Purpose - The purpose of this thesis was to develop a method for how practitioners can utilize value-based pricing of smart services. In order to fulfill this purpose, the following research questions were addressed: RQ1) How can firms identify value drivers for their smart services in order to understand customer perceived value? RQ2) How can firms match the perceived value of their smart service and what type of revenue model to use (i.e., how to price and how much to price)? RQ3) How can firms use value-based pricing for calculating the optimal price of their smart service? Method - This thesis adopts a mixed method. This is done by collecting data through interviews and surveys. This data is then analyzed and utilized to develop a method for value-based pricing of smart services.  Findings - Based on the insights gathered through the explored methods for identifying and measuring value drivers, concluding customers’ willingness to pay, matching it with revenue and pricing mechanisms and finally deriving an optimal price a holistic and structured process that connected these different activities has been proposed (see Appendix S). Theoretical contribution - The major theoretical contribution is the synthesis of three different literature streams (i.e., VBP, revenue model design and smart service commercialization). These areas have, to our knowledge, previously never been integrated in one study. In addition, the developed method successfully addresses identification of value drivers, which previously has been labeled as the biggest barrier for B2B firms wanting to transition towards VBP (Liozu et al., 2012).  Practical implications - This thesis supports management in commercialization of smart services by providing a holistic and systematic process for identifying and measuring value drivers, concluding customers’ WTP, matching it with revenue and pricing mechanisms and finally deriving an optimal price based on VBP. The final developed method is presented in Appendix S. / Syfte - Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utveckla en metod för hur praktiker kan utnyttja värdebaserad prissättning av smarta tjänster. För att uppfylla detta syfte togs följande forskningsfrågor upp: RQ1) Hur kan företag identifiera värdedrivare för sina smarta tjänster för att förstå kundens upplevda värde? RQ2) Hur kan företag matcha det upplevda värdet av sin smarta tjänst och vilken typ av intäktsmodell de ska använda (dvs hur man prissätter och hur mycket prissätter man)? RQ3) Hur kan företag använda värdebaserad prissättning för att beräkna det optimala priset för sin smarta tjänst? Metod - Detta exjobb använder en blandad metod. Detta görs genom att samla in data genom intervjuer och enkäter. Denna data analyseras sedan och används för att utveckla en metod för värdebaserad prissättning av smarta tjänster. Resultat - Baserat på de insikter som samlats in genom de utforskade metoderna för att identifiera och mäta värdedrivande faktorer, utnytja kundernas betalningsvilja, matcha den med intäkts- och prissättningsmekanismer och slutligen härleda ett optimalt pris har en holistisk och strukturerad process som kopplar samman dessa olika aktiviteter presenterats (se Bilaga S). Teoretiskt bidrag - Det största teoretiska bidraget är syntesen av tre olika litteraturströmmar (dvs VBP, intäktsmodelldesign och kommersialisering av smarta tjänster). Dessa områden har, såvitt vi vet, tidigare aldrig integrerats i en studie. Dessutom tar den utvecklade metoden framgångsrikt in på identifiering av värdedrivare, som tidigare har stämplats som den största barriären för B2B-företag som vill gå över till VBP (Liozu et al., 2012). Praktiska implikationer - Det här examensarbetet stöder ledning i kommersialisering av smarta tjänster genom att tillhandahålla en holistisk och systematisk process för att identifiera och mäta värdedrivare, avsluta kundernas WTP, matcha den med intäkts- och prissättningsmekanismer och slutligen härleda ett optimalt pris baserat på VBP. Den slutligen utvecklade metoden presenteras i Bilaga S

The ability of generating precise numerical forecasts is important to successful Enterprises in order to prepare themselves for undetermined future developments. For Utility companies, forecasts of prospective energy demand are a crucial component in order to maintain the physical stability and reliability of electricity grids. The constantly increasing capacity of fluctuating renewable energy sources creates a challenge in balancing power supply and demand. To allow for better integration, supply forecasting has become an important topic in the research field of energy data management and many new forecasting methods have been proposed in the literature. However, choosing the optimal solution for a specific forecasting problem remains a time- and work-intensive Task as meaningful benchmarks are rare and there is still no standard, easy-to-use, and robust approach. Many of the models in use are obtained by executing black-box machine learning tools and then manually optimized by human experts via trial-and-error towards the requirements of the underlying use case. Due to the lack of standardized Evaluation methodologies and access to experimental data, these results are not easily comparable. In this thesis, we address the topic of systematic benchmarks for renewable Energy supply forecasts. These usually include two stages, requiring a weather- and an energy forecast model. The latter can be selected amongst the classes of physical, statistical, and hybrid models. The selection of an appropriate model is one of the major tasks included in the forecasting process. We conducted an empirical analysis to assess the most popular forecasting methods. In contrast to the classical time- and resource intensive, mostly manual evaluation procedure, we developed a more efficient decision-support solution. With the inclusion of contextual information, our heuristic approach HMR is able to identify suitable examples in a case base and generates a recommendation out of the results from already existing solutions. The usage of time series representations reduces the dimensions of the original data thus allowing for an efficient search in large data sets. A context-aware evaluation methodology is introduced to assess a forecast’s quality based on its monetary return in the corresponding market environment. Results otherwise usually evaluated using statistical accuracy criteria become more interpretable by estimating real-world impacts. Finally, we introduced the ECAST framework as an open and easy to-use online platform that supports the benchmarking of energy time series forecasting methods. It aides inexperienced practitioners by supporting the execution of automated tasks, thus making complex benchmarks much more efficient and easy to handle. The integration of modules like the Ensembler, the Recommender, and the Evaluator provide additional value for forecasters. Reliable benchmarks can be conducted on this basis, while analytical functions for output explanation provide transparency for the user.:1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 ENERGY DATA MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 17 2.1 Market Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 EDMS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.1 Core Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.2 Typical Energy Data Management Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.3 System Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.1 Smart Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.2 Energy Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.3 Energy Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.4 Mobile Consumption Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.5 Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 ENERGY SUPPLY FORECASTING CONCEPTS 35 3.1 Energy Supply Forecasting Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1.1 Weather Forecast Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1.2 Energy Forecast Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2 Energy Forecasting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.1 Iterative Standard Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.2 Context-Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 Model Selection - A Benchmark Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.1 Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.3.3 Result Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 RELEVANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FORECASTING METHODS 55 4.1 Scientific Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.1.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.1.2 Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.1.3 Qualitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2 Practical Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.2 Feedback from Software Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2.3 Feedback from Software Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.3 Forecasting Competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5 HEURISTIC MODEL RECOMMENDATION 67 5.1 Property-based Similarity Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.1.1 Time Series Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.1.2 Reducing Dimensionality with Property Extraction . . . . . . . . . 69 5.1.3 Correlation Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2 Feature Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1 Feature Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.2 Feature Pre-Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2.3 Property-based Least Angle Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.3 HMR Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.1 Formalized Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.2 Procedure Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.3.3 Quality Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.4.1 Case Base Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.4.2 Classifier Performance on univariate Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4.3 HMR performance on multivariate models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6 VALUE-BASED RESULT EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 105 6.1 Accuracy evaluation in energy forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.2 Energy market models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3 Value-based forecasting performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3.1 Forecast Benefit Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3.2 Multi-dimensional Ranking Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6.4.1 Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.4.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.4.3 Result Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7 ECAST BENCHMARK FRAMEWORK 129 7.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.1.1 Objective Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.1.2 Fundamental Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.2 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2.1 Task Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.3 Demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.1 Step 1: Create a new Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.2 Step 2: Build Ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3.3 Step 3: Evaluate the Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8 CONCLUSIONS 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 LIST OF FIGURES 167 LIST OF TABLES 169 A LIST OF REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES 171 B QUESTIONNAIRES 175 C STANDARD ERRORS FOR RANKING SCORES 179 D ERROR DISTRIBUTION FOR BENCHMARKED PREDICTORS 183

The dissertation thesis is focused on value based systems of remuneration. Importance and mission of remuneration systems at company management leading to increase in value for owners, respectively for stakeholders is investigated here. The dissertation thesis deals with the factors influencing both, employees, their performance and motivation for company´s aims achievement, and companies´ systems of remuneration. The subject of dissertation thesis is actually concurrent because employees´ performance increasing in a form of stimulation bonuses, an effort for possessing employees in the company, and dividing company´s profit for employees at the same time are very demanding managerial tasks in every stage of company´s development. At the dissertation thesis elaboration, the author has stemmed from theoretical backgrounds of scientific publications of Czech authors as well as of foreign authors, and also from realized investigations. Primary research has been realized by a combination of single techniques of quantitative research, i.e. by the means of questionnaires, personal interviews and telephonic interviews. Results of the primary research obtained have been analysed using the applications of Microsoft Excel, Portable Open Office Calc and XLStatistics software. Results obtained at elaboration of the dissertation thesis have been used with the aim to determinations of the most important factors influencing employees´ motivation for performance increasing and interestedness on company´s goals achievement. Moreover, the results obtained by primary research outcomes analysis have made possible the statistic verification of the hypotheses of dissertation. The partial outcome of dissertation thesis is the definition of premises of value oriented systems of remuneration use in small and medium-sized entities. Based on this definition of these systems implementation premises, the methodical order of implementation of value oriented system of remuneration into company´s practice. For elaboration of the value oriented system of remuneration proposal, first of all, it has been necessary to create the system of EVA quantification in a company, i.e. to divide company´s assets into responsibility centres, to calculate EVA of every single responsibility centre, and to propose a concept of employees´ interest on change of the EVA indicator value. The proposed methodology has been proved in condition of concrete company, and in the dissertation thesis, it is presented as a case study. This way, one can get complete information about characteristics of the presented model, in concrete about necessary adjustments of costs and revenues, about determination of the amount of invested capital and its valuation, and about division of created value for employees and owners as well. Elaborated case study provides a feedback on a possibility and demandingness of implementation of value based systems of remuneration in small and medium-sized entities. The conclusion of dissertation thesis is devoted to the summary of knowledge obtained, to the discussion of premises for the proposed methodology implementation into business practice, and to the discussion about possibilities of next scientific work in elaborated area.

Empirical evidence has shown that visually enhancing the saliency of reward probabilities can ease the cognitive demands of value comparisons and improve value-based decisions in old age. In the present study, we used a time-varying drift diffusion model that includes starting time parameters to better understand (1) how increasing the saliency of reward probabilities may affect the dynamics of value-based decision-making and (2) how these effects may interact with age. We examined choices made by younger and older adults in a mixed lottery choice task. On a subset of trials, we used a colorcoding scheme to highlight the saliency of reward probabilities, which served as a decision-aid. The results showed that, in control trials, older adults started to consider probability relative to magnitude information sooner than younger adults, but that their evidence accumulation processes were less sensitive to reward probabilities than that of younger adults. This may indicate a noisier and more stochastic information accumulation process during value-based decisions in old age. The decision-aid increased the influence of probability information on evidence accumulation rates in both age groups, but did not alter the relative timing of accumulation for probability versus magnitude in either group.

Given the global climate crisis and the ubiquitous use of literature in Swedish upper secondary schools to raise various values-based issues, this essay examines the didactic potential of Jefferson and how to utilize the novel's aforementioned potential in relation to value-based work in a classroom context. Special emphasis has been invested on the environmental aspect of the value-based work, more precisely: how the relationship between humans and animals affects the environment and how this relationship can be problematized by using Jefferson in the Swedish subject classroom. Malin Alkestrand’s concept of didactic potential has been used in combination with a critical anthropocentric perspective to investigate the didactic potential of Jefferson in relation to the value-based work, and how this potential can be converted into didactic gains for students. Moreover, in addition to the concept of didactic potential, Alkestrand’s theory of alienation and Martha Nussbaum’s theory of narrative imagination have been applied to sections, themes, and literary devices in the book; furthermore, the results of the analysis indicate how Jefferson possesses the didactic potential to address numerous aspects included in the value-based work. The results also show that Jefferson, because of its content and literary devices, provides an especially favorable springboard to address the relationship between humans and animals from an environmental perspective.

As the stainless steel industry continues to grow, so does the environmental impacts generated by the various production processes. Such impacts not only affect the environment but pose great health concerns for humans and other living things. Therefore, it is necessary for all stakeholders to continuously improve their sustainability work. Metal recovery is one of the ways this can be done. There exists different organisations within the stainless steel industry, all of which are likely to benefit from metal recycling solutions. However, it is not obvious what models for value capture are most appropriate regarding such new technology. Adopting an appropriate value capture model is crucial for any organisation offering a service or a product. It is what ultimately determines an organisation’s revenues, profits as well as the amounts reinvested in the organisation’s growth for its long-term survival. By considering a case company offering a metal recycling solution, this study investigates how such a company may best leverage the value created by their technology. This is achieved by implementing a qualitative approach consisting of an extant literature review, accompanied by empirical findings through interviews with potential customers. Different factors affecting the formulation of an offering, as well as a value-based pricing model for that offering, are analysed. The study proposes a framework for how organisations can efficiently and effectively implement a value-based pricing model for a certain offering. This framework is put into context in regard to the empirical findings. Moreover, the empirical study identifies the potential customers’ perceived value as a result of the metal recycling solution as; opportunities for material reuse and circular economy in production, enhanced waste management, improved brand and the corporate image, and increased operational efficiency. Lastly, identified key determining factors of value realisation from the customer perspective were; payback time, operational aspects, organisational and operational size, type of offering of a metal recycling solution, regulations and public process surveillance and views on pricing strategy. / Medans den rostfria stålindustrin fortsätter att växa ökar även miljöpåverkan från dess olika produktionsprocesser. Sådana effekter påverkar inte bara miljön, utan utgör även stora hälsoproblem för människor och andra levande organismer. För att minska dess miljöpåverkan är det nödvändigt för alla parter inom industrin att kontinuerligt förbättra sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Ett alternativt sätt detta kan göras på är med hjälp av metallåtervinning. Det finns olika företag och organisationer inom den rostfria stålindustrin, som alla troligen kan dra nytta av metallåtervinningslösningar. Det är dock inte uppenbart vilka modeller för värdefångst som är mest lämpliga för en sådan teknik, vilket är problematiskt för de som erbjuder en sådan lösning. Att bestämma en lämplig modell för värdefångst är dock avgörande för alla organisationer som erbjuder en tjänst eller produkt. Det är det som i slutändan avgör en organisations intäkter, vinster samt de belopp som återinvesteras i organisationens tillväxt för dess långvariga överlevnad. Genom att studera ett företag som erbjuder en metallåtervinningslösning har denna studie som syfte att undersöka hur ett sådant företag bäst kan utnyttja det värde som skapas av deras teknik. Detta uppnås genom att implementera en kvalitativ metod som består av en litteraturstudie, följt av empiriska resultat från intervjuer med potentiella kunder till företaget. Olika faktorer som påverkar formuleringen av en produkt/tjänst och en värdebaserad prissättningsmodell för den produkten/tjänsten analyseras. Detta arbete tar fram och föreslår ett ramverk för hur organisationer effektivt kan implementera en värdebaserad prissättningsmodell för ett visst erbjudande. Detta ramverk sätts sedan i sammanhang i samband med de empiriska resultaten. Den empiriska studien identifierar även de potentiella kundernas upplevda värde till följd av metallåtervinningslösningen som; möjligheter för materialanvändning och cirkulär ekonomi i produktionen, förbättrad avfallshantering, förbättrat varumärke och företagsimage och ökad operativ effektivitet. Slutligen identifierades viktiga avgörande faktorer för värdeförverkligande ur kundperspektivet som; återbetalningstid, operativa aspekter, organisatorisk och operativ storlek, typ av erbjudande av metallåtervinningslösning, regler och offentlig processövervakning och syn på prisstrategi.

The purpose of the study is to highlight the possibilities that Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone can contribute to in the value-based work in teaching, as well as how the content can be used as a tool in teaching. This is with the hope that it will lead to an increased understanding and interest among teachers in how children’s and youth literature and value-based work can be combined. The study is a qualitative literature analysis based on Nikolajeva’s (2017) narratological literature analysis model. In the selection of literature, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2014) was chosen, which was the Harry Potter novel that was easiest for the author to access. The study’s analysis highlights three different subcategories: social responsibility, inclusion and exclusion, and laws and regulations. The result of the analysis shows that the book contains several events that can be related to the basic values ​​in the value base. Among other things, various scenarios emerge that students can relate to such things as exclusion, social community, and dilemmas. The study also shows that some rule violations can be related to what is morally right. The content of the book can contribute to the value-based work in teaching through the various events, which can be linked to students’ identifying with the story and which similarities and differences exist between the world in the novel and the real one. The content of the book can also be sued as a pedagogical tool, in that its content can capture students’ interest, which can lead to an increase in motivation. Important conclusions from this study are that Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone can be useful for value-based work, and also children’s and youth literature in general can be useful in teaching. / Studiens syfte är att belysa vilka möjligheter Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone kan bidra till i värdegrundsarbetet i undervisningen, samt hur innehållet kan användas som pedagogiskt redskap. Detta med förhoppningen om att det ska leda till en ökad förståelse och intresse bland lärare om hur barn- och ungdomslitteratur och värdegrundsarbetet kan kombineras. Studien är en kvalitativ litteraturanalys som utgår från Nikolajevas (2017) narratologiska litteraturanalysmodell. I urvalet rörande litteratur valdes Harry Potter and the Philospher’s Stone (2014) som var den enklaste romanen i serien för författaren att få tillgång till. Studiens analys belyser tre olika subkategorier: socialt ansvar, inkludering och exkludering och lagar och regler. Resultatet av analysen visar att boken innehåller flera händelser som kan relateras till de grundläggande värdena i värdegrunden. Det framkommer bland annat olika scenarion som elever kan relatera till som utanförskap, social gemenskap och dilemman. Studien visar även på att vissa regelbrott kan vara relaterade till vad som är moraliskt rätt. Bokens innehåll kan bidra till värdegrundsarbetet i undervisningen genom de olika händelserna, som kan kopplas till elevernas igenkänning och vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan Harry Potter världen och den riktiga. Innehållet i boken kan också bidra som ett pedagogiskt redskap, genom att dess innehåll kan fånga elevers intresse som kan leda till att motivationen ökar. Viktiga slutsatser med denna studie är att Harry Potter and the Philospher’s Stone kan vara användbar för värdegrundsarbetet, och även barn- och ungdomslitteratur överlag kan vara användbart i undervisningen.

Growing issues such as climate crises, social injustice and neglection of basic human rights have created a new type of consumption, namely ethical consumption. Ethical consumption was initially mainly concerned for environmental issues but has in later years starting to include a variety of pressing issues. Ethical consumption was also initially mainly connected to groups of extremists, but with the increasing availability of ethical products in mainstream outlets, ethical consumption has shifted to be a mainstream consumer game. Mainstream ethical consumption has largely been neglected in previous research where the field is lacking knowledge in form of qualitative behavioral data. Departing from the gap, this study will mainly focus on exploring the motives for ethical consumption in the mainstream consumer segment. We will examine several driving forces in form of altruistic-based motives, egoistic-based motives, and non-value-based motives. However, in order to give this an additional dimension we also want to examine the level of morality of ethical consumption by using five ethical theories. This approach has been overlooked in previous ethical consumption research and it will question the basic assumption that ethical consumption is the morally correct thing to do. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the motivational factors for ethical consumption and through the lens of ethical theories examine the level of morality of this behavior. In order to fulfill this purpose we have conducted a qualitative study within the context of organic groceries in the Swedish market. Organic groceries is a branch of ethical consumption that few studies has examined before, and that applies especially to the Swedish market. 14 mainstream consumers have been interviewed were all of these were frequent buyers of organic groceries. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured fashion which was then analyzed by the use of thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study was guided by an exploratory inductive approach where subjectivity played a significant part. The results show that ethical consumption is driven by altruistic-based motives in form of social justice, where consumer want their consumption to benefit other. However, it is far from the only motive because ethical consumers are equally driven by egoistic motives. The result show that consumers are driven strongly by the sense of self- satisfaction created by the force of social norms, health and wellbeing, and product quality. This duality of motives creates a paradoxical tension in form of a win-win situation where the consumers strive for both the benefit of self as well as the benefit of others. Furthermore, ethical consumption is driven by habitual behavior where the consumers rely much on mental shortcuts in their purchases. Consumers are also not well- informed about ethical products and labels and therefore rely heavily on mythical benefits. In addition, when examining the level of morality of ethical consumption we can conclude that it is on level between mediocre to high. From a consequentialist and a non- consequentialist perspective the level of morality is fairly high, but from a character-based perspective the morality stumbles.

A crescente atuação da sociedade nos processos de discussão e de tomada de decisões relacionados com as políticas públicas incentiva a gestão pública no Brasil a buscar mecanismos para demonstrar eficiência e transparência na aplicação de recursos. Dentro da esfera pública, o setor de saúde é destaque em termos de alocação de recursos, por isso, apresenta acentuadas necessidades de planejamento, avaliação e prestação de contas das atividades desenvolvidas. Este trabalho adotou o modelo conceitual de mensuração do resultado econômico em entidades públicas e teve como objetivo principal calcular o valor econômico agregado à sociedade por Hospitais Universitários Públicos, segundo os preceitos da Gestão Baseada em Valor. Para consecução deste propósito, conduziu-se um estudo de caso no Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, avaliando seu desempenho econômico em um período de três anos. Para interpretação dos resultados utilizou-se a Análise por Envoltória de Dados que categorizou os epartamentos do hospital estudado em eficientes e ineficientes. Este estudo revelou que o valor econômico agregado à sociedade no longo prazo pela entidade é positivo. Essa medida de valor proposta indicou que a sociedade está obtendo um retorno superior ao custo de oportunidade do capital investido, ou seja, o hospital está construindo valor econômico e, conseqüentemente, contribuindo para o bem estar social. Adicionalmente, o estudo demonstrou que a teoria da Gestão Baseada em Valor pode ser adaptada como uma ferramenta para avaliação de desempenho de entidades públicas, adotando-se a perspectiva do cidadão como investidor. Finalmente, os gestores de hospitais universitários públicos podem aprimorar o processo de tomada de decisões utilizando o cálculo do valor econômico agregado à sociedade, porque foi constado que esta medida de valor econômico tem sensibilidade para identificar os direcionadores de valor econômico a serem enfatizados na gestão de curto e longo prazos. / The increasing performance of the society in the processes of discussion and taking decisions related to public politics stimulates public administration in Brazil to search for mechanisms to demonstrate efficiency and disclosure in resources application. Within public sphere, the health sector is prominence in terms of allocation of resources; therefore, it presents accented necessities of planning, evaluation and accounts rendering of the developed activities. This work has adopted the conceptual measurement model of economic result in public entities and it has had as main objective to calculate the economic value added to the society by Public University Hospitals, according to the precepts of Value Based Management. For achievement of this intention, a case study at ?Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP? has been carried out, evaluating its economic performance in a period of three years. For interpretation of the results it has been used Data Envelopment Analysis that categorized the efficient and inefficient departments of the studied hospital. This study has shown that the economic value added to the society in the long term by the entity is positive. This proposed value measure has indicated that the society is getting a superior return at the opportunity costs of capital invested, or either, the hospital is constructing economic value and consequently contributing for the welfare state. Additionally, the study has demonstrated that the theory of Value Based Management can be adapted as a tool for performance evaluation of public entities, adopting the perspective of the citizen as a shareholder. Finally, the managers of public university hospitals are able to improve the taking decisions process using the economic value added to the society calculation because it has been consisted that this measure of economic value has sensitivity to identify which value drivers should be emphasized in short and long term management.

Fältet ledarskap är ett tidigare väl utforskat område, trots detta har relativt lite forskning inom ämnet berört svenska organisationer och än mindre statliga institutioner och myndigheter. I följande studie undersöks, vad chefer på en statlig myndighet upplever som faktorer för att utöva ett framgångsrikt ledarskap i sin organisation. Studien bygger på empirin från kvalitativa intervjuer med fem chefer på den statliga myndigheten Trafikverket. I och med denna studie har även en ny intervjumetod utvecklats, interaktivt tematiserad intervju. Där respondenten är en del i att skapa och utforma intervjuguiden. I resultatet av denna studie framkommer det att de undersökta cheferna själva upplevde att ett framgångsrikt ledarskap i sin organisation bygger på fyra faktorer. Dessa benämnda som relationer, beslutsfattande, utveckling och autenticitet. Slutsatserna som denna studie kan bidra med, utöver vilka faktorer som cheferna själva anser genererar ett framgångsrikt ledarskap, är också hur cheferna agerar för att utöva ett vad de upplever framgångsrikt ledarskap, men även vilka roller ett framgångsrikt ledarskap innefattar. Att rollen som chef, rollen som ledare och rollen som sig själv, påverkar tidigare nämnda faktorer, relationer, beslut och utveckling, och att samspelet mellan dessa roller och faktorer på olika sätt påverkar chefernas grad av upplevd framgång i sitt ledarskap. Studien visar även att Trafikverkets nya ledarskapsfilosofi stämmer väl överens med vad cheferna upplever som bidragande faktorer för att utöva ett framgångsrikt ledarskap. Samt att denna nya filosofi kan bidra till att cheferna till större grad kan utöva ett vad de själva upplever framgångsrikt ledarskap. / The field of leadership is a previously well-explored area, but relatively little research in the subject has concerned Swedish organizations and even less government institutions and authorities. In the following study, what managers at a government authority are perceived as factors to exercise successful leadership in their organization are investigated. The study is based on empirical evidence from qualitative interviews with five managers at the State Administration of Transport, Trafikverket. Through this study, a new interview method has also been developed, interactive themed interview. Where the respondent is a part in creating and designing the interview guide. In the results of this study, it is found that the investigated managers themselves felt that successful leadership in their organization is based on four factors. These are referred to as relationships, decision making, development and authenticity. The conclusions that this study can contribute beyond what factors the managers themselves consider generating a successful leadership are also how the managers act to exert what they experience successful leadership, but also what roles a successful leadership includes. That the role of the manager, the role of leader and the role as himself, affects the aforementioned factors, relationships, decision and development, and that the interaction between these roles and factors in various ways affects the managers' degree of perceived success in their leadership. The study also shows that Trafikverket's new leadership philosophy is in line with what managers perceive as contributing factors for the pursuit of successful leadership. And that this new philosophy can help managers to exert more what they themselves experience as a successful leadership.