The present study has two purposes. One aim is to investigate to what extent 20 pupils in grade 3 use two different forms of presentation in their narrative texts and how these choices of forms of presentation create certain patterns in the pupils’ texts. Another aim is to study to what extent the pupils use various features of spoken language in their narrative texts and whether these features correlate with the forms of presentation. The material in the study consists of 20 narrative texts from the national test in Swedish in 2011. The analytical models are based, among other things, on the theory of linguistic variation (see Nordberg 2013). A central finding of the study is that the pupils mainly choose to write their narrative texts from their own standpoint and that the choice of forms of presentation creates two different patterns in the pupils’ texts. One pattern that is found in several pupils’ texts builds on an interplay between the pupils’ own voice and the voice of other characters. Another central finding is that the pupils use many colloquial forms of pronouns, and that the features of spoken language are more common in various dialogue contexts than when the pupils tell the story in their own voice.

La ricerca svolta si propone di esplorare la possibilità di utilizzare le metodologie quantitative di analisi del contenuto per determinare, tramite l’analisi dei testi già disponibili (dati testuali secondari, non raccolti ad hoc) le affinità tra una politica sanitaria regionale ed il Framework on integrated, people-centred health services (IPCHS, WHO, 2016).. La scelta di utilizzare come fonti di dati i testi è dovuta principalmente alle tempistiche di elaborazione del lavoro. Il Framework IPCHS è stato diffuso nella sua versione ufficiale nell’aprile 2016 e al momento della consegna di questo lavoro (settembre 2017) non è stata ancora adottata nessuna strategia ufficiale per il monitoraggio dell’implementazione delle politiche people centred. Anche il caso di studio scelto, ovvero la Riforma sociosanitaria lombarda, cominciata nel 2015, è ancora in fase di implementazione.La natura metodologico-sperimentale della tesi e la metodologia scelta hanno determinato l’adozione di un approccio basato sul paradigma dei Mixed methods. Il lavoro è strutturato nel seguente modo. Nel primo capitolo sono ripresi gli elementi metodologici essenziali della Analisi del contenuto applicata alla analisi delle politiche pubbliche. Vengono inoltre illustrati i risultati di un approfondimento condotto sul concetto di parola chiave. Nel secondo capitolo viene descritto il Framework IPCHS e viene illustrato il processo di composizione delle liste di parole chiave (dizionario PCA) nella loro duplice versione in inglese e in italiano attraverso una analisi tematica. Nel capitolo III è descritta una prima applicazione del dizionario PCA ad un corpus composto da 13 note relative ad interviste svolte durante il progetto Stop TB partnership. Il fine della analisi svolta nel terzo capitolo è testare la capacità di ricognizione delle liste rispetto ai contenuti attinenti al People Centred Approach. Per questa ragione i risultati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti a validazione qualitativa. Nel capitolo IV invece, il dizionario PCA (versione italiana) è stato utilizzato per analizzare un corpus relativo alla Riforma Sociosanitaria lombarda (l.r. 23/2015 ed alcune delibere attuative). Anche in questo caso i risultati ottenuti sono stati sottoposti a validazione, secondo un approccio mixed methods, anche per individuare l’impatto della traduzione in italiano sulla efficacia delle liste di parole chiave. / The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility to develop a secondary textual-data based protocol in order to use textual material such as interviews, national strategic plans and other official documents to classify a health policy as “integrated and people centred”. According to WHO resolution A69/39 “An integrated people-centred approach is crucial to the development of health systems that can respond to emerging and varied health challenges, including urbanization, the global tendency towards unhealthy lifestyles, ageing populations, the dual disease burden of communicable and non communicable diseases, multi-morbidities, rising health care costs, disease outbreaks and other health-care crises.” But how can we determine if a health policy is integrated and people centred? In this study, I try to develop a mixed methods based protocol to analyse textual material and evaluate his relevance with WHO Framework on integrated, people-centred health services. In the first chapter, there is a literature review about content analysis methodologies applied to policy analysis. Then I examine two different health policies, one implemented at international level by WHO (Stop TB Partnership Program) and one implemented at the regional level by Regione Lombardia (Health System Reform). While the first analysis aim is to text the dictionary created by a thematic analysis of the Framework on integrated people-centred health services (described in chapter 2), the second analysis is to apply the dictionary to an Italian case, characterized by textual materials written in Italian.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are differences between students' narrative texts written by hand or with an iPad (with keyboard). This comparative study analyzes 54 narrative texts written by students in grade 6. The method of analysis is a combination of a qualitative text analysis model with a quantitative content analysis of the texts, with different measurable variables. The text analysis model systematizes the content of the texts in the categories content, structure and linguistic features, and writing rules. The quantitative analysis is based on measurable variables within the framework of the categories and these are text length, word class distribution, nominal quota, paragraph classification, word length and word variation, readability index, misspellings and spelling and verbal words. The quantitative study has been processed statistically with Swegram. The results show that there are differences in the student grades written by hand and digitally in all three categories. The digital texts are longer, contain more descriptive descriptions, a clearer structure, a more varied language and less spelling errors. But the entirety of the digital texts is not exceptional. Students use a more complicated writing style, vary their language and use more difficult words. However, many students do not have the knowledge, skills or the technical writing ability to compose a clarity of communicate the content in the text. Writing digitally has great advantages over handwriting, but there are also disadvantages. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns skillnader i elevers berättande texter när de skriver för hand med papper och penna eller skriver på iPad med tangentbord (digi­talt verktyg). I denna jämförande studie analyseras 54 berättande texter skrivna av elever i årskurs 6. Analysmetoden är en kombination av en kvalitativ textanalysmodell och en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av texterna, med olika mätbara variabler. Textanalysmodellen systematiserar texternas innehåll i kategorierna innehåll, struktur samt språkliga drag och skrivregler. Den kvantitativa analysen bygger på mätbara variabler inom ramen för kate­gorierna. Dessa är textlängd, ordklassfördelning, nominalkvot, styckeindelning, ordlängd och ordvariation, läsbarhetsindex, stavfel och särskrivningar och talspråk. Den kvantita­tiva studien har bearbetats statistiskt med hjälp av Swegram. Resultatet visar att det finns skillnader i elevtexterna skrivna för hand och digitalt inom alla tre kategorierna. De digitala texterna är längre, innehåller fler gestaltande beskrivningar och har tydligare struktur, ett mer varierat språk och färre stavfel. Men de digitala texternas helhet är inte alltid bättre. Eleverna använder ett mer avancerat skrivsätt, varierar sitt språk och använder svårare ord. Emellertid har flera elever inte kunskapen eller den skrivtekniska förmågan att komponera tydlighet i budskap och innehåll. Att skriva digitalt har stora fördelar framför att skriva för hand men det finns även nackdelar.

The objective of the present doctoral thesis is to describe the reception of Czech literature in Spain between 1900 and 2015 with a special emphasis on German as a mediating language for translation between Czech and Spanish, placing Czech research of this phenomenon into a broad international context of investigating the role of languages and cultures in multilingual communities. The thesis further explores issues partially covered by previous research (Uličný 2005, Špirk 2011, 2014, Cuenca 2013). The theoretical part first provides a short historical context of both countries, commenting on their bilateral relations during the 20th century, analysing the publishing sector and describing the official censorship. It then provides a detailed investigation of indirect translations and introduces diverse methods in which they can be explored, highlighting the importance of paratextual material, that is paratexts (Genette 1982, 1987) and metatexts (Popovič 1975, 1983), and the influence of censorship and dominant ideology (Abellán 1980, 1982, 1987; Neuschäfer 1994). Methodologically, the present work relies on Czech and Slovak translation studies (Levý, Popovič) and the Spanish TRACE project (Rabadán, Merino). The empirical part uses the methodological tools of critical discourse analysis, author's...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Frances Hodgson Burnett’s life revolved around her love of story-telling, her sons, nature, and the idealized notion of childhood. Burnett had an ability to recapture universal aspects of childhood and transform them into realistic stories containing elements of the fantastic or fairy tales. Her ability to tell stories started at a young age when she and her sisters were given permission to write on old pieces of paper. Burnett’s love for storytelling, reading, and writing was fostered in her parents’ household, in which a young Burnett was given free reign to explore her parents’ book collection and also left unhindered to imagine and act out stories by herself and with her sisters and close friends. Later her love for telling tales became a means of providing for her family—beginning with short story submissions to magazines. Although Burnett did not necessarily start out writing for children her career ended up along that path after the success in 1886 of her first children’s book, Little Lord Fauntleroy. After this success, she was a recognizable author on both sides of the Atlantic. Sara Crewe; or, What Happened at Miss Minchin’s, the 1887–88 serial publication in St. Nicholas magazine and the 1888 short story publication both were titled the same, and the subsequent reworkings of Sara’s world in the forms of two plays, A little un-fairy princess (England, 1902), and A Little Princess; Being the Whole Story of Sara Crewe, Now Told for the First Time (United States, 1903), and the 1905 full-length novel which retained the American 1903 play’s title, outlines the creative process that Burnett undertook while exploring the world of Sara Crewe. By examining the above forms, readers and scholars gain an insight into not only the differences between the forms, but also a view of how the author approached adapting an already published work, and the influence of editors on an authors work. The examination of the development of Sara’s timeline will bring light onto Burnett’s growth as a writer and specifically her transition into her role as a children’s literature author.

Cette thèse passe en revue certains facteurs de risques économiques (risque de revenu, risque de la finance parallèle, et risque carbone) en utilisant de nouvelles sources de données et méthodologies. Le premier chapitre examine comment la réponse de la consommation face au risque de capital humain affecte la finance des ménages. A partir de données conjointes sur la consommation, les revenus et les actifs des ménages américains, ce papier documente le lissage excessif de la consommation comme un facteur essentiel pour le choix de portefeuille et montrer qu’il peut expliquer les énigmes financières observées chez les ménages américains. Par ailleurs, le papier formalise l’effet du lissage excessif sur le choix de portefeuille à l’aide d’un modèle de cycle de vie où un ménage est confronté à un risque de revenu salarial idiosyncratique. Le modèle est calibré de façon à correspondre aux observations sur le cycle de vie de la détention d’actifs risqués des ménages américains. Le deuxième chapitre évalue le transfert de risques des banques dans les activités bancaires non réglémentées. En exploitant les variations dans les risques discutés par les banques dans leur rapports financiers et en utilisant les outils de l’analyse textuelle, ce document fournit une nouvelle mesure de l’activité bancaire non-réglementée. Le papier montre empiriquement que (1) les banques sont plus susceptibles de contourner les régulations lorsque leurs contraintes de fonds propres deviennent contraignantes, (2) il existe une relation positive entre le transfert de risque et le risque extrême des banques. Par la suite, le papier rationalise ce transfert de risque en utilisant un modèle macroéconomique avec un secteur financier. Dans le modèle, l’événement de défaut de paiement et la présence d’externalités dues à une application imparfaite de la réglementation encourage les banques à s’engager dans une stratégie de transfert des risques. Enfin, le papier utilise ce cadre pour étudier la régulation optimale. On montre qu’une taxe sur l’activité sectorielle réduit efficacement le transfert des risques des banques par rapport à d’autres politiques comme la réglementation des fonds propres de la banque. Enfin, le troisième chapitre aborde l’effet du risque carbone sur la stabilité économique. Nous étudions ce risque à l’aide de données de panel pour 50 États américains au cours des années 1998 à 2018. De plus, nous supposons une dépendance transversale des facteurs communs non observés (par exemple, les liens commerciaux, l’intégration financière) entre les États. En utilisant une approche d’émissions de carbone basée sur la consommation, ce chapitre montre qu’une diminution d’une unité des émissions de carbone est associée, à long terme, à une croissance de la production logarithmique par habitant de 4,5 points de pourcentage. En outre, nous trouvons des impacts différentiels dans la distribution du revenu par habitant des États. Ces résultats éclairent le débat sur la voie de transition optimale vers une économie sobre en carbone. / This thesis reviews some economic risk factors (labor income risk, shadow banking risk, and carbon risk) using new data sources and novel methodologies. The first chapter investigates how the response of consumption to human capital risk affects household finance. Using joint data on consumption, income, and assets of representative US households, I document the excess smoothness of consumption as an essential factor for portfolio choice and show that it can explain household finance puzzles. Furthermore, I formalized the effect of the excess smoothness on the portfolio choice using a structural life-cycle model where a household faces an idiosyncratic wage income risk. The model is calibrated to match relevant aspects of the dynamics and the life cycle of risky asset holding from the PSID. The second chapter assesses banks’ risk-shifting in the non regulated banking activity, also called shadow banking. Exploiting variations in risks disclosed by banks in their financial reports and using textual analysis tools, this document provides a new measure non regulated banking activity. The paper empirically documents that (1) banks are more likely to shift risk out of the regulator’s reach when their risk-based capital constraints become binding, (2) there is a positive relationship between risk-shifting and tail risk of banks. The paper then rationalizes banks’ risk-shifting behavior using a macroeconomic model with a financial sector. In the model, the event of default on debt and the presence of externality due to imperfect regulation enforcement encourage banks to engage in risk-shifting strategies. As a result, banks behave as cross-sector arbitrageurs. Finally, the paper uses this framework to study optimal regulation. We show that a tax on sectoral activity effectively reduces banks’ risk-shifting compared to other bank’s equity regulation policies. Finally, the third chapter studies the effect of carbon risk on economic stability using a consumption-based carbon emissions approach for 50 U.S. states over the years 1998 - 2018. The paper assumes a cross-sectional dependence from unobserved common factors (e.g., trade linkage, financial integration) between the states. Under this assumption, we find that one unit decreases in carbon emissions is associated with 4.5 percentage points decrease in the per capita output growth over the long run. Besides, we find differential impacts across the distribution of per capita states income. These findings inform the debate over the optimal transition path toward a low carbon economy.

The aim of this MA thesis was to analyze the correspondences and differences between the individual philosophers and writers from the loosely formed intellectual group of Euro- American pragmatism. The thesis utilizes a chronological approach, starting with the early signs of transatlantic pragmatism in Immanuel Kant's philosophy, and traces this development throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth century. In addition to the comparison of philosophical similarities and dissimilarities of the examined authors, each chapter also considered the possible uses of pragmatic techniques in pedagogy and education. Therefore, besides the examination of differing epistemologies of writers of transatlantic pragmatism, this thesis also aims to offer educational suggestions, ideas and practical methods for an educator. The first chapter of the thesis is designed to introduce the theme of the work at large. The second chapter of the thesis analyzes the rudimentary signs of pragmatism, in the revolutionary ideas of Immanuel Kant and Johan Gottlieb Fichte. This chapter focuses on the genesis of subjective idealism, subjective category creation and Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre, along with his lectures on vocations. The third chapter surveys the ideas of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his approaches towards the...

This qualitative study examines how emergency people are framed in Swedish evening-, and local newspapers during the forest fire in Västmanland, Sweden 2014. The study also includes if there is any difference between the framing due to the location of the newspaper. The study is based on qualitative text analysis. The theoretical basis is representation, framing theory, media image, media logic and a few conceptions from crisis communication theory. An overall result is that critique of emergency people never are answered. An other is that critique often is directed to people who haven’t been able to affect the critique situations.

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