The object of the research is civil participation of the population in the activities of local self-government bodies. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for enhancing civil participation of the population in the activities of local self-government bodies of the Nevyansk city district. The main methods of research were statistical methods, methods of theoretical analysis and resource planning, document analysis, questionnaire method, interviewing method, project management method. During execution of the qualification work was theoretical and legal aspects of participation of citizens in activities of local governments, the analysis of the participation of citizens in activities of local self-government in Nevyansk urban district based on which recommendations were developed to enhance social participation in the activities of local authorities. Because the recommendations are non-commercial in nature, no economic effect was predicted. As a result of the implementation of the recommended measures, a significant increase in the level of participation of the population in the activities of local self-government bodies of the Nevyansk city district is expected. / Объектом исследования гражданское участие населения в деятельности органов местного самоуправления. Цель выпускной квалификационной работы – разработка рекомендаций по активизации гражданского участия населения в деятельности органов местного самоуправления Невьянского городского округа. Основными методами проведения исследования стали статистические методы, методы теоретического анализа и ресурсного планирования, анализ документов, метод анкетирования, метод интервьюирования, метод проектного управления. В процессе выполнения выпускной квалификационной работы были исследованы теоретические и правовые аспекты участия граждан в деятельности органов местного самоуправления, выполнен анализ участия граждан в деятельности органов местного самоуправления в Невьянском городском округе, на основе чего разработаны рекомендации по активизации социального участия населения в деятельности органов местного самоуправления. В связи с тем, что рекомендации носят некоммерческий характер, прогнозирования экономического эффекта не производилось. В результате осуществления рекомендуемых мер ожидается существенное повышение уровня участия населения в деятельности органов местного самоуправления Невьянского городского округа.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva föräldrars erfarenheter om social delaktighet på lekplatser för barn med fysiska funktionsnedsättningar. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där 12 föräldrar till barn med fysiska funktionsnedsättning intervjuades. Vid analysen av intervjuerna använde författarna en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, vilket resulterade i 2 kategorier. Resultat: Utifrån föräldrarnas erfarenheter visade resultaten att otillgängliga lekplatser begränsade eller hindrade deras barn att vara socialt delaktiga. Det framkom också att tillgängliga lekplatser kunde möjliggöra barn med fysiska funktionsnedsättningars sociala delaktighet om de tillgängliga delarna inte separerades från resterande lekredskap. Föräldrarnas erfarenheter var att framkomligheten på lekplatserna var av stor vikt för att möjliggöra deras barns lek med andra. Resultatet visade även att föräldrarna hade erfarenhet att bemötas av negativa attityder, oförståelse och bristande kunskap från hemkommuner och lekplatsskapare. Barnens beroende av föräldrarnas stöd för att ta sig runt på lekplatser fick föräldrarna att känna sig som ett hinder för deras barn att leka och umgås med andra barn. Slutsats: Slutsatser från studien är att involvera föräldrar till barn med fysiska funktionsnedsättningar och deras barn i skapandet av lekplatsmiljöer för att främja social delaktighet. Vidare diskuteras behovet av arbetsterapeutisk kompetens om meningsfulla aktiviteter samt kunskap om att anpassa miljöer utifrån barns behov kan utgöra ett bra stöd till skaparna av lekplatser för att möjliggöra social delaktighet genom att utforma tillgängliga lekplatser för alla oavsett förmåga. / Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents experiences of social participation in playgrounds for children with physical disabilities. Method: The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with semi-structured interviews, where 12 parents of children with physical disabilities were interviewed. When analyzing the interviews, the authors used a qualitative content analysis, which resulted in 2 categories. Results: Based on parents experiences, the results showed that inaccessible playgrounds limited or prevented their children from being socially involved. It also emerged that accessible playgrounds could enable children's social participation if the accessible parts were not separated from the rest of the play equipment. Parents experiences were that the accessibility of playgrounds was of great importance to enable their children to play with others. The results also showed that parents experienced negative attitudes, incomprehension, and lack of knowledge from local authorities and playground designers. Children's dependence on parental support to get around playgrounds made parents feel like a barrier to their children being able to play and socialize with other children. Conclusion: Conclusions from the study is to involve parents of children with physical disabilities and their children in the creation of playground environments to promote social inclusion. It further discusses the need for occupational therapy skills on meaningful activities and knowledge on adapting environments based on children's needs can provide good support to playground designers to enable social inclusion by designing accessible playgrounds for everyone regardless of ability.

This qualitative study examines, by analyzing 30 transcribed interviews, participation in Elementary school from a student perspective, and in teaching characterized by Cooperative Learning. Student participation is a goal in the Swedish curriculum and is seen as essential for fulfilling learning outcomes, and research shows that students’ participation is limited and strictly controlled by the teachers. The study concerns itself with three dimensions of participation: the social dimension, the political and the epistemological dimension. The analysis highlights different aspects of participation which are all important to the students. The aspects of social participation concern safety, respect, and responsibility within the social community. Continuity within the cooperating groups seems to be a prerequisite for these aspects, as they are all built up over time. The political aspects of participation that emerge from analyzing the interviews revolve around questions of influence in the form of co-determination, self-determination, and leadership. Although these aspects all seem to be of importance to the students, they are not specifically prioritized in Cooperative Learning within the studied schools. Epistemological participation is made visible in the analysis of the data through the descriptions of students’ willingness to learn, and curiosity about the new and previously unknown. The students’ statements are characterized by a desire to experience meaning in their schoolwork, by among other things understanding the benefits and future use of the knowledge they are supposed to develop. When the groups are exposed to stressful situations, like when their work is to be assessed, it appears to hinder epistemological aspects of participation. The results show that there are opportunities for all three dimensions of participation to occur within cooperative learning, but there are also challenges. The students’ pursuit of efficiency in work, constitutes an obstacle to their ability to participate, which should have otherwise been made possible by Cooperative Learning. Students also need to have the opportunity to express their opinions about the teaching in their classroom, as well as to be able to have an impact on their future lesson plans. This includes allowing students to take part in conversations about the purpose of school, both in the long term, and in relation to current projects. Since education is multidimensional, it is important to work for a greater representativity for all societal groups, and especially for those who the education concerns, the students, as a way to make the discussion more multidimensional. This, in turn, can contribute to making students’ social, political, and epistemological participation possible at a larger extent than what is seen in today’s schools.

Thesis (MPAM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The study sought to assess the effectiveness of Integrated Development Planning as a tool to promote community participation in Fetakgomo Tubatse Municipality, Limpopo Province. A qualitative approach was used for data collection from a sample size of 20 municipal officials. An interview schedule was the chosen research instrument. Data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Measures were taken to ensure that the study results were credible, transferable, dependable, and confirmable. The study findings revealed that the effectiveness of the IDP as a tool for enhancing community participation was being hampered by loss of confidence in the IDP by the community; the COVID-19 pandemic; poor participation and lack of leadership commitment. In addition to the fact that community participation within the municipality was affected by challenges such as low literacy levels in the community the municipality also failed to deliver on past promises and logistical challenges. It was recommended that the municipality put plans into action to regain public confidence; introduce ward-level participation; use social media to reach wider audience and form an oversight committee to oversee the municipality’s financial accountability issues.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 susilenemariatnardi_tese.pdf: 1061867 bytes, checksum: 8dce282b5fe788e66ffab06d00c915cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic infectious, contagious, insidious, but treatable disease that causes dermatoneurologic disorders. The complications resulting from neurological involvement cause sequelae that often affect the eyes, nose, hands and feet and if not treated early, evolve to physical disabilities that are sometimes irreversible and disastrous for the functionally of the individual. In Brazil, the coefficient of severe and visible physical disabilities (Grade 2) at diagnosis is considered high (≥ 10) by the Ministry of health. The drug treatment that eliminates the bacillus does not guarantee the end of the progression of the disability. Thus, ex-patients with severe or mild physical disabilities should remain under the care of a rehabilitation team. Aim: To assess physical disabilities, social participation and activity limitations of individuals affected by leprosy after completing multidrug therapy, describing their relationship with the socio-demographic characteristics of these individuals and estimate the distances between their homes and rehabilitation services. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out of all leprosy patients from 1998 to 2006 who were residents and treated in São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. A specific questionnaire was applied to obtain general and clinical data. The physical disabilities were assessed using the Degree of Disability score of the WHO and the Eyes-Hand-Feet score. The Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness scale (SALSA) and the scale of participation (version 4.6) were applied to measure social participation. Results: Of the 335 people treated in the period, 223 (66.6%) were contacted and evaluated. Of these, 51.6% were women, the mean age was 54 years (SD 15.7), 66.4% had up to 6 years of schooling, 43.5% worked and 26.9% were retired, and the dimorphous form of the disease predominated (39.9%). The mental and physical healths were considered good in the previous month by 50.2% and 59.2% of the participants, respectively. Pain was reported by 54.7% of respondents; 54.3% suffered from some disease. Disabilities occurred in 32% and limitations of activities as evaluated by the SALSA scale affected 57.8% the participants. Restrictions in social participation occurred in 35.4% of the ex-patients. The presence of disabilities was higher with increasing age, in cases of multibacilar disaease and when individuals considered their physical health was bad. Those who needed preventive measures/rehabilitation travelled a mean distance of 5.5 km to the rehabilitation service. There were significant associations of social restriction with family income of less than 3 minimum wages, associated diseases, hospitalization within the previous year and physical disabilities. There were also associations of activity limitations with being female, household income ≤ 3 minimum wages, reports of significant injury, pain, associated diseases and physical disability. Conclusions: Disabilities are common and were associateed with increasing age, the multibacilar form of the disease and the feeling that the physical health was bad. Social restriction was also common and influenced by the presence of deficiencies, associated diseases, recent hospitalization and low income. The limitation of activities was more common than physical disabilities, and was associated to low incomes, being female, presence of injury, disability, disease and pain. Rehabilitation services are far from patients residences. / Introdução: A hanseníase é uma doença crônica, infecto-contagiosa, insidiosa, tratável e crônica que provoca afecções dermatoneurológicas. As complicações decorrentes do comprometimento neurológico provocam seqüelas que freqüentemente atingem olhos, nariz, mãos e pés e se não tratados precocemente, evolui para deficiências físicas, por vezes irreversíveis e funcionalmente desastrosas para o indivíduo. No Brasil, o coeficiente de deficiências físicas graves e visíveis (Grau 2) no diagnóstico é considerado alto (≥ 10%) pelo Ministério da Saúde. O tratamento medicamentoso que elimina o bacilo, não garante o fim da progressão das deficiências. Assim, ex-pacientes com deficiências físicas graves ou leves devem permanecer sob os cuidados da equipe de reabilitação. Objetivo: Avaliar deficiências físicas, participação social e limitação de atividades em indivíduos afetados pela hanseníase após o término do tratamento medicamentoso com a poliquimioterapia, descrever sua relação com as características sociodemográficas desses indivíduos e estimar as distâncias entre suas residências e serviços de reabilitação do município. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu todas as pessoas acometidas pela hanseníase, residentes e tratadas em São José do Rio Preto-SP no período de 1998 a 2006. Aplicou-se protocolo próprio para obtenção de dados gerais e clínicos. As deficiências físicas foram medidas pelo Grau de Incapacidades da OMS (GI) e pelo Eyes-Hand-Feet (EHF). Aplicou-se a escala Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness (SALSA) e a escala de Participação (EP) versão 4.6, para medir a participação social. Resultados: Das 335 pessoas tratadas no período, foram localizadas e avaliadas 223 (66,6%). Destes, 51,6% eram do gênero feminino, com idade média de 54 anos (dp15,7), 66,4% tinham até 6 anos de estudo, 43,5% trabalhavam e 26,9% estavam aposentados, a forma dimorfa (39,9%) predominou. A saúde física e mental foi considerada boa no último mês por 50,2% e 59,2%, respectivamente. Dores foram relatadas por 54,7% dos entrevistados; 54,3% sofrem de alguma doença. As deficiências físicas ocorreram em 32% e a limitação de atividades avaliada pela escala SALSA em 57,8% dos participantes. A restrição social ocorreu em 35,4% dos ex-pacientes. A presença de deficiências físicas foi maior com aumento da idade, em casos multibacilares e com julgamento ruim sobre sua saúde física. Os que necessitam de prevenção/reabilitação percorreram distancia média de 5,5 km até o serviço de reabilitação. Houve associação significante da restrição social com renda familiar menor que 3 salários mínimos; doenças associadas; hospitalização no último ano e presença de deficiência física. Houve associação entre limitação de atividades e gênero feminino, renda familiar ≤ que 3 salários mínimos, relato de lesão significante, dores, doenças associadas e presença de deficiência física. Conclusões: As deficiências foram frequentes e associaram-se a aumento da idade, formas multibacilares e julgamento ruim sobre sua própria saúde física. A restrição social foi frequente e influencida pela presença de deficiências, outras doenças associadas, hospitalização recente e baixa renda. A limitação de atividades foi mais frequente que as deficiências físicas, associou-se aos fatores de baixa renda, gênero feminino, presença de lesão, deficiência física, doenças e dores. Os serviços de reabilitação no município estão distantes das residências dos pacientes.

The past decades witnessed that neither the private sector nor the government could provide an adequate socio-economic safety net for the poorest of the poor in the Third World. The community-based self-help approaches were hence widely used as alternative means to help the poor and marginalised to cope with livelihood shocks. This study examined the extent to which indigenous iddirs (local neighbourhood associations) and the externally-funded self-help groups (SHGs) could transform social capital into entrepreneurship thereby enhancing sustainable livelihoods. The study was conducted in three Southern Nation and Nationalities and People’s Region (SNNPR) rural districts, namely, Shebedeno, Wonago and Humbo. Mixed (quantitative and qualitative) methods were used to collect field data. Accordingly, closed and openended questionnaires and interview schedules were developed in English and then translated into Amharic (the national language). Instruments were field tested for validity and thereafter adjusted. A total of 220 (166 male and 54 female) people participated in the study. Data were entered into an Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) database, and analysed by using basic descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were transcribed and analysed using Microsoft Office tools. The findings indicate that the SHGs’ members were relatively better educated than the rest of the population and some of them used this opportunity to pursue employment in government and the private sector. With regard to poverty status, iddirs members were poorer than those of SHGs (15.5% of the iddirs members reported that they are destitute compared to others in the community, as opposed to 3.3% of SHGs members). The study reveals that the livelihoods of some members of iddirs and SHG (particularly the latter) improved as a result of their involvement in these institutions although, at this point, the impact is insignificant. With regard to socio-economic decision making, more SHG members were involved in participatory decision making. However, iddirs leaders were still the dominant decision makers. The SHG level of participatory decision making could be the result of capacity building efforts by the promoting organisation, particularly, the Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church (EKHC). The study also shows that some of the iddirs and SHGs members were involved in informal rural entrepreneurial activities. However, their involvement did not indicate the utilisation of micro loan taken from the iddirs and SHGs for business purposes (97% of the iddirs and SHGs respondents utilised microcredit loans for consumption and other related purposes). On the other hand, the empirical evidence reveals that the amount of loan that iddirs and SHGs respondents received was very small. The general practice is giving small loans particularly to SHG members with repayments expected to begin as quickly and frequently as possible. Transforming social capital into entrepreneurship requires a cooperative approach, i.e. the involvement of development actors so as to enhance communities’ endeavour to achieve their livelihood objectives. Despite the wide prevalence of social capital in Ethiopia, this study indicates that its effective utilisation in community empowerment and sustainable livelihoods remains a challenge. Social capital is found to have a limited role in social entrepreneurship development and promotion not because it does not have potential, but because of the limited role of promoting organisations. The study shows lack of strong linkage between iddirs and promoting organisation (NGOs and Government). The study thus underlines the need for improving network and links with iddirs and SHGs and promoting organisations so as to create an enabling environment for sustainable livelihoods in the three rural districts under scrutiny. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study represents an analysis of the role of civil society organisations/non‐governmental organisations (CSOs/NGOs) in building human capabilities through knowledge construction. It assesses the effectiveness of community publishing in building human capabilities under challenges they face in the environment they are operating in. The complex environment CSOs/NGOs are operating in is dealt with. It will be demonstrated that CSOs/NGOs give marginalised communities, especially women, children and the disabled, a platform where they can organise themselves and give them an opportunity to influence policy and development of their community. Community development has many interpretations. This study focuses on communities as central agents responsible for their own development. When communities participate in their own development, they are engaging in an educational process which is both formal and informal in nature. The education process helps them to understand their situations better. This type of education called ‘popular education’, is based on the belief that people involved in the process have important knowledge that they have acquired from their experiences in life and the education they receive mainly consists of dialogue between different knowledge sets that they possess. In the process, when people participate actively in the development of their communities, a sense of ownership is developed. For the purpose of designing the study, observation of the direct involvement of staff from local government, Africa Community Publishing Development Trust and partner organisations as well as working with communities from Shamva, Umzingwane and Buhera provided the basis. It is noted that party politics affects the development of a CSO/NGO sector that is capable of building human capabilities. It is, therefore, clear that government should create an enabling environment that is free from violence and rule of law should be respected as this helps CSOs/ NGOs to implement capability building programmes conducive for all communities to participate in the development of their areas. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ontleed die rol van burgerlike organisasies/nie‐regeringsorganisasies (BOs/NRO's) in die bou van menslike vermoëns deur middel van kennis konstruksie. Die studie beoordeel die effektiwiteit van die gemeenskap uitgewery in die bou van die menslike vermoëns en die uitdagings wat hulle in die gesig staar in die omgewing waar hulle hul bevind. Die komplekse omgewing waarin BOs / NRO’s hul bevind word inmiddels behandel. BOs/NRO's gee gemarginaliseerde gemeenskappe veral vroue, kinders en gestremdes 'n platform waar hulle hul self kan organiseer en gee hulle ' n geleentheid om beleid te beïnvloed en hul gemeenskap te ontwikkel. Ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap het baie interpretasies. Die studie fokus op die gemeenskappe as sentrale agente wat verantwoordelik is vir hul eie ontwikkeling. Wanneer gemeenskappe betrokke is in hul eie ontwikkelings proses, neem hulled deel aan ’ n opvoedkundige proses wat van nature beide formeel en informeel is. Die opvoedkundige proses help hulle om hul situasies beter te verstaan. Hierdie tipe van Onderwys genaamd "gewilde onderwys", is gebaseer op die oortuiging dat mense wat betrokke is in ‘n proses belangrike kennis besit as gevolg van persoonlike lewenservaringe, die opvoeding wat hulle ontvang bestaan hoofsaaklik uit dialoog tussen die verskillende kennis stel dat hulle besit. Wanneer mense aktief deelneem in die ontwikkeling van hul gemeenskappe, word 'n gevoel van eienaarskap ontwikkel. In terme van die ontwikkeling van die studie het die direkte betrokkenheid van die personeel van plaaslike regering, ACPDT en vennoot organisasies asook die werk met die gemeenskappe van Shamva, Umzingwane en Buhera die basis gevorm van die studie. Politieke partye beinvloed die ontwikkeling van die BO/NRO‐sektor en dit stel hulle in staat om menslike vermoëns op te bou. Die regering moet 'n instaatstellende omgewing skep wat vry is van geweld en waar die oppergesag van die reg gerespekteer word. Dit sal BO’s/NRO's help om vermoëns bouende programme te implementeer wat gemeenskappe die geleentheid sal gee om deel te hê aan die ontwikkeling van hul gemeenskap.

本研究之研究對象為「聽障網路使用者」。探討之主題為：一、聽障網路使用者之傳播工具使用偏好概況；二、聽障網路使用者使用網路獲取資訊之情形；三、聽障網路使用者以網路與他人互動溝通之情形；四、網路傳播對聽障者社會參與之影響。 研究設計方面，先以質化的參與觀察及深度訪談法進行前導性研究，再以量化的網頁及書面問卷進行調查研究。最後共回收307份有效樣本，進行統計分析。 綜合質化及量化研究的結果，對目前聽障傳播政策有以下建議： （一）考量不同的聽障特質，選擇適合的傳播方式 （二）電視節目加設字幕 （三）補助聽障者之簡訊及寬頻費用 （四）善用網路服務聽障市民 （五）加強社會教育、宣導「聽障傳播權」概念 （六）落實聽障傳播權法規之執行 關鍵字：聽障、聾、重聽、傳播、網路、手語、社會參與、電視字幕 / This research is to investigate communicational behavior and preference of the people with hearing-impairment, and to investigate how the people with hearing-impairment use Internet to communicate with others and to access information. This research also aims at finding out how the Internet affects social participation of people with hearing-impairment. In order to gather excessive amount of data, participant observation and in-depth interviews were used as pilot study in this research. After pilot study, a sample data about 307 people with hearing-impairment was collected via web survey and general survey. Based on the findings of this research, there are the following suggestions: 1.In order to achieve better communication effect, the government should use different communication channels when communicating to different type of people with hearing-impairment. 2.Add captions to all television programs. 3.Grant people with hearing-impairment subsidy to purchase SMS services from mobile phone companies and to purchase broadband network services. 4.0ffer services via Internet to people with hearing-impairment. 5.Propagate the communication rights of people with hearing-impairment by social education. 6.Enforce correlative rules to assure the communication rights of people with hearing-impairment. Key words: hearing-impairment, deaf, hard of hearing, communication. Internet, sign language, social participation, captions

Ce travail de mémoire porte sur le processus d’insertion sociale et économique des personnes vivant des problèmes de santé mentale. Le travail est devenu un important véhicule d’intégration sociale. En effet, on prétend que la pratique d’un métier serait pour les personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé un outil de rétablissement et de mieux-être, car elle permet de réduire les symptômes et l’incidence des hospitalisations. Le travail permet, également, d’augmenter les interactions sociales et de contribuer activement à la société. Il existe, toutefois, d’autres véhicules d’intégration qui semblent, sous certains angles, apporter les mêmes avantages. Les activités bénévoles améliorent la qualité de vie, favorisent les interactions sociales et donnent, à l’individu, l’occasion de contribuer à sa communauté. Par ailleurs, le retrait social peut être un moyen de s’éloigner des pressions sociales et de s’accorder une pause bénéfique. On soutient que les personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale qui ont une lecture positive de leur situation de marginalité tendent à être moins hospitalisées. S’appuyant sur une démarche qualitative, ce travail de recherche a tenté de cerner les perspectives, les questionnements et les perceptions des personnes ayant un trouble mental à l’égard d’un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle, de participation sociale et de retrait social. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès de onze personnes, et grâce à ces entretiens, un portrait au regard de leurs parcours social et professionnel a pu être brossé. Les entretiens ont permis d’explorer l’impact des problèmes de santé mentale sur leur réalité et sur leur identité, leurs représentations du marché de l’emploi et les motifs qui justifient le choix de s’engager ou de renoncer à un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Les résultats de cette recherche ont permis d'identifier cinq facteurs qui peuvent influencer la décision des personnes qui sont le rapport à l'environnement social, l'identité, le rapport aux institutions de l'État, les discours de légitimation et les perspectives d'avenir. Les résultats démontrent que l'on ne peut isoler les notions de vulnérabilité, d'autonomie, de bien-être ou de stabilité dans une phase spécifique. La vulnérabilité, l'autonomie, le bien-être et la stabilité sont des états que l’on peut vivre en situation de retrait social, de participation sociale et d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Selon les circonstances et l’état émotif, ils peuvent être des modes adaptés ou inadaptés. / This theisis explores the social and economic integration of people with mental health problems in regard to paid work. Work has become an important vehicle for social integration. Indeed, it is argued that having an occupation could be a tool to recovery and wellness in that it can reduce symptoms and prevent hospitalisation. Work also allows for increased social interactions and active participation in society. There are however, other vehicles for social integration that have the possibility of providing the same advantages as work. Volunteer activities improve the quality of life, promote social interaction and provide opportunities to contribute to community life. Moreover, social withdrawal can be viewed as a way to attain a sense of distance from social pressures and thus provide a beneficial break. It is argued that persons with mental health problems who have a positive perception of their marginal situation have a lower tendency for hospitalisation. Based on a qualitative approach, this research has attempted to identify the reasons why people with a mental disorder engage in a process of socio-professional integration, social participation and social withdrawal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 people, and through these interviews, a portrait of their social and professional process has been presented. The interviews explored the impact of mental health problems on their reality and their identity, what the labour market represents, and the reasons that justify the decision to commit or to abandon a process of socio-professional integration. This research has demonstrated that there are five factors that can influence people’s decisions: the relationship to the social environment, identity, the relationship to state institutions, legitimizing discourses and future perspectives. The results show that we can isolate the notions of vulnerability, autonomy, well-being or stability in a specific phase. Vulnerability, autonomy, well-being and stability are states that can be lived in a situation of social withdrawal, social participation and professional integration. Depending on the circumstances and the emotional state of the person, they may be considered adaptive or inadequate modes of adaptation.

<p>Svetska&nbsp; zdravstvena&nbsp; organizacija&nbsp; defini&scaron;e kvalitet&nbsp; života kao&nbsp; percepciju&nbsp; pojedinca&nbsp; o sopstvenom&nbsp; položaju&nbsp; u&nbsp; životu&nbsp; u&nbsp; kontekstu kulture i sistema vrednosti u kojima živi kao i prema&nbsp;&nbsp; svojim&nbsp;&nbsp; ciljevima,&nbsp;&nbsp; očekivanjima, standardima&nbsp; i&nbsp; interesovanjima.<br />To&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;irok koncept&nbsp; koga&nbsp; čine:&nbsp; fizičko&nbsp; zdravlje&nbsp; pojedinca, psiholo&scaron;ki&nbsp;&nbsp; status,&nbsp;&nbsp; materijalna&nbsp;&nbsp; nezavisnost, socijalni&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; i&nbsp; njihovi&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; prema značajnim karakteristikama spolja&scaron;nje sredine. Procenjuje&nbsp; se&nbsp; da&nbsp; preko&nbsp; bilion&nbsp; ljudi&nbsp; živi&nbsp; sa<br />nekim&nbsp; oblikom&nbsp; invaliditeta,&nbsp; &scaron;to čini oko 15% svetske&nbsp; populacije. Prisustvo bilo&nbsp; kakvog telesnog invaliditeta kod osobe može&nbsp; značajno da utiče na njen psihofizički i socijalni razvoj. Procenjivanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; fizičkog&nbsp; invaliditeta&nbsp; na svakodnevni&nbsp;&nbsp; život&nbsp;&nbsp; odslikava&nbsp;&nbsp; kakvo je funkcionisanje i blagostanje te osobe iz dana u dan i u različitim domenima života, &scaron;to&nbsp; zapravo predstavlja procenu kvaliteta života. Istraživanje&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; studiju&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; na uzorku&nbsp; od&nbsp; 227&nbsp; odraslih&nbsp; osoba&nbsp; sa&nbsp; motornim invaliditetom&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; članovi udruženja osoba sa invaliditetom. Kao instrument istraživanja kori&scaron;ćen je posebno kreiran&nbsp; upitnik&nbsp; za&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; života osoba sa invaliditetom. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio da se proceni kvalitet života osoba sa invaliditetom u odnosu na fizičko, socijalno i emocionalno funkcionisanje kod odraslih osoba sa motornim invaliditetom na teritoriji Vojvodine, kao i da se utvrdi postojanje&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; kvalitetu&nbsp; života u odnosu na nivo obrazovanja,&nbsp; zaposlenost&nbsp; i bračno stanje. Podaci prikupljeni tokom ankete su kontrolisani&nbsp; na validnost, kodirani&nbsp; i&nbsp; uno&scaron;eni&nbsp; u posebno&nbsp; kreiranu&nbsp; bazu&nbsp; podataka.&nbsp; Odabrana&nbsp; su pitanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; formirani&nbsp; domeni/skale&nbsp; (fizičkog, emocionalnog i&nbsp; socijalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; i samoprocene&nbsp; zdravlja)&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu matrica korelacija,&nbsp; ICC&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrednosti Kronbah&nbsp; alfa. Aritmetička&nbsp; vrednost,&nbsp; mediana,&nbsp; standardna devijacija,&nbsp; minimalna&nbsp; i&nbsp; maksimalna&nbsp; vrednost&nbsp; i 95%&nbsp; interval poverenja&nbsp; su&nbsp; izračunate&nbsp; za&nbsp; svaki domen kvaliteta života. Dobijene vrednosti domena i sumarnih skala su komparirane u odnosu na pol i bračno stanje ispitanika,&nbsp; (t-test, Mann-Whitney&nbsp; test),&nbsp; a ANOVA&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; i&nbsp; Kruskal -Wallis&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je vr&scaron;ena komparacija srednjih vrednosti u odnosu na&nbsp; nivo&nbsp;&nbsp; obrazovanja&nbsp; i status zaposlenosti ispitanika. Za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; testove&nbsp; su&nbsp; navedeni&nbsp; nivoi statističke značajnosti (p vrednosti). Studija je uključila 227 osoba sa motornim invaliditetom&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini,&nbsp; 120&nbsp; mu&scaron;karaca (52,9%) i 107 žena (47,1%). Prosečna&nbsp; starost ispitanika je bila<br />47 godina. U najvećem broju slučajeva uzrok invaliditeta je povreda (33,0%),<br />zatim&nbsp; neurolo&scaron;ko &nbsp; oboljenje&nbsp; (26,0%), urođena bolest&nbsp; (20,7%), te&scaron;ko&nbsp; reumatsko&nbsp; oboljenje (13,7%),&nbsp; cerebrovaskularni&nbsp; inzult &nbsp; (2,6%) i ostala&nbsp; stanja &nbsp; (4%). U pogledu ortopedskih pomagala,&nbsp; invalidska&nbsp; kolica&nbsp; koristi 30,4% ispitanika, &scaron;tap 37, 0%, &scaron;etalicu 3,1%, aparat za podizanje&nbsp; stopala &nbsp; 3,5%,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; ostatak&nbsp; navodi ostalo (&scaron;take, antidekubitusni krevet...). Psihometrijska analiza je pokazala da je za definisanje domena fizičkog funkcionisanja bilo moguće uključiti 5 pitanja iz upitnika, za domen emocionalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja 10 pitanja&nbsp; a&nbsp; za domen&nbsp; socijalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; 3&nbsp; pitanja. Skala za svaki domen se kretala u intervalu od 0 do 100. Set od 5 pitanja uključenih u skalu fizičkog funkcionisanja&nbsp; definisali&nbsp; su&nbsp; kapacitet&nbsp; fizičkih sposobnosti. Prosečna vrednost domena fizičkog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitanike&nbsp; je iznosila 85, 0&nbsp; (SD=18.9) sa 95%&nbsp; CI u&nbsp; rasponu od 82,6 do 87,5. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ovaj domen u odnosu na zaposlenost (p=0.067) dok u odnosu na nivo obrazovanja&nbsp; i bračno stanje nema statistički značajne razlike. Set&nbsp; od 10 pitanja&nbsp;&nbsp; uključenih u skalu emocionalnog funkcionisanja definisali su emocionalni&nbsp;&nbsp; status ispitanika. Prosečna vrednost&nbsp; domena emocionalnog &nbsp; funkcionisanja za sve ispitanike je iznosila 62,5 (SD=20,0) sa 95% CI u rasponu od 59,9 do 65,1. Utvrđena je statistički&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; razlika&nbsp; za&nbsp; ovaj&nbsp; domen&nbsp; u odnosu&nbsp; na nivo&nbsp; obrazovanja (p=0.048) dok&nbsp; u odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; zaposlenost&nbsp; i&nbsp; bračno&nbsp; stanje nemastatistički značajne razlike. Set od 3&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; uključenih u skalu socijalnog funkcionisanja definisali su kapacitet socijalnih aktivnosti. Prosečna vrednost domena socijalnog funkcionisanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitanike&nbsp; je iznosila 72,0 &nbsp; (SD=27,6)&nbsp; sa&nbsp; 95% CI u&nbsp; rasponu od 68,4 do 75,6. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ovaj&nbsp; domen&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu na nivo obrazovanja (p=0.067)&nbsp; dok u odnosu na zaposlenost i bračno stanje nema statistički značajne razlike.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; World&nbsp; Health&nbsp; Organization&nbsp; defines quality&nbsp; of&nbsp; life&nbsp; (QoL)&nbsp; as&nbsp; &ldquo;an&nbsp; individual&#39;s<br />perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems where they live and&nbsp; in&nbsp; relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; their&nbsp; goals,&nbsp; expectations,&nbsp;standards&nbsp; and concerns.&nbsp; It&nbsp; is&nbsp; a&nbsp; broad&nbsp; concept affected in a complex way by a person&#39;s physical health, &nbsp;psychological&nbsp; state,&nbsp; personal&nbsp; beliefs, social&nbsp; relationships&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; relationship&nbsp; to salient features of their environment.&rdquo;<br />Over&nbsp; a&nbsp; billion&nbsp; people&nbsp; are&nbsp; estimated&nbsp; to&nbsp; live with&nbsp; some&nbsp; form&nbsp; of&nbsp; disability.&nbsp; This&nbsp; corresponds to&nbsp; about&nbsp; 15%&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; world&#39;s&nbsp; population.&nbsp; The presence&nbsp; of&nbsp; any&nbsp; sort&nbsp; of&nbsp; physical&nbsp; disability&nbsp; in person can significantly influence their physical,<br />mental and social development. The assessment of&nbsp; the&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp;a&nbsp; disability&nbsp; on&nbsp; every&nbsp; day,&nbsp; life reflects&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; and&nbsp; wealth&nbsp; of&nbsp; a&nbsp;person on daily basis and in various segments of life,&nbsp; that&nbsp; actually&nbsp; represents&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of their quality of life. The&nbsp; research&nbsp; represents&nbsp; a&nbsp; cross-sectional&nbsp;study of the sample of 227 adults with motoric disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina,&nbsp; who&nbsp; are&nbsp; registered&nbsp; in associations of people with disability. Especially created questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; the&nbsp;relationship&nbsp; between&nbsp; physical&nbsp; (PF),&nbsp; emotional (EF) and social functioning&nbsp;(SF) domain of QoL and education level, employment and having life&nbsp;partner of disabled persons.<br />The&nbsp; data&nbsp; collected&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; survey&nbsp; were checked for validity, then coded and entered into a specially created database. Тhe questions were&nbsp;selected,&nbsp; four&nbsp; scales&nbsp; / domains&nbsp; (physical, emotional,&nbsp;&nbsp; social&nbsp;&nbsp; functioning&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; self assessment of health) were formed based on the correlation&nbsp; matrices,&nbsp; intercorrelation&nbsp; cofficient (ICC) and Crombach alpha values. Mean value,&nbsp;median,&nbsp; standard&nbsp; deviation,&nbsp; minimum&nbsp; and maximum values and 95% of confidence interval wаs calculated for all domain of QoL. The values obtained in the field of physical, emotional and social functioning were compared as&nbsp; per&nbsp; gender&nbsp; and&nbsp; marital&nbsp; status&nbsp; of&nbsp; the participants,&nbsp; using&nbsp; t-test,&nbsp; Mann-Whitney&nbsp; test, ANOVA&nbsp; method&nbsp; and&nbsp; Kruskal&nbsp; Wallis&nbsp; test&nbsp; were used&nbsp; to&nbsp; compare&nbsp; the&nbsp; mean&nbsp; values&nbsp; in&nbsp; respect&nbsp; to level of education and employment status of the respondents.&nbsp; For&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; tests,&nbsp; the&nbsp; levels&nbsp; of statistical significance (p) were provided. The study involved 227 adults with motoric disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina,&nbsp; 120&nbsp; men&nbsp; (52.9%)&nbsp; and 107&nbsp; women&nbsp; (47.1%).&nbsp; Average&nbsp; age&nbsp; of&nbsp; the participants&nbsp; was&nbsp; 47&nbsp; years&nbsp; of&nbsp; age.&nbsp; The&nbsp; cause&nbsp; of disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; largest&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; the interviewees&nbsp; were&nbsp; the&nbsp; injury&nbsp; (33.0%),&nbsp; then neurological&nbsp;&nbsp; conditions&nbsp;&nbsp; (26.0%),&nbsp;&nbsp; inborn condition&nbsp; (20.7%),&nbsp; serious&nbsp; rheumatic&nbsp; disease (13.7%), cerebrovascular insult (2.6%) and other (4%).&nbsp; As&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; orthopedic&nbsp; tools,&nbsp; wheelchairs are&nbsp; used&nbsp; by&nbsp; 30.4%&nbsp; participants,&nbsp; stick&nbsp; 37.0%, walker&nbsp; is&nbsp; used&nbsp; by&nbsp; 3.1% &nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; orthoses&nbsp; for elevating&nbsp; feet&nbsp; 3.5%,&nbsp; whereas&nbsp; the&nbsp; rest&nbsp; of&nbsp; the interviewees&nbsp; state&nbsp; other&nbsp; (different&nbsp; orthopedic tools such as crutches, anti decubitus mattresses etc). Psychometric&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; in&nbsp; order to&nbsp; define&nbsp; the&nbsp; domain&nbsp; on&nbsp; physical&nbsp; functioning from the questionnaire applied it was possible to include&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; 5&nbsp;&nbsp; questions,&nbsp;&nbsp; for&nbsp;&nbsp; emotional functioning domain 10 questions and for domain on social functioning 3 questions. The sum of all selected questions&nbsp; for&nbsp; every&nbsp; domain&nbsp; forms&nbsp; the scale in the range from 0 to 100. The set of five questions stated for the scale of physical&nbsp;&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; indicate the capacity of physical&nbsp; functioning. The&nbsp; average&nbsp; value&nbsp; of PF domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is 85.0 (SD=18.9) with 95% CI in the range of 82. 6 to 87.5. The&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to employment status (p=0.067) is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not&nbsp; satisticlly&nbsp; significant&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in regard level of education and marital status. The set of ten questions stated for the scale of emotional&nbsp; functioning. The average&nbsp; value of EF&nbsp; domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is 62.5 (SD=20.0) with 95% CI in the range of 59.9 to 65.1.&nbsp; The&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to level&nbsp; of education (p=0.048)&nbsp; is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not satisticlly&nbsp; significant difference in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to employment&nbsp; status and&nbsp; marital status. The set of three questions stated for the scale of&nbsp; social&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; indicate&nbsp; the&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; of social&nbsp; interaction.&nbsp; The&nbsp; average&nbsp; value&nbsp; of&nbsp; SF domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is&nbsp; 72.0 (SD=27.6) with 95% CI in the range of 68.4 to 75.6. The&nbsp;&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to the&nbsp; level&nbsp; of education&nbsp; is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; (p&lt;&nbsp; 0.001) but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not satisticlly&nbsp; significant difference in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to&nbsp; employment&nbsp; status&nbsp; and marital status.</p>