The purpose of this essay is to analyse how Samí history is portrayed in six digital teaching materials. The six teaching materials are intended for both primary school and secondary school. This comparative study aims to investigate whether Samí history is portrayed, and as well to present differences and similarities between the presentations of what that mainly represent Samí history. Therefore, a qualitative content analysis has been used to achieve the purpose of the study. The information regarding Samí history in the digital teaching materials has been divided into three categories, History, Politics and community, and Identity. Thereafter, the categories have been analysed one by one, through six converted theoretical perspectives of orientalistic stereotypifications. The study shows that the stereotypification of Samí history is mostly portrayed as ‘passive’ and ‘undeveloped/outdated’. That means, for example, that only two publishers of the teaching materials present facts about the minority group, as a resisting group to the colonization. The same number of publishers portray Samí history as ‘undeveloped/outdated’. The result is based on that the Samí perspective is mainly reduced and instead is the Swedish state, colonizers, the normative perspective.  The study also shows that the teaching materials have a similar way of generalizing the content, especially regarding the how Samí people wore affected of the colonization. The difference though is the approach angle, and the unequal variety of supplying the readers with further detailed facts of certain historical decisions or events in Samí history.

I denna studie undersökts hur Eric Forsgren gestaltade den norrbottniska befolkningen i visuell media under 1950 och 1960-talen. I studien genomförs en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, som kopplas till tidigare forskning och teorier om gestaltning och representation. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar på att Eric Forsgren har gestaltat den norrbottniska befolkningen och dess vardagsliv som ett väglöst land, med många naturnära yrken, såsom renskötsel och säljakt. Vidare visar resultatet på att många fördomar om Norrbotten och dess befolkning förstärks via filmatiseringen. Dessa fördomar innefattar problem med en tvåspråkig kultur (Heith, 2017), marginalisering av minoriteter såsom tornedalingar och samer. Vidare får man även en inblick i det exotiska (Eriksson, 2010) inom rennäringen, där nomadliv är en del av vardagen. Det framkommer även viss utflyttningsproblematik (Eriksson, 2010) i länet, då arbetstillfällena inom rennäringen inte är tillfredsställande för många unga samer i norr. / In this study Eric Forsgrens framing of the people living in Norrbotten in visual media during the period of 1950- to 1960 is analyzed. This study is based on a qualitative content analysis. This is connected through theories about framing and representation. The results from this study shows that Forsgren framed the people living in Norrbotten as a community with bad communication, with a lot of nature friendly working habits. Such as the care of reindeers and the hunt for seals. It is also clear that many of the prejudice about the people in Norrbotten is amplified by the adaption. The prejudice of the people are the struggle of a bilingual people in a unilingual society. But also the marginalization of a minority such as the sami people and the people tornedalingar who lives in the north of Norrbotten. The sami people are framed as something exotich in their way of living. And the problem of the exodus of the people in Norrbotten is captured.

The Sami people are the Natives of northern Scandinavia. The knowledge of the health and living conditions of the Swedish Sami is extremely limited which is in contrast to the large amount of detailed information on health and socioeconomic issues that is available for other circumpolar Natives. The encounter with the western society and the acculturation process has for many native populations had serious health consequences, causing a dramatic increase of lifestyle related diseases such as cancer, diabetes, stroke, obesity and hypertension as well as a dramatic increase of suicide and drug abuse. The overall objective of this thesis was to investigate the health conditions of the Sami population of Sweden using causes of death and incidences of cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as health indicators, and to evaluate their possible association with acculturative factors such as assimilation, integration, separation and marginalization. A Sami population was identified containing a total of 41 721 individuals. Specific cohorts were selected from this population for the different studies. A four times as large demographically matched non-Sami control population was used for comparisons. A study of causes of death, 1961-2000, showed small differences in overall mortality and life expectancy between the Sami and the non-Sami. However, Sami men showed significantly lower mortality risks for cancers but higher for external cause of injury and Sami women higher risks for diseases of the circulatory system (CVD) and of the respiratory system. An increased risk of dying from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was observed among both Sami men and women. The increased risk of dying from accidents among male reindeer herders is suggested to be caused by the increased socioeconomic pressure and the extensive use of terrain vehicles. It is concluded that commercial reindeer management is one of the most dangerous occupations in Sweden. In a study of the cancer risk among the reindeer herding Sami between 1961-1997, an overall lower risk to develop cancers, particularly prostate and malignant lymphoma was observed among the reindeer herding Sami. The risk for stomach cancer was significantly higher in relation to their non-Sami neighbours. The Sami and the non-Sami had similar risk factor-patterns for CVD. The main differences were related to working conditions and lifestyle factors of the reindeer herding Sami - the women showed a more unfavourable risk factor pattern than the men. Higher incidences of stroke were observed among Sami men and women compared to their non-Sami neighbours while the mortality rates of stroke were similar. The mortality ratio of AMI was increased for Sami women in spite of similar incidence ratios. A higher risk of SAH was observed among all groups of Sami. According to traditional socioeconomic risk factors, the differences in the levels of income and education observed between the Sami and the non-Sami, were poorely associated with the disparities of CVD. As has been shown, only minor differences in the health indicators were found between the Sami and their non-Sami neighbours. This is in clear contrast to several other native populations for which the health situation is largely unfavourable in comparison with that of the general population. The observed differences between the Sami and the non-Sami probably reflect differences in lifestyle, psychosocial and genetic factors. The relation between these factors and the acculturation process is dicussed, and it is suggested that separation or segregation of the reindeer herding Sami and the assimilation of the other Sami have influenced the health condition of the Sami, but with the largest impact probably prior to 1961 and the earliest start of follow-up for the studies in this thesis. Thus, the similarities in health between the Sami and the non-Sami 1961-2002, are probably a result of centuries of close interaction that has caused similarities in culture, attitudes and lifestyle, as well as equal accessibility to the health care services and the social security systems.

This research project examines the relevance of Kenneth Arrow's (1951) Impossibility Theorem as a criterion for assessing post-modern critical approaches to development media theories (Servaes, 200 I; Melkote and Steeves, 2000). Comparing two distinct indigenous minorities' experiences with struggles for cultural autonomy, those of Norway's Sami and Botswana's Basarwa, it was found that the media discourses used by NGOs frequently exploit a narrative that validly permits development to be treated as a species of social welfare implementation. Applying Arrow's (1951) conditions for the democratic summation of diverse preferences, and treating cultural, political, and civil society groups as 'voters', it was found that indigenous minority concerns may be best accommodated by linking them to broader issues that exploit historical ties between peoples, with a special emphasis on episodes that have led to coordination in achieving independent ends. Popular memories of such coordination appear to moderate relations between minorities and their national cohabitants, reducing the need for radicalization of indigenous issues and smoothing the path to autonomy. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

Indigenous rights are among the most rapidly progressing domains in international law. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted more than a decade ago, and now the task consists of implementing the rights within the state structure. While the concept of self- determination constitutes the very core of indigenous rights, it also represents the most difficult challenge to establish within the existing system of sovereign states. This thesis seeks to contribute to the discussion regarding the implementation of indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination within states. By examining the public discourse surrounding the concept of self-determination in relation to the Sami people in the Swedish political system, it’s possible to obtain a deeper understanding of the dynamics in play. The thesis focuses on analyzing the core elements of self- determination and the formulation of the perceived problems surrounding the political measures of the concept. The discourse analysis, examining the period 2006-2017, concludes that the understanding of the concept of self-determination is linked to the political status of the indigenous people, the political debate within the national assembly, the perception of possible solutions and the function of indigenous institutions.

Throughout history the Sami community have been excluded from Swedish society. They were submitted to discrimination, abuse and the denial of rights. Although the political movement of Sami people is long, we have in recent years seen how a demand for truth and justice is taking more space within the official Sami political movement. The aim of this thesis is to gain a wider understanding of Sami political demands and the idea of justice in Sweden through a Truth Commission. Applying a post-colonial theory and Bacchi’s “What’s the problem?”-methodology I have set out to analyse how the discourse of the idea of justice and a Sami Truth Commission (STC) is being constructed by the Sami political movement, non-affiliated Sami and the Swedish government. The secondary material I have used is earlier research and pre-existing interviews with Sami people. My primary material is documents made by Sami political movement and the Swedish government regarding a STC. The conclusion is that the Sami political movement are constructing the discourse on a STC with a homogenous view of accountability. The non-affiliated Sami is constructing the discourse with a diversity of notion such as accountability, moving on and internal responsibility. The government’s discourse on STC is constructed with non- accountability and silence. However, there is a discourse on the idea of justice and it is constructed with notions of increased participation and to combat racism. / Det samiska samhället har genom historien exkluderats från majoritetssamhället i Sverige. De har blivit utsatta för diskriminering, övergrepp och blivit nekade sina rättigheter. Den samiska politiska rörelsen har en lång historia men det är på senare tid som vi sett ett ökat krav för sanning och rättvisa inom den parlamentariska samiska politiska rörelsen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att nå en bredare förståelse av de politiska kraven inom rörelsen och idén om rättvisa utifrån idén om en sanningskommission. Genom att använda mig av en postkolonial teori och av Bacchis ”What’s the problem”-metod vill jag analysera hur diskursen om idén om rättvisa och en samisk sanningskommission (SSK) konstrueras av den samiska politiska rörelsen, icke-politiska samer och den svenska regeringen. Mitt sekundära material består av tidigare forskning och genomförda intervjuer och mitt preliminära material består av dokument från den samiska politiska rörelsen och regeringen gällande en SSK. Mina slutsatser är att den samiska politiska rörelsen konstruerar diskursen om en SSK med en homogen bild av statens ansvar. De icke-politiska samerna konstruerar diskursen med en mångfald av begrepp så som ansvarighet, idén om att gå vidare och internt ansvar. Regeringens diskurs av en SSK är konstruerad med ett icke-ansvar och tystnad. Däremot går det att utröna en diskurs om rättvisa som är konstruerad med begrepp som ökat deltagande och kampen mot rasism.

Denna uppsats problematiserar hur kollektiva förvaltningsorganisationer fördelar pengar insamlade från offentligt framförd klubbmusik samt undersöker hur etablerade dj’s och producenter ser på dagens system och tror sig påverkas av detta. Med djupintervjuer av fyra personer undersöker uppsatsen även hur dessa ser på rapportering av den spelade musiken, vilka problem som kan uppstå och om det finns tekniska möjligheter att underlätta för korrekt fördelning. Resultaten visar att intervjupersonerna skiljer sig åt i vilken typ av karriär de har och därmed hur man förhåller sig till dagens system. Ingen ställde sig dock positiv till att rapportera in spellistor med vad de spelat som dj’s, man lyfte även fram problemet med att ersätta musik som spelas men ännu inte släppts officiellt. Det framkom också att vi idag har tekniska möjligheter att övervaka vad som spelas genom användandet av akustiska fingeravtryck. Jag diskuterade att det är först när ett sådant system är på plats som vi kan se hur mycket fel dagens pengar fördelas.

Denna uppsats undersöker samers utrymme och framställning i svenska dagstidningar. Tidigare forskning visar hur nyhetsmedia innehar en växande makt i att påverka hur olika grupper i samhället uppfattas och behandlas. Bland annat exemplifierar den tidigare forskningen hur urfolk och minoriteter begränsas i sitt mediala utrymme och framställs på ett homogent och fördomsfullt sätt. I föreliggande studie undersöks vilket utrymme den samiska befolkningen får i svensk nyhetsrapportering, vad för typ av samerelaterade nyheter som uppmärksammas samt hur samerna framställs i rapporteringen. Metoden som har använts för att besvara frågeställningarna är en innehållsanalys med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa inslag, där tidningsartiklar från tre svenska dagstidningar har studerats under tidsperioden av ett år. Resultatet visar bland annat hur samerna får ett begränsat medialt utrymme och att när de väl uppmärksammas är det ofta ett stort fokus på kulturella nyheter, medan händelser som kan anses viktiga för den samiska befolkningen marginaliseras. Därefter har resultatet analyserats utifrån den postkoloniala teorin, och därmed kunde samband urskiljas mellan Sveriges historiska relation till den samiska befolkningen och medias framställning av dem. / This paper examines the Sami peoples representation in Swedish newspapers. Previous research show that news media holds a growing power in affecting how different groups are perceived and being treated in today’s society. It shows how indigenous people and minorities are limited in the news media and portrayed in a homogeneous and biased way. This study examines to which extent the Sami population is being seen in the Swedish news media, what kind of Sami related news that are being reported and, how the Sami people are being presented. The method used to answer the thesis questions is a content analysis with complementary qualitative and quantitative elements. Articles published in three Swedish newspapers during the period of one year have in this study been examined. The result indicates that Sami culture is given a lot of space in the reported news, while other important events and questions concerning the Sami people are less visible. The result is analyzed on the basis of postcolonial theory, and connection could thus be distinguished between Sweden's historical relationship with the Sami population and the media's presentation of the group.

The objective of this bachelor thesis is on Åsele and Lycksele church towns and early settlements in northern Sweden with the purpose of finding out if the archaeological source material shows the same or different results as the historical source material regarding when they were established, what sort of buildings and activities they had and if the proximity to the Sami people had any effect on the settlers. This is done by doing a comparative analysis between Åsele and Lycksele church towns through the excavated source material from archaeological surveys and their related reports.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är ett stort folkhälsoproblem världen över. Bland minoritetsbefolkningar är problematiken omfattande då upplevelser av diskriminering från samhällets sida bidrar till psykisk ohälsa. Den samiska befolkningen har under lång tid blivit hårt drabbad och på grund av de begränsningar i levnadsomständigheter som de inneburit har många haft svårt att kunna bibehålla och leva med en stark samisk identitet.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva psykisk ohälsa hos vuxna samer i Sverige och Norge.    Metod: Litteraturöversikt användes som metod där elva vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Databaser som användes var PubMed, DiVA och PsycINFO. Artikelsökningen utfördes även i DIVA som är ett öppet arkiv för bland annat forskningspublikationer. Artiklarna var av både kvalitativt och kvantitativt som analyserades enligt Fribergs fyra analyssteg.  Resultat: Författarna fann tre huvudteman: identitet och livskvalitet, ångest och depression samt svårigheter i att söka vård. Resultatet gav en överblick av den komplexitet som den samiska identitet kan innebära och som många gånger gett och ger upphov till ångestrelaterad problematik. Vidare ger resultatet ett perspektiv över orsaker till hinder i att söka vård.  Diskussion: Diskussionen delas upp i metod- och resultatdiskussion. Diskriminering samt olika typer av identitetskriser som många samer upplevt ökar risken för ångestproblematik diskuterades i resultatdiskussionen. Genom utbildning kring bemötandet av minoritetsgrupper inom sjukvården kan trygga vårdrelationer skapas vilket skapar större förutsättningar för samer att söka vård. Resultatet har även diskuterats utifrån Nordenfelts teori om hälsa, livskvalitet och värdighet. / Background: Mental ill-health is a major public health problem worldwide. Among minority populations, the problem is widespread as experiences of discrimination from society contribute to mental ill-health. The Sami population has for a long time been severely affected and because of the limitations of living conditions that this repression has meant, many have found it difficult to maintain and live with a strong Sami identity.  Aim: The purpose was to describe mental illness in adult Sami in Sweden and Norway.  Method: Literature review was used as a method where eleven scientific articles were included in the results. Databases used were PubMed, DiVA and PsycINFO. The article search was also carried out in DIVA, which is an open archive for example research publications. The articles were of both qualitative and quantitative analysis analyzed according to Friberg's four analysis steps  Results: The authors found three main themes: identity and quality of life, anxiety and depression and difficulties in seeking care. The result gave an overview of the complexity that the Sami identity can entail and which many times have given and gives rise to anxiety-related problems. Furthermore, the result provides a perspective on the causes of obstacles in seeking care.  Discussion: The discussion is divided into method and result discussions. Discrimination and various types of identity crises that many Sami people experience increase the risk of anxiety problems were discussed in the results discussion. By training about the treatment of minority groups within the healthcare sector, secure care relationships can be created, which creates greater conditions for the Sami to seek care. The results have also been discussed on the basis of Nordenfelt's theory of health, quality of life and dignity.