Esta pesquisa tratará de examinar o fenômeno de Hipocorização, processo de formação de hipocorísticos, em dados coletados sob perspectiva da Teoria da Variação Linguística, modelo sociolinguístico Laboviana. Hipocorístico, neste trabalho, será entendido como um nome próprio de pessoa que é utilizado de forma reduzida em termos de sílabas e/ou sons. Por exemplo, o nome ‘Isabel’, que pode ser dito como ‘Isa’ ou ‘Bel’, permite dois hipocorísticos. O objetivo primordial desta dissertação é realizar um estudo sobre a Hipocorização de nomes próprios de pessoas sob a perspectiva variacionista e examinar se o fenômeno consiste em uma regra variável. Temos as seguintes hipóteses: o processo de Hipocorização mais utilizado é o padrão que realiza a permanência do início da palavra; a sílaba tônica da palavra permanece no hipocorístico; falantes do sexo feminino utilizam mais a forma reduzida dos nomes próprios; a idade dos falantes não é um fator relevante para a aplicação dos hipocorísticos. Para alcançarmos nosso objetivo principal e para confirmarmos, ou não, nossas hipóteses, utilizaremos o pacote computacional Varbrul – versão Goldvarb e um corpus formado a partir de material coletado com 160 estudantes, de idades entre dez (10) a dezessete (17) anos, de uma escola privada confessional de classe média, na cidade de Porto Alegre. Nossa variável dependente é a aplicação ou não de formas reduzidas de nomes próprios de pessoas, denominadas como Hipocorístico. / This research will try to examine the Hypocorization phenomenon, a process of formation of hypocoristics, with data collected under the Linguistic Variation Theory perspective, from a Laboviana sociolinguistic model. Hypocoristic, in this work, is understood as a person’s proper name which is used in a reduced form both syllables and/or sounds. For example, the name “Isabel”, allows two hypocoristics, it can be said either “Isa” or “Bel”. The primordial objective of this master thesis is to carry through a study on the Hypocorization of people’s proper names under the variationist perspective and to examine if the phenomenon consists of a changeable rule. We have the following hypotheses: the most used Hypocorization process is the type that chooses the beginning of the word; the tonic syllable of the word remains in the hypocoristic. Reduced forms of proper names are more used by female speakers. The age of the speakers is not a relevant factor for the application of the hypocoristic. To reach our principal objective and to confirm, or not, our hypotheses, will be used the Varbrul software – GoldVarb version and a corpus formed with the material collected from 160 students, aged from ten (10) to seventeen (17) years, coming from a middle class confessional private school of the city of Porto Alegre. Our dependent variable is the application or not of the reduced forms of people’s proper names, denominate as Hypocoristic.

Este trabalho analisa as formas de realização da lateral pós-vocálica na cidade de Lages/ SC sob a luz da Teoria Variacionista, visto que, no português brasileiro, a lateral /l/, quando em posição final de sílaba, é realizada de forma variável, podendo ser realizada como [l] alveolar, [t] velar, semivogal [w], apagamento [Ø] ou rotacismo [r]. De acordo com a literatura, essa variação pode ocorrer tanto em função de condicionantes sociais quanto lingüísticos. Devido aos resultados obtidos na rodada do programa, optamos por uma análise binária para a vocalização da lateral contra essas demais formas de realização do fonema /l/, todavia fazemos comentários que julgamos pertinentes com relação a todas elas. A realização de /l/ pós-vocálico como [t] ou [w] pode ser comprovada através de trabalhos como os de Lopez (1979), Cagliari (1981), Sêcco (1977), Quednau (1993), Tasca (1999) e Espiga (2001). Essas variantes, na Fonologia Tradicional, são consideradas livres ou de aplicação imprevisível, visto que são atribuídas a um indivíduo ou a um grupo social ou regional. Porém, de acordo com a proposta de Labov (1966, 1969, 1972), essa variação livre não é tão imprevisível quanto aparenta ser. Os fatores lingüísticos e sociais podem funcionar como condicionadores, favorecendo ou não o uso dessas formas variantes. Nossa análise dos dados é comparada e contrastada com os resultados obtidos em estudos anteriores e demonstra que os fatores sociais idade, escolaridade e sexo são relevantes à aplicação de uma regra variável assim como os fatores lingüísticos acento, fronteira de morfema e contexto fonológico precedente. Por fim, fazemos um estudo sobre os fatores extralingüísticos favorecedores das diversas formas de realização da lateral, baseado nos dados fornecidos por cada um dos informantes dessa pesquisa. / This paper aims to analyze the output forms of the post-vocalic lateral in the community of Lages/SC under the Variation Theory, since, in Brazilian Portuguese, the lateral /l/, when in the final position of a syllable, is performed in a variable manner, ranging from [l] alveolar, [t] velar, semivowel [w], deletion [Ø] to rhotacism [r]. According to literature, such variation may happen due to either social or linguistic factors. Due to the results obtained after running the software, we chose a binary analysis for the vocalization of the lateral against those other forms of realization of the phoneme /l/, however comments that we deem appropriate regarding all of them are made. The output of post-vocalic /l/ as [:] or [w] becomes evident in the works of Lopez (1979), Cagliari (1981), Sêcco (1977), Quednau (1993), Tasca (1999), and Espiga (2001). Those variants, in the Traditional Phonology, are considered free or of unexpected application, as they are regarded to an individual or to a social or regional group. However, according to Labov (1966, 1969, 1972), such free variation is not as unexpected as it seems to be. The linguistic and social factors may act as conditioners, so that they may or may not favor the use of those variant forms. The analysis of our data will be compared and contrasted with the results achieved in previous studies and will show that social factors such as age, educational background and sex are relevant to the application of a variable rule as well as the linguistic factors stress, morpheme border and precedent phonological context. To end, we analyze the social factors that favor the many output forms of /l/, based on data supplied by each of the interviewees used in this research.

This thesis is about teaching and learning in way finding and map reading. The aim of the study is to investigate children’s ability to perceive the relationship between objects in the nature and map symbols in order to make a positioning. The aim is also to investigate what teaching might facilitate this ability. The study sets out to identify critical features related to the object of learning, that might constitute learning obstacles or problems, and then to discuss possible teaching methods to overcome these problems. The method used is a school based physical education intervention study de-rived from Learning Study principles. In a Learning Study, teachers collaborate in an iterative process to explore their students learning. The students’ ways of perceiving the object of learning is analysed through a phenomenographic ap-proach and the variation theory is used for planning and analysing the studied lessons. Three lessons were videotaped and field notes were taken along with some interviews. The sample consisted of three groups of ten-year-old pupils (n=53) and six teachers. Four critical features of the learning object were identified in the study: a) to perceive objects in nature and understand how these can be represented on the map: b) to perceive objects in nature to make a positioning on the map: c) to perceive objects in nature and its location to make a positioning in relation to the previous positioning and d) to perceive relationships between objects in nature and symbols on the map and take these into account when describing position. The study shows how children’s ability to perceive objects in the nature and map symbols to make a positioning can be improved when they have the possi-bility to discern the critical features in different ways. In conclusion, that what was taught seemed to be reflected in what the pupils learned. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that it is not sufficient merely to name the critical features to the pupils, instead they must be possible to be discerned by the pupils in order for learning to take place. A final reflection is that the theoretical framework used, variation theory, is a powerful tool for analysing lessons that contributed to the analysis of teaching and learning. / <p>Forskarstuderande Kerstin Nilsson har ingått i <em>Forskarskolan idrott och hälsas didaktik </em>(FIHD), en forskarskola som ingått i statens satsning på forskarutbildning av förskollärare och lärare. Satsningen beslutades våren 2011 och har varit ett led i att kompetenshöja verksamma lärare och, i förlängningen, stärka elevernas kunskaper. Forskarskolan har bedrivits som ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, Örebro universitet och Malmö högskola. Totalt har 15 forskarstuderande ingått i FIHD, och varje lärosäte har ansvarat för fem forskarstuderande var. Centrala mål för forskarskolan har varit att utgöra ett nav för ämnesdidaktisk kunskapsutveckling av ämnet idrott och hälsa, och att bidra till att bygga upp skolämnet idrott och hälsas didaktiska kunskapsbas med hjälp av praktiknära forskningsansatser.</p> / Forskningslinjen Utbildning

One of the biggest environmental issue on our planet is waste that have unnaturally ended up in our nature. By giving the younger children a certain understanding of why we need to take care of our planet, a greater commitment tosustainable development can be created. A broader understanding of the worldwe live in can be created by discovering and investigating the phenomenon ofdegradation. The purpose of the study is therefore to increase knowledge aboutchildren's perceptions of the organic and inorganic waste degradation process.Through this study, success factors can be made visible to further develop theindividual's knowledge. The data collection of this study uses group interviews with preschool childrenin the age span of 3–5 from two preschools from separate municipalities. The results of the study show that children have an understanding on the organic degradation process, while they had difficulty linking this process withinorganic waste. The analysis of the data collection refers to the fact that theresult has been affected by previous experiences of, for instance compost and recycling. Being able to present choices that children can make individually at an earlyage through preschool activities is extremely important, and therefor it´s goodto work a lot with for example compost and recycling. On the other hand, itwill also be important that the activities offer a greater understanding of whywe should take care of our planet and give children the opportunity to engagein questions about the environmental issues. / Ett av de största miljöproblemen på vår planet är avfall som på ett onaturligtsätt har hamnat i vår natur. Genom att de yngre barnen får en viss förståelse tillvarför vi behöver ta hand om vår planet kan ett större engagemang för en hållbar utveckling skapas. En bredare förståelse för den värld vi lever i kan skapasgenom att upptäcka och undersöka fenomenet nedbrytning. Syftet med studienär därför att öka kunskapen om barns uppfattningar kring organisk och oorganisk avfalls nedbrytningsprocess. Genom studien kan framgångsfaktorer synliggöras för att i sin tur utveckla individens kunskaper ytterligare. Datainsamlingen sker genom gruppintervjuer med förskolebarn mellan åldrarna 3–5, från två förskolor från två olika kommuner. studiens resultat visar på en förståelse för den organiska nedbrytningsprocessen hos barnen, samtidigt som de hade svårt att koppla processen med oorganiskt avfall. Analysen av datainsamlingen hänvisar till att resultatet har påverkats av tidigare erfarenheter av bland annat kompost och återvinning. Att kunna framföra val barn individuellt kan ta redan i tidig ålder genom förskolans verksamhet är ytterst viktigt, därför är det bra att arbeta mycket medbland annat kompost och återvinning. Däremot blir det även viktigt att verksamheten erbjuder en större förståelse till varför vi ska ta hand om vår planet,och ge barnen möjlighet att kunna engagera sig i miljöfrågorna.

För att på ett fördjupat sätt förstå innebörden i olika svårigheter som elever i årskurs 2–3 kan ha gällande tidsavläsning från den analoga klockan är detta en intervjustudie med sju elever som besvarar frågeställningen: vad urskiljer/urskiljer inte eleverna när de löser olika uppgifter som handlar om att avläsa tid från den analoga klockan? Som teoretisk utgångspunkt används variationsteorin då dess olika begrepp är centrala för att förstå hur en annan person uppfattar ett specifikt ämnesinnehåll. I resultatet redovisas de olika aspekter av innehållet kring tidsavläsning från den analoga klockan som eleverna urskilt eller inte urskilt som i sin tur leder till att olika svårigheter identifieras. Vidare diskuteras studiens styrkor och svagheter i relation till metodval samt hur resultatet förhåller sig till tidigare forskning, styrdokument och yrkesverksamheten. Sammanfattningsvis framgår det ur resultatet att en övergripande svårighet har att göra med att eleverna inte urskilt att klockan är uppbyggd på 60 minuter och till stor del förlitar sig på minnesassociationer vid avläsning av minutvisaren. / This is an interview study with seven students. To understand the deeper meaning of various difficulties that students in grades 2–3 may have regarding time telling on the analogue clock this study answers the question: what does the students discern/not discern when they solve different tasks involving time telling on the analogue clock? As a theoretical framework, the variation theory is used as its various concepts are central to understand how another person perceives a specific curriculum content. The result shows the different aspects of the content, regarding time telling on the analogue clock, that the students did discern or did not discern, which in turn leads to the identification of various difficulties. Furthermore, a discussion is being held regarding the strengths and weaknesses in relation to the chosen method as well as how the result relates to previous research, curriculum documents and the profession of education. In summary, it is clear from the result that an overall difficulty has to do with the students not discerning that the clock is built up in 60 minutes and largely relies on memory associations when reading the minute hand.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the corona pandemic has influenced preschool teachers' prerequisites to teach in preschool settings. We want to examine preschool teachers' experience of teaching under the influence of a pandemic and how that experience compares to teaching before the pandemic. By teaching we mean planning what to teach, how to teach and if the preschool teachers indeed have been able to implement what they planned to teach. Method: We study this with a phenomenographic research approach where the participating preschool teachers' experiences and thoughts are the main focus and where the material therefore is analyzed with a hermeneutic approach. This approach combined with the restrictions and recommendations of the pandemic, has affected our choice of method. Considering the pandemic, the data was gathered using qualitative questionnaires via email, with open questions where the preschool teachers’ have had the opportunity to answer the questions using their own words. Theory: The result has been analyzed from two perspectives; one is a theory about teaching from variation. The idea is that knowledge is learned through variations within the learning subject and the outer world combined. This theory is called variation theory. The other perspective is called developmental pedagogy which includes the teachers’ ability to see children's potential and relating the development of that potential to their own role as teachers, with an emphasis on the influence they themselves have on the learning situation. Results: The result from preschool teachers that have been participating in this study points to negative consequences due to an extensive absence of pedagogues', high level of stress amongst the preschool teachers’ and a change of priority from teaching to caring. In addition, the teachers also feel that the pandemic has limited their communication with the principal. On the other hand, teaching has been possible, but through new strategies and changed approaches. Conclusion: The participants felt an uncertainty about children ́s and pedagogues’ presence, reduced support from the principals and an increased feeling of stress. This has led to reductions and pauses in the planned education. Further, the teachers have also experienced a development in their teaching strategy and a positive impact on teaching in relation to the outdoor environment.

Denna artikel presenterar en Learning Study som innehåller tre forskningslektioner.Syftet med studien var att analysera på vilket sätt variationsmönster inverkar på enelevgrupps lärande och förståelse för vad som påverkar blodomloppet. Studiensdesign baserades på Variationsteorin och undersökningsgruppen utgjordes av 45elever i årskurs sex. Resultatet visade att alla elever utvecklade sina kunskaper omvad som påverkar blodomloppet. Genom att åskådliggöra blodcirkulationen som ettsammanbundet system och hur en väska transporteras i ett helt system gentemot ettsystem med hål i fick eleverna se att oavsett var i systemet brottet är påverkas alla delarna. / This Learning Study consisting three research lessons with the aim to analyse inwhat way patterns of variation have impact on pupils’ learning about what affectsblood circulation. Design was based on Variation theory. Data consisted 45 pupilsgrade sixth. All students deepened their knowledge about what affects bloodcirculation. To show blood circulation as an interconnected system and how a liquidis transported in a interconnected system compared to a system with a preformationstudents could see that no matter where the fracture is all parts are affected.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka svårigheter som finns för lärande inom multiplikation i årskurs 3. För att besvara studiens syfte tillämpades en diagnos samt semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod. Diagnosen genomfördes i två klasser i årskurs 3 och två pedagoger intervjuades för vidare undersökning. För att tydliggöra hur olika räkneuppgifter samt svårigheter hänger samman med olika fenomen tillämpades variationsteorin. Med utgångspunkt i variationsteorin samt begreppen kontrast, separation, generalisering och fusion kategoriseras det insamlade materialet utifrån analysverktyget meningskoncentrering. Resultatet visar att eleverna har svårigheter med följande: upptäcka likheter kring ett lärandeobjekt, skapa förståelse för de enskilda kritiska aspekterna av lärandeobjektet, se skillnad mellan två värden samt att välja en lämplig strategi. Vad gäller pedagogernas uppfattningar och beskrivningar av elevernas lösningsstrategier lyfts följande aspekter fram: stress och slarvfel, bristande förmåga att hitta ett samband mellan multiplikation och addition, bristfällig läs- och begreppsförståelse samt svårigheter att tillämpa en fungerande strategi. För att främja elevernas utveckling inom multiplikation påvisar resultatet vikten av att pedagoger i sin framtida undervisning arbetar med konkret material, didaktiska verktyg såsom areaformen och tallinje, visualisering av multiplikation genom addition, begreppsförståelse och samtal i grupp för att utöka matematikspråket. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that exist for learning in multiplication in year 3. To answer the purpose of the study, a diagnosis and semi-structured interviews were used as a method. The diagnosis was performed in two classes in year 3 and two educators were interviewed for further investigation. In order to clarify how different arithmetic tasks and difficulties are related to different phenomena, the theory of variation was applied. Based on the theory of variation and the concepts of contrast, separation, generalization and fusion, the collected material is categorized on the basis of the analysis tool meaning concentration. The results show that the students have difficulties with the following: discover similarities around a learning object, create an understanding of the individual critical aspects of the learning object, see the difference between two values and choose an appropriate strategy. Regarding the educators 'perceptions and descriptions of the students' solution strategies, the following aspects are highlighted: stress and carelessness, lack of ability to find a connection between multiplication and addition, inadequate reading and comprehension and difficulties in applying a working strategy. To promote students' development in multiplication, the results show the importance of educators in their future teaching working with concrete material, didactic tools such as area form and number line, visualization of multiplication through addition,concept understanding and group discussions to expand the language of mathematics.

Syftet med detta arbete är att utveckla ett ramverk för analys av variationsmönster som förekommer inom decimala talsystemet i matematikläromedel, för att därefter gå över till att använda detta ramverk för analys av hur tre vanligt förekommande läromedel i Sverige behandlar det decimala talsystemet i årskurs 3. Studien utgår därmed från följande frågeställning: Hur kan kritiska aspekter inom området decimala talsystemet, som framkommer i tidigare forskning, användas för läromedelsanalys? På vilka sätt behandlar det tre utvalda läromedlen för årskurs 3 de kritiska aspekterna i det decimala talsystemet? Studiens fokus är det matematiska innehåll som eleven möter i läroboken vid inlärning av det decimala talsystemet och den variation som finns i de kritiska aspekterna som forskningen visar på. Forskningen visar nämligen att det är vanligt förekommande att elever har problem med inlärning av det decimala talsystemet och att detta kan leda till problem senare under deras skolgång. Metoden som används är en kvalitativ läromedelsanalys där tre läromedel för årskurs 3 analyserades med syftet att undersöka vilka variationsmönster som förekommer i de kritiska aspekterna som forskningen lyfter. De kritiska aspekter som granskades var platsvärde, gruppering, språk och variationsmönster. Analysen visar att varitionsmönsters förekomst skiljer sig mycket mellan de olika böckerna. De kritiska aspekterna förekom i alla läromedlen men i olika omfattning. Ett av lärmedlen hade ett mer framstående variationsmönster, särskilt inom området platsvärde. Utifrån denna studie är det rimligt att dra slutsatsen att det inte går att förlita sig enbart på läromedlen i undervisning av det decimala talsystemet, samt att läraren bör kritiskt granska dessa före användning. Det vill säga användandet av enbart läromedel kan utgöra problem vid lärandet av det decimala talsystemet och lärare behöver bli mer medvetna om sitt ansvar när det kommer till val av läromedel. / The purpose of this work is to develop a framework for analysis of variation patterns occurring within the decimal number system in mathematic textbooks, and then move on to using this framework for analysis of how three commonly used textbooks, in Sweden deal with the decimal number system in Year 3. This purpose is achieved by answering the following questions. In what way can critical aspects concerning the field of the decimal number system, which emerge from previous research, be used for textbook analysis? In what ways do the three selected textbooks for Year 3 deal with the critical aspects of the decimal number system? The focus of the study is the mathematical content that students encounter in textbooks when learning the decimal number system and the variation that exists in the critical aspects revealed by research. Research shows that it is common for students to have problems with learning the decimal number system and that this can lead to issues later in their schooling. Qualitative analysis was used to analyze three teaching materials for Year 3 with the aim of examining which variation patterns occur in the critical aspects highlighted by the research. The critical aspects examined were site value, grouping, and language. The analysis showed that the occurrence of variation patterns varies greatly among different books. The critical aspects occurred in all the teaching materials, but to varying degrees. One of the teaching aids had more prominent variation patterns, especially concerning place value. From this study, it can be concluded that it is not possible to rely solely on textbooks when teaching the decimal number system, and teachers should critically examine teaching aids before using them. Relying on textbooks alone can be a problem in teaching the decimal number system, and teachers need to become more aware of their responsibilities when choosing textbooks in mathematics.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att beskriva grundlärares uppfattning av variationsteori i skrivundervisning av texttyper. Undersökningens frågor svarade mot hur lärare resonerar om val av innehåll och metoder i undervisningen om skrivande av texttyper samt hur lärare upplevde att de använde variationsteori för planering, genomförande och utvärdering av undervisningen för att utveckla elevers skrivande av olika texttyper. Analysen var genomförd med fenomenografi som ansats, webbenkät och semistrukturerad intervju som metod och variationsteori som teori. Resultatet visade att lärarna upplevde variationsteori som tidskrävande och komplex att arbeta med men att det gav god effekt för både elevernas kunskapsutveckling och för lärarnas utveckling av yrkesprofession. Resultatet visade också att lärarna upplever att det är komplext att använda variationsteori i undervisning om att skriva olika texttyper. Men variationsteorin är uppskattad att använda i undervisningen och vissa faktorer kan förenkla användandet. Slutsatsen blir ända att svenskämnets struktur behöver bli mer tillgängligt för variationsteori. / The aim of this paper was to describe teachers’ ways of understanding variation theory used in teaching to write different types of texts. This was done by answering questions as how teachers’ reason in selecting content and methods in teaching to write different types of texts and how teachers experienced how to use variation theory in planning, teaching and evaluation of teaching to develop students' writing of different text types. This empirical study was done with a phenomenography view and variation theory as the theoretical framework for the analysis. The methods were survey and semi structured interview. The results showed that the teachers experienced the variation theory as time-consuming and complex to work with, but that it had a good effect on both the students 'knowledge development and the teachers' development of professional profession. The results showed that the teachers’ experience variation theory as complex in teaching about writing different types of texts. Although variation theory was appreciated in teaching and some factors may facilitate the use of the theory. Anyway, the structure needs to be more accessible to variation theory.