderne wereld, het aan die lig gebring dat mense verskillend optree al sou hulle aan dieselfde samelewingseise blootgestel word. Ervaringsreste, veral ten opsigte van pedagogiese verhoudings, blyk 'n groat rol in die vorming van die selfbeeld sowel as belewing en hantering van krisissituasies te speel. Die mens staan nooit alleen in die wereld nie, maar is voortdurend in 'n verhouding betrokke. Die noodwendigheid van verhoudings raak horn as sosiale wese, en is ten nouste gekoppel aan belewing en beagting van die self. Defhalwe word die ervaring van verhoudings uit veral die kinderdae, of te wel pedagogiese verhoudings, as van deurslaggewende belang by die vorming van die selfbeeld beskou. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie is geverifieer by wyse van 'n idiografiese ondersoek. Gevangenes wat aggressiewe misdade gepleeg het, is op vrywillige basis by die navorsing betrek. Na aanleiding van genoemde bevindings is dit nodig geag om 'n gestandaardiseerde vraelys vir die meting van elkeen se selfbeeldstand in te skakel. Aanbevelings is geformuleer nadat insig uit navorsingsresultate ten aansien van die interafhanklikheid van pedagogiese verhoudings, selfbeeldvorming en aggressiwiteit, verkry is. Hierdie aanbevelings is veral gerig op steungewende, terapeutiese begeleiding van die aggressiewe oortreder sodat hy vaardighede kan aanleer waar~olgens hy lewenskrisisse kan begryp en hanteer. / Extensive research has already been undertaken in respect of the nature of aggression against the background of increasingly violent behaviour within different population groups and communities. Aggression as a form of deviant behaviour has never been accepted by the various communities in the Republic of South Africa. Researchers have investigated the causes of aggression from a wide range of perspectives. Although the author does not deny the existence of physiological causes of aggressive behaviour, this research focuses on the motivation for aggressive behaviour in the adult as responsible and accountable being. A thorough study of the literature concerning aggression as well as, the basic yearnings of man in the contemporary modern world, revealed a diversity in human behaviour even when people were confronted with the identical demands of society. Past experience, especially in connection with pedagogic relations, appears to have an important impact on not only the formation of the self-image but also how people experience and cope with crisis situations. Man is never in the world in isolation but is continuously involved in relationships. This essentiality of relationships affects him as a social being and is intimately a,ssociated with the experiencing and evaluation of the self. Experiences with relationships, especially in childhood, that is pedagogic relationships, are therefore, of cardinal importance in self-image formation. The findings of this research were verified by means of ideographic studies. Prisoners who had perpetrated violent crimes were included in this research on a voluntary basis. In accordance with the findings it was considered necessary to incorporate a standardized questionnaire to measure the state of the self-image of each prisoner. Recommendations were formulated after obtaining insight arising from research findings which focussed on the interdependence of pedagogic relationships, self-image formation and aggression. These recommendations are mainly directed at the supportive therapeutic guidance of the aggressive transgressor in order that he may acquire skills to understand and cope with the crises of life. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Filosofie van die Opvoeding)

The woman has always been an invisible individual behind the act of ’Great men’ in the Roman society. The woman’s gender role has forever been specified where the woman is a submissive, quiet and an unintelligent individual who wants to do everything for her man. Even though this gender role is created by authors that are men and is about how they consider a woman should behave, what about the women’s view on this matter? By means of getting an answer to this question, we can get a fuller perspective and an understanding about the Roman woman and as a woman writer in a patriarchal society. The purpose with this essay will therefore be to give a fuller perspective about the Roman society and its woman writers. In order to fulfill this purpose, I have asked the following questions: How did men react when women published their literary work and is it possible to investigate how the women thought about themselves through analyzing their work. And how was it possible for a woman to publish her texts in a society where women had no rights and a small chance to publish her work for the public? In order to have been able for doing this examination I have delimit myself and investigate three women, Cornelia, Hortensia and Sulpicia. Cornelia wrote letters, Hortensia wrote and delivered a speech and Sulpicia wrote poems. I have used the ancient sources Appian, Nepos, Tibullus to get the quotes of the women’s texts. I have also used other ancient sources like Aelian, Cicero, Ovid, Plutarch, Pliny, Quintilian and Valerius Maximus for other valuable information about the three women and their literature. They contribute with comments about the women and about women’s possibilities to get an education. I have a gender role and feminist view through the entire essay as the main focus is the three roman women writers. I have done this by analyzing the women’s texts and investigated what men thought about them and high educated women generally. And how the society encounters this texts. Through all this we have got a better understanding about how the attitude was towards the Roman woman and how she looked upon herself – and with that a fuller perspective on the Roman woman in general instead of the androcentric view we had before. There are a lot of variables that contribute to whether the woman can publish her work which is status, wealth, her loyalty to Rome and contacts with important people. Through all these men were relative positive about the three women’s texts and the women themselves were relative positive to themselves.

The thesis "The Influence of Media on Body Image with Emphasis on the Issue of Eating Disorders" deals with the impact of media on body perception regarding the current beauty ideal, the cult of slenderness as well as the causes of eating disorder spreading in today's world. This thesis aims to determine how media influences body image of the current society and what part it has in the origin of eating disorders. In terms of this aim, the thesis is divided into theoretical background, a part about body image, followed by the part about beauty ideal, then eating disorders and research. The theoretical part discusses the theory of social and media reality, expected media impacts on people as well as selected theories concerning the media impact on body image. The next part deals with the term body image. The third part involves discussion about the ideal of beauty and introduces three current theories about direct impact of media on body image. It also shows some examples from today's media concerning the topic. The fourth part deals with the eating disorders and their media discourse, followed by few examples of their spreading trend and also campaigns against them. The quantitative analysis aims to find out about today's population body image, the importance of appearance and connection between media...

Thesis focuses on self conception of primary school children impaired by specific learning disabilities. Based on case histories of nine children it states factors influencing the building of a self concept, and also follows a development of monitored children. The theoretic section defines a conceptual framework based on characteristics of a preadlolescent child with specific regard to her/his sensoric, cognitive and emotional development, with regard to development of child's self concept and to specific learnind disabilities in general. It describes the stage of children's development and learning disorders they are afflicted by. The practical section of the thesis describes case histories of nine pupils (and their development), which the author of the thesis followed for two years. The group consists of 9 pupils (2 girls and 7 boys). The thesis gives a thorough view on self conception of monitored children, their positionin the school group and areas of succes, it shows the individuality of each child's personality and his/her life story.

Research question: To examine what aspects affect some consumers to avoid e-bikes and others to desire them. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to see if e-bikes have a symbolic value. We aim to see if e-bikes is associated as an environmentally friendly product. We will examine stereotypes and brand avoidance. Further we will see what attributes consumers associate with typical users of e-bikes. Theory: To test our research question we chose our main theory of the matching process between self-image and typical user. Prior studies on e-bikes in areas as typical users and environment were analyzed. Previous studies on e-bikes were analyzed in areas such as environment and typical users. Methodology: A survey was made on two groups who are underrepresented in sales of ebikes. Students aged 21-30 and cycling enthusiasts. Results and conclusions: • We found that e-bikes have symbolic value. • Many respondents perceive e-bike users as environmentally friendly, comfortable and lazy. • E-bikes being perceived as environmentally friendly can be a pre-purchase indicator for students, but not for cycling enthusiasts • Different groups of students have conflicting user imagery, one group describe e-bikers as lazy, and another group describe e-bike users as healthy • The stereotype that e-bike users are old is not very frequent • Viewing e-bike users as lazy influences impacts the perceived value and are likely to lead to brand avoidance

Vi har under året fått larmrapporter om att Sveriges matematikundervisning är undermålig. Enligt Skolverkets statistik får vi också detta bekräftat. Undersökningen avser att ta reda på hur lärare uttrycker sig kring undervisning, elevens självbild och kunskapsbedömning när det gäller att minimera antalet elever som lämnar grundskolan utan betyg i matematik. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi valt att intervjua sex matematiklärare i grundskolans senare år. Med dessa intervjuer vill vi synliggöra tänkbara orsaker till att svenska elever tappar mark när det gäller matematikkunskaper. Vi har valt att fokusera på hur undervisning och kunskapsbedömning ser ut på skolor med högt respektive lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för matematik i grundskolan. Vi har dessutom valt att lägga fokus på hur elevens självbild påverkar förmågan att tillägna sig matematikkunskaper. I vårt resultat visar det sig att våra sex respondenter inte skiljer sig anmärkningsvärt i hur de undervisar och kunskapsbedömer sina elever utifrån högt eller lågt antal elever som ej uppnått målen för grundskolan i matematik. Vad vi däremot kan se är att matematiklärarna är kritiska till hur undervisningen fungerar i de tidigare åldrarna. Respondenterna ger också en tydlig bild av att vår samhällsstruktur har förändrats vilket ger dem elever med skiftande social och kulturell bakgrund. Vi har behandlat dessa iakttagelser i vår diskussionsdel där vi med stöd från olika litteratur och styrdokument ger tänkbara orsaker om hur vi kan åtgärda resultatet utifrån frågor som var ansvaret ligger men också påvisa olika faktorers samspel i den komplexa verklighet vår skola befinner sig. / We have during the year received alarming reports concerning the inferior state of the Swedish mathematics teaching. According to the statistics from the Department of Education we also get this confirmed. The survey intends to find out how teachers express themselves about teaching, the pupil's self-image, and judging of knowledge when it comes to minimizing the number of pupil's who leave elementary school without any grades in mathematics. In this qualitative study we have chosen to interview six teachers of mathematics from the later years of the elementary school. With these interviews we would like to make visible possible causes why Swedish pupils are falling behind when it comes to knowledge in mathematics. We have chosen to focus on how teaching and judging of knowledge look like at schools with a high respectively low number of pupils who haven't reached the goals set up for mathematics in elementary school. We have also chosen to focus on how the self-image of the pupil affects the ability to acquire knowledge in mathematics. Our results show that our six respondents do not in a considerable way differ in the way they teach and judge the knowledge from a point of view where a high or low number of pupils that have not reached the goals set for the elementary school is concerned. What we can see on the other hand is that the teachers of mathematics are critical about the way the teaching works in the earlier years. The respondents also provide a clear picture that the structure of our society has changed which gives them pupils of shifting social and cultural background. We have treated these observations in our discussion section where we with support from different literature and steering documents present thinkable causes about how we can take measures from questions concerning where the responsibility lies but also show the interplay between different factors in the complex reality where our school is.