Ce travail, dont le titre est : Le modèle d’immersion réciproque en question : enseigner en classe bilingue à New York et à Francfort / Das Two-Way-Immersion Modell im Fokus : Zweisprachig unterrichten in New York und Frankfurt/Main, a pour objectif de répondre à la problématique suivante : comment la conceptualisation du modèle d’enseignement bilingue d’immersion réciproque influence les pratiques éducatives (didactiques et pédagogiques) des enseignants et les productions langagières des enfants, et pourquoi ? / The aim of this study, the title of which is “Focussing on the model of two-way immersion: teaching in bilingual classrooms in New York and Frankfurt on the Main”, is to provide an answer to the following question: in what ways does the conceptualisation of the bilingual model of two-way immersion affect the educational practices, both didactic and pedagogical, of teachers and the language production of children, and why is this so?

Sugere-se a hipótese de uma Cidade Instantânea identificada no cotidiano em situações condicionadas por tecnologias de comunicação e informação, e especialmente a computação ubíqua, também conhecida como computação pervasiva ou computação ambiente. A investigação aponta para o entendimento de uma Cidade Instantânea que emerge em coletivos sem escala, sem localização e com fronteiras e limites extremamente frágeis, fluidos e temporários. A Cidade Instantânea se infiltra em todas as formas de cidades existentes sem anulá-las; substituí-las. A Cidade Instantânea não tem um objetivo traçado, ela é pura subjetividade que ganha força e presença nas multidões de indivíduos conectados. / We suggest the hypothesis of an Instant City identified in everyday situations conditioned by information and communication technologies, especially the ubiquitous computing, also known as pervasive computing or ambient computing. The research points to the understanding of an Instant City that emerges in collectives without a precise scale or location, with extremely fragile, fluid and temporary boundaries and limits. The Instant City joins and infiltrate in all forms of existing cities without dismiss them; replace them. The Instant City is pure subjectivity that gains strength and presence in the crowds of connected individuals.

People often have very little knowledge about the impact of unsustainable human population growth on the environment and social well-being especially in developing countries. Therefore, an efficient method should be explored in order to educate, and if possible, to convince the members of the public to realize the environmental and social problems caused by the unsustainable population growth. Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) has been highlighted by some studies as an innovative tool for learning enhancement. While only a handful of studies have scientifically evaluated the impact of DGBL on knowledge outcomes, the approach is an attractive tool to increase knowledge and motivate engagement with environmental issues surrounding population growth because of its potential to improve learners’ motivation and engagement thereby compared to traditional learning approaches. Therefore, the three primary research questions for this study are: 1) "Can a single-player digital game be an appropriate and attractive learning application for the players to gain insight about the relationship between the growing human population and the environmental issues?" 2) "How can we design environmental games for the players to gain insights about the relationship between the growing human population and the environmental issues via playing a game?" and 3) "What are the obstacles preventing the players from adapting environmental knowledge obtained from the learning mediums into the real-life?" To inform the development of an efficacious DGBL game to impact learning outcomes, critical reviews of environmental issues related to population growth as well as critical reviews of commercial and serious environmental games in terms of their educational and motivational values were undertaken in this study. The results of these critical reviews informed the development of a Guideline for Environmental Games (or GEG). The GEG was developed by combining the engaging game technology with environmental learning and persuasion theories. The GEG was then used to inform the development of a prototype game called THE GROWTH; a single-player, quiz-based, city-management game targeting young adolescents and adults. Multiple evaluation methods of the game were used to answer the three key research questions mentioned earlier. These methods included: 1) The Randomized Controlled Trial approach (RCT) where the participants were systematically divided into the experimental and the control group respectively and their knowledge scores (quantitative data) compared and analyzed, 2) The participants’ abilities to recall and describe the environmental and well-being issues were collected and analyzed qualitatively using The Content Analysis method (CA) and, 3) The participants’ overall feedback on the learning mediums was collected and analyzed to evaluate the motivational values of THE GROWTH itself. To this end, THE GROWTH was evaluated with 82 Thai-nationality participants (70 males and 12 females). The results showed that participants assigned to play THE GROWTH demonstrated greater environmental and social-well-being knowledge related to population growth (F(1,40) = 43.86, p = .006) compared to the control group participants assigned to a non-interactive reading activity (consistent with material presented in THE GROWTH). Furthermore, participants who played THE GROWTH recalled on average more content presented in the game when compared to participants who were presented with similar content in the reading material (t (59) = 3.35, p = .001). In terms of level of engagement, the study suggested that participants assigned to the game were more engaging with their learning medium on average when compared to participants assigned to the non-interactive reading activity. This is evidenced by the longer time participants spent on the task, the activity observed from participants’ recorded gameplay, and their positive responses in the survey. The semi-structured interviews used in this study highlighted the participants’ attitudes towards the environmental, social, and technological issues. Although the participants’ perceived behavioural intention towards the environmental commitments were not statistically differed between the two study group, their responses still provide some evidences that leaps may occur from the learning mediums to the real-world context. Furthermore, these responses can be valuable evidences for the policy makers and for the future development of environmental serious games. Overall, the results suggested that digital environmental games such as THE GROWTH might be an effective and motivational tool in promote the learning about sustainable population size, the environment, and the social well-being. The game’s ability to convince the participants to change towards sustainable lifestyles, however, might be subjected to the future research and other real-world circumstances such as the governmental and public supports. In summary, the research in this thesis makes the following contributions to knowledge: • The Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) contributes to knowledge about making theoretically-based environmental games. It has particular significance because the guideline was validated by demonstrating learning improvements in a systematic randomized controlled trial. • The use of Multi-Strategy Study Design where multiple systematic evaluation methods were used in conjunction to provide conclusive findings about the efficacy of DGBL to impact outcomes. • THE GROWTH itself is a contribution to applied research as an example of an effective DGBL learning tool.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Wahl Goncalves de Araujo Jorge.pdf: 1473998 bytes, checksum: 8cefb96903764170d80df6eb0969cfa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The initial reaction of the George W. Bush administration to the violent acts of september 11, 2001 was to attack the Taliban government in Afghanistan, aiming to bring down the Mullah Omar regime and to set up bases that would serve to the hunting of al- Qaida, organization which had that country as its sanctuary to plan its actions. The capital Cabul, as well as another regions in the countryside, were quickly conquered, theoretically because the american military plan, based on Special Operations Forces, air power and in the use of a local allie: the Northern Alliance. The supposed success of the United States would be the result, according to the official speech, of the military transformation that was being encouraged by the Defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld. The afghan model was considered a new american way of war and the Special Operations Forces, inside the context of global war on terror , went on to the center of the american strategic conception. However, after seven years of the invasion, the afghan situation is not good, so it is possible to question the validity and the apparent inovation of that american military actions / A reação inicial da administração de George W. Bush aos atentados de onze de setembro de 2001 foi atacar o governo Talebã no Afeganistão, visando a derrubar o regime do pregador religioso Omar do poder e a estabelecer bases que serviriam para a caçada à al- Qaeda, que tinha naquele país um santuário para planejar suas ações. A capital Cabul, assim como outras regiões no interior afegão, foram conquistadas rapidamente, isto teoricamente em função do plano militar estadunidense, baseado no emprego de Forças de Operações Especiais, poderio aéreo e na utilização de um parceiro local: a Aliança do Norte. O suposto sucesso dos Estados Unidos seria decorrente, conforme o discurso oficial norte-americano, da transformação militar que estava sendo promovida pelo secretário de Defesa Donald Rumsfeld. O chamado modelo afegão foi considerado um novo modo de guerra americano e, a partir de então, dentro do contexto de guerra ao terror , as Forças de Operações Especiais passaram a ocupar, como nunca antes na história dos EUA, um lugar por demais proeminente dentro da concepção estratégica de Washington. Todavia, passados cerca de sete anos dos movimentos iniciais de invasão, a situação afegã não é das melhores, o que leva ao questionamento da validade e aparente inovação daquelas ações militares americanas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:17:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Simoes Goncalves.pdf: 1489853 bytes, checksum: e3349f2df55540a9fe6d05dfb91010f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-24 / The purpose of this essay is to investigate the existing tension between the tradition and the modernity within the caipira way of life, by using two basic and complementary methods: the bibliographic research and the field research. The theoretical basis is built on an approximation between the reflection on Brazilian modernity, by the sociologist José de Souza Martins, and the phenomenology of the imagination, by Gaston Bachelard. The field research took place in São Luís do Paraitinga and resulted in the conduction, transcription and analysis of four interviews, all included in this work. The choice of the research subjects, the issues of the interviews and the eventual use of those accounts have been based in the fundamentals of Oral History. The modern Brazilian consciousness is like a path in between two boundaries. Our double consciousness, divided between the modern and the traditional, results on the conjugation of the different life styles which got together to form our own identity. The modern Brazilian consciousness takes place in a game of power in which are summed up customs and values, that are rationalized and urbanocentrics , with the tribality and the rural magic universe. Logic and Poetic Imagination are seen here as symbols of these two distinct ways of being together with reality. This essay is an effort to reach the understanding of the fundamental dynamics existing within our culture, revealed through the subjectivity and the daily caipira style of living, as well as, to perceive how these dimensions are related basing on the so called great lines of History . Built in a direct interaction with some of the residents of São Luís do Paraitinga, these reflections are a way to not only built a brief critical analysis of reality but also to register words and gestures of the ones who, historically, had their voices silenced the women and men from the countryside / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar a tensão existente entre tradição e modernidade no interior do modo de vida caipira, a partir de dois pilares básicos e complementares: a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa de campo. O aporte teórico teve como principal fundamento uma aproximação entre a reflexão sobre a modernidade brasileira feita pelo sociólogo José de Souza Martins e a fenomenologia da imaginação de Gaston Bachelard. Já a pesquisa de campo se desenvolveu no município vale-paraibano de São Luís do Paraitinga e resultou na realização, transcrição e análise de quatro entrevistas, todas incluídas nesta dissertação. A escolha dos sujeitos, as temáticas abordadas nesses encontros e o posterior manuseio das narrativas tiveram como base metodológica os fundamentos da História Oral. A consciência moderna brasileira é uma travessia entre duas margens. Dividida entre o moderno e o tradicional, nossa dupla consciência é uma reunião dos diferentes modos de vida que se mesclaram na formação de nossa identidade. Sobrepondo costumes e valores urbanocêntricos e racionalizados à tribalidade e ao universo rural e mágico que também a constituem, a consciência moderna brasileira se realiza nesse jogo de forças. Razão e imaginação poética aparecem então como símbolos desses dois modos distintos de estar junto à realidade. Esta pesquisa expressa a busca de um início de compreensão sobre como essa dinâmica fundamental de nossa cultura se revela na subjetividade e na vida cotidiana do caipira e como estas dimensões se relacionam na discussão das chamadas grandes linhas da História . Produzida em meio a um convívio direto com o município de São Luís do Paraitinga e parte de seus moradores, o conjunto de reflexões que compõem esta dissertação buscou não só tecer uma breve análise crítica da realidade pesquisada como também deixar registradas palavras e gestos daqueles que, historicamente, têm sua voz silenciada as mulheres e os homens do campo

Les métropoles contemporaines sont marquées par des regroupements et des séparations des citadins, connus sous le terme de ségrégation. Ce phénomène est généralement appréhendé sur la base des localisations résidentielles. L’importance de la mobilité quotidienne dans les reconfigurations spatiales métropolitaines et dans les modes de vie individuels nous incite alors à l’étude et la caractérisation de la relation entretenue par les citadins avec les espaces urbains. Cela permet de passer de la ségrégation résidentielle (immobile) vers la ségrégation dans les espaces de la vie quotidienne (mobile). Parallèlement, c’est l’individu, et non le ménage, qui est au cœur des dynamiques ségrégatives telles que nous les abordons. Quatre métropoles contemporaines ont été analysées avec une visée comparative. Ce choix a imposé la mise au point d’une méthodologie originale, commune aux quatre cas et basée sur des données d’enquêtes-ménages transports. Les résultats obtenus permettent de souligner l’interprétation économique des comportements individuels de proximité (immobilité et vie locale) et des accès aux pôles d’attraction (parmi lesquels le centre). La proximité, avant d’être un objectif des politiques de villes durables, est une réalité pour les populations défavorisées. Ces comportements de replis dépendent plus de caractéristiques individuelles que d’effets liés au quartier de résidence. Ces tendances fortes, communes aux quatre cas, sont complétées par diverses spécificités. Des dynamiques spatiales et sociales différentes se révèlent dans les villes du Nord et du Sud, et les effets des formes urbaines héritées de l’histoire s’affirment (en particulier à Niamey). Notre analyse permet finalement d’enrichir la perspective usuelle de la ségrégation urbaine dans plusieurs contextes urbains contrastés. / Both divisions and concentrations of population characterize contemporary metropolitan areas. Known as segregation processes, these dynamics are usually studied through the analysis of residential locations. Our thesis, however, proposes another lens to uncover urban change. It focuses on daily mobility that shape urban spaces and individual ways of life. This leads us to organize the reflexion from residential segregations to daily urban spaces segregation (from immobile to mobile segregation). Furthermore, we put the individual, and not the household, at the heart of segregative dynamics. Four contemporary metropolitan areas are considered, in a comparative framework. These examples were analyzed through the same specific methodology, based on transport households surveys data. The study highlights the economic understanding of proximity individual behaviors (immobility and local life) and of attraction areas accesses. Proximity, once a measure for sustainable urban policies, indeed becomes a reality for poor citizens. Spatial isolation nowadays relates to individual characteristics rather than residential locations. Some specificities are added further to these strong tendencies. Different social and spatial dynamics clearly appear in Southern and Northern cities and effects of urban forms inherited from History are asserted (especially in Niamey). Our work finally complete the usual perspective of urban segregation in several contrasted urban contexts.

Text in English, abstract in English, Afrikaans and Venda / This study developed and tested an integrated internal communication audit (IICA) tool to evaluate the communication strengths and weaknesses of the Unisa Library. The existing communication audit instruments were explored, namely: the Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) and the International Communication Association (ICA) audit were adapted and complemented by the Organisational Culture Survey (OCS) and the Critical Incident Technique (CIT). The current trends and the trends in South Africa were also explored. The sequential mixed method design consisting of the semi-structured qualitative interviews and the quantitative surveys were used to collect data. The ATLAS.ti and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software packages were used to analyse qualitative and quantitative data. The results revealed the IICA as an appropriate tool for measuring the integrated internal communication of the Unisa Library. The IICA identified the communication needs of employees; the active and preferred communication channels; and the positive and negative communication experiences of employees. / Hierdie studie het ʼn geïntegreerde interne kommunikasie-oudit (IICA)-hulpmiddel ontwikkel en getoets om kommunikasie-sterkpunte en -swakhede van die Unisa-biblioteek te evalueer. Die bestaande kommunikasie-oudit-instrumente was ondersoek, naamlik: die Kommunikasietevredenheidsvraelys (CSQ) en die Internasionale Kommunikasievereniging (ICA) se oudit is aangepas en gekomplementeer deur die Organisasiekultuur-opname (OCS) en die Kritiese-insident-tegniek (CIT). Die sekwensiële gemengdemetode-ontwerp, bestaande uit die halfgestruktureerde kwalitatiewe onderhoude en die kwantitatiewe opnames, is gebruik om data in te samel. Die ATLAS.ti-programmatuurpakket en die Statistiese Pakket vir Sosiale Wetenskappe (SPSS)-programmatuur is gebruik om kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe data te ontleed. Die resultate gewys die IICA as ʼn geskikte hulpmiddel was in die meting van die geïntegreerde interne kommunikasie van die Biblioteek. Die IICA geïdentifiseer die kommunikasie behoeftes van werknemers; die aktiewe en voorkeur kommunikasie kanale; en die positiewe en negatiewe kommunikasie ervarings van werknemers. / Ngudo iyi yo bveledza na u linga tshishumiswa tsha u Sedzulusa Vhudavhidzani ha nga ngomu ho Ṱanganelaho (Integrated Internal Communication Audit (IICA), u ṱola vhuḓi na vhuvhi ha vhudavhidzani kha Ḽaiburari ya Univesithi ya Afrika Tshipembe. Zwishumiswa zwa u sedza vhudavhidzani zwi re hone zwo sedzuluswaho zwi katela: Mbudzisambekanywa dza Vhudavhidzani dzine dza fusha ṱhoḓea (Communication Satisfaction Questionnaire) (CSQ) na tshishumiswa tsha u sedzulusa vhudavhidzani tsha Dzangano ḽa Dzitshaka ḽa Vhudavhidzani (International Communication Association) (ICA). Zwishumiswa izwo zwo ḓadziswa nga tshishumiswa tsha Ṱhoḓisiso ya Mvelele ya Tshiimiswa (Organisational Culture Survey) (OCS) na Tshikalo tsha u ela Maitele a Zwithu zwa ndeme (Critical Incident Technique) (CIT). Pulane ya thevhekano ya maitele o ṱanganelaho o vhumbwaho nga maitele a ṱhoḓisiso ane a shumiswa kha saintsi dza matshilisano (qualitative) na maitele a ṱhoḓisiso ane a shumisa zwiṱatisiṱika na mbalo (quantitative) zwo shumiswa u kuvhanganya mawanwa. Phakhedzhi ya Sofuthiwea ya ATLAS.ti na phakhedzhi ya Siṱatisiṱika ya Saintsi dza Matshilisano (Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS) dzo shumiswa u saukanya mawanwa a ṱhoḓisiso dza matshilisano na a ṱhoḓisiso dza zwiṱatisiṱika na mbalo. Mvelelo dzo bvisela khagala uri IICA ndi tshishumiswa tsho teaho u ela vhudavhidzani ho ṱanganelaho ha nga ngomu Ḽaiburari ya Univesithi ya Afrika Tshipembe. Tshishumiswa itshi tsho bvisela khagala thoḓea dza vhashumi dza vhudavhidzani, zwishumiswa zwa vhudavhidzani zwine zwa khou shumiswa na zwi takalelwaho; na tshenzhemo ya vhashumi kha vhudavhidzani havhudi and vhu si havhudi. / Communication Science / M. Comm (Communication Science)

Cette étude de philosophie comparée propose une herméneutique de l’idée de soi à partir d’une analyse de la dimension ascétique de la question « quel soi ? », qui se manifeste à travers les disciplines de libération mises en place par les traditions du Portique et du Zen. Déclinée sous différentes formes, cette question constitue la pierre angulaire des pratiques de soi propres aux deux traditions. Il apparaît que sa principale fonction est celle d’orienter l’idée de soi, eu égard à une polarité soi ↔ non-soi, afin de parvenir à la condition du sage, celle d’un accord libérateur avec une nature originelle commune à tous. Ainsi, au lieu de désigner simplement un fondement ontologique – réel ou supposé – l’idée de soi joue alors bien plutôt un rôle de vecteur, qui, selon son orientation,permet ou non d’actualiser cet accord. Par la prise en compte comparative du rôle de la négation (détachement) de soi, cette étude cherche donc à élargir le spectre des processus de subjectivation ou des pratiques de soi et, ainsi, de mettre au jour un aspect assez négligé par l’histoire occidentale de la subjectivité. Par là même, cette thèse permet de mieux comprendre comment une (méta)physique stoïcienne du plein peut être à même de penser la négation (détachement) de soi et, inversement, comment une métaphysique bouddhiste de la vacuité peut développer une pensée de la subjectivité morale et de la responsabilité / This study in comparative philosophy offers a hermeneutics of the idea of self. It explores the ascetic dimension of the question “what self?” apparent across the various disciplines of liberation developed by the Stoic and Zen traditions. In its diverse guises, this question is the cornerstone of specific practices of the self within these traditions. As such, its main function is to guide the idea of self, with regard to the polarity self ↔ non-self, in order to achieve the status of the sage, which represents a kind of harmony with an original nature that is common to all individuals. Therefore, rather than simply designating an ontological foundation – real or alleged – the idea of self has the role of a vector, which, depending on its orientation, allows one to actualise (or not) this harmony. Through comparative analysis of the role of negation (detachment) of the self, this study seeks to broaden the spectrum of the processes of subjectification or practices of the self and, thus, to bring to light an aspect that has been somewhat neglected by the Western history of subjectivity. In doing so, this thesis enables better understanding of how the full-bodied (meta)physics of the Stoics is able to think the negation (detachment) of the self and, conversely, of how the Buddhist metaphysics of emptiness can develop an idea of moral subjectivity and responsibility

本文探討政府再造發展歷程，以理念層次探討為主，著重於八０年代以降，新管理主義之源起，及其理論背景作一粗略的介紹，進而整理其內涵價值，並佐以若干各國政府再造實例，以佐證之。再者，則針對1968年以來，新公共行政學者對新管理主義所提出的質疑與反思作一介紹，文中將論及新公共行政之源起、理論背景及相關主張，並針對其內涵價值作一整理。最後，將介紹目前方興未艾的「第三條路」（the third way）之源起、理論背景及其具體主張，並歸納本文在地方政府管理理念上之主張。期能對政府再造理念提出具有史觀的脈絡陳述，並且作為未來地方政府再造之參考依據。 是以，本文乃針對地方政府管理之理念與實踐進行研究，強調意識型態的區隔，及政府再造背景的時空性、急迫性，進而將地方政府再造，區分為效率的地方政府管理、民主的地方政府管理，及整合的地方政府管理三波，透過理念層次之「效率途徑」與「民主途徑」，以建構地方政府管理之「整合途徑」，及其未來願景（vision）。 文中提出「創新、效率、競爭、資訊」作為效率途徑的核心價值；提出「責任、機會、公道、參與」作為民主途徑的核心理念；最後就整合途徑而言，強調「位中、時中、知所權變、順乎自然及執兩用中」的原則，並引用論者所提出七項典範轉移之道，重申地方政府再造的勵革方向。其實整合的地方政府管理，不但重視權利與責任的對等關係，更注重環境時空系絡之影響，而強調權變觀點，但仍有本末先後、輕重緩急之考量。 回顧本研究，其釐清政府再造的歷史脈絡傳承，建構地方政府管理之理念型模（typology），並發現地方政府管理與地方治理的概念，或有互通相關之處，似可作為地方政府管理研究的新領域。

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