Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights prescribes that everyone has the right to respect for his or her private life. A restriction of this right presupposes that the law of the Contracting State achieves certain requirements which include the need for the restrictive measure to be necessary in a democratic society. This thesis examines the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding secret surveillance. The thesis concludes that the European Court has established further requirements regarding these particularly intrusive measures, which consist of various minimum safeguards concerning the substantive national law. Sweden introduced a new method of secret surveillance, hemlig dataavläsning, in April 2020. This new covert surveillance measure enables the authorities to breach the systems of different types of technical equipment, to retrieve stored personal information within. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse and determine if the Swedish law of secret data interception meets the requirement set out in the case law. The thesis concludes that the Swedish law does not meet all the requirements set out by the European Court of Human Rights. The Swedish law does not with sufficient clarity define the offences which justifies the application of the covert surveillance. The law also prescribes an authorization procedure which lack sufficient safeguards regarding the independence of the decision-making authority. Furthermore, the law does not regulate the technology and methods used for the action, and there is no legal requirement for the national court to take these into account in its decision-making. Lastly, the Swedish legislation stipulates that the individual does not need to be notified about the surveillance if there is any confidentiality regarding the information about the surveillance one year after the preliminary investigation. In these cases, the supervisory authority must safeguard the interests of the individual, which due to the lack of legally binding decisions, are not sufficient. Finally, the thesis outlines various solutions to address these problems, which consist of inter alia: that the Swedish law should set higher requirements for the severity of crimes that can justify the use of the secret coercive measure; the removal of the interim decisions of prosecutors; a legal requirement that the court in its assessment must consider and decide on the technology used to execute the surveillance; and lastly, a legal requirement that the individual should be notified about the surveillance as soon as this is possible, or alternatively, an increase of power to the supervisory authority.

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<p>The senior essay examines the geographical imaginations, notions of Self and community that were mobilized in the media and by the government in conjunction with an event, namely, the space voyage of Christer Fuglesang – the first Swedish astronaut in space on December ___ 2006. The study is a critical investigation of media discourses, representations of space, and geographical imaginations that were triggered by the event. The specific issues addressed by this study are (a) which representations of Sweden were mobilized in narrating the event? (b) In what ways has Fuglesang´s space voyage influenced the image of Sweden? (c) How was the event rallied vis-à-vis discourses of entrepreneurial culture and neoliberal growth by the government? (d) Which themes and clichés were mustered in the media dramaturgy of the event? (e) Which topics were excluded in media narratives and representation of the event? (f) Have familiar geographical imaginations, notions of Self and community been reconfigured? If so, how?</p><p>The present study analyzes narratives of the event in the two largest newspapers in Sweden - Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter, as well the two biggest TV-channels – Swedish Television and TV4. The empirical material consists of textual and visual material and has been used to identify central themes, recurrent narratives and geographical imaginations. The theoretical thrust of the present study relies on Lefebvre’s trialectic conception of space, critical geopolitics, as well as media studies.</p><p>Media narratives of space voyage of Christer Fuglesang centred on the following dominant themes: lofty/philanthropic ideals, risk/danger, adventure/excitement, and heroics/bravado. Moreover, with very few exceptions, the media angle on the event was upbeat (positive). Notwithstanding affectations of being the guardian of the truth, the media rarely if ever questioned and critically examined event.</p><p>Issues of outer space, the space industry, and surveillance as well as neo-militarization are increasingly being drawn in daily or quotidian life in Sweden. Lofty ideals and philanthropic motives were indeed mobilized by the media to legitimize heightened surveillance and militarization of space. Thus, whatever experiments were made, in the name of military or civilian, the media presented these as for “the sake of mankind”. Fuglesang was represented as the epitome of Swedish notions of Self as peace loving, standing moral high ground, and philanthropy. The implication being that Fuglesang’s – and by extension Sweden - space voyage, heroics, and bravados are “for mankind’s best”. Now that Sweden has a place in space.</p><p>Politicians, the space industry, and different kinds of actors also staked their hopes high on Fuglesang’s space voyage for growth, global competitiveness, to kindle Swedish youth to become scientists, engineers,and entrepreneurial innovators. Indeed, it was as if it was a life and death issue for Sweden itself. At issue is whether Sweden was going to be a successful country, or not. I other words, the media politicians, the space industry, and different kinds of actors were united under the banner in the name of Sweden.</p><p>Keywords: representations and constructions of space, neo-militarism, surveillance, media dramaturgy and society of the spectacle, identity and imagined community, and power.</p>

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The objective of my project was to determine variability and representability of mercury in the urban environment of Umeå in northern Sweden, based on applying the methods of forest moss biomonitoring (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, ICP Manual). Mercury (Hg) is a commune pollutant in urban environments release to the atmosphere by anthropogenic activities. Industrial, traffic and incineration activities are the main sources of this element. Mercury is easily transported through the atmosphere and cycle through terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, trending to bioaccumulate in organisms. The aims of the study are: (1) determine the representability and variability of the method in a specific urban environment, based on more intensive analyses of a green area within the city boundaries of Umeå, northern Sweden. (2) influence of site-specific conditions on the concentration of mercury in mosses. (3) City-scale variability in relation to national forest moss biomonitoring data (IVL.se). Results of urban environment measurements do not differ much respect the values of mercury concentration obtained sampling mosses far from the city, but it is subject to many factors that can alter results of the study.  Most of these are meteorological factors and the difficulty of find green zones close to cities with the suitable conditions to find mosses and perform a property sampling process avoiding throughfall and litterfall. The conclusion is that the use of mosses is a representative and valuable method to obtaining information in an urban environment but is limited by mentioned factors.

Hjärt-/kärlsjukdom är den vanligaste dödsorsaken i Sverige och många patienter inom intensivvården antingen har eller löper en ökad risk för att utveckla hjärtsjukdomar. Ischemimonitorering innebär att genom övervakning med kontinuerligt elektrokardiogram (EKG) monitorera eventuell ischemi (syrebrist) i hjärtmuskeln. Intensivvårdspatienten är inte sällan oförmögen att kommunicera besvär och symtom såsom bröstsmärta. Detta i kombination med sitt kritiska tillstånd kan exponera patienten för skada såsom syrebrist i hjärtmuskeln och i förlängningen ge ökat lidande. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan har ett etiskt och yrkesmässigt ansvar gentemot patienten att kunna uppfatta vad hen kommunicerar via den övervakningsutrustning som används. Syftet med studien var att utifrån intensivvårdssjuksköterskans perspektiv, belysa rutiner och erfarenheter av ischemimonitorering inom intensivvården. För att nå ut till så många deltagare som möjligt valdes en kvantitativ metod med webbenkät som skickades ut till kliniskt verksamma intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Ungefär fyra hundra intensivvårdssjuksköterskor fick enkäten till sin e-post och femtionio (n=59) valde att svara. Resultatet visade att det fanns brister i de lokala rutinerna men också brister i följsamheten till dem. Deltagarna upplevde att för få patienter ischemimonitorerades inom intensivvården och att hindren främst var bristande kunskap om korrekt användning och bristande intresse för ischemimonitorering hos behandlande läkare. Ischemimonitorering kan skydda intensivvårdspatienten från lidande, både på kort och lång sikt. Konkreta och välskrivna rutiner och riktlinjer som får genomslag i personalgruppen kan säkra kvaliteten på vårdverksamheten. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan bör erbjudas utbildning och repetitionsutbildning inom ischemimonitorering för att minska den upplevda kunskapsluckan.

Sammanfattning   I denna studie undersöks vilka roller som pedagoger intar vid utomhusvistelsen på förskolans gård samt vilken uppfattning de har kring barns utomhusvistelse på förskolans gård. Studien grundar sig i en nyfikenhet kring hur pedagoger använder utomhusvistelsen på förskolans gård.   Syftet är att undersöka pedagogers uppfattningar om utomhusvistelsen och de olika roller som pedagoger intar på förskolans gård.   Datainsamlingsmetoden bestod av både en kvantitativ del och en kvalitativ del. Den kvantitativa insamlingen genomfördes med hjälp av observation på två olika förskolors gårdar, där det utfördes tre observationer på vardera förskola där varje observation omfattade en timme. Den kvalitativa delen bestod av intervjuer med samma sju pedagoger som observerades.   Studiens resultat visar de deltagande pedagogernas uppfattning om utomhusvistelsen och de olika roller som de intar vid utomhusvistelsen på förskolans gård. De deltagande pedagogerna i denna studie beskriver de olika rollerna som intas under utomhusvistelsen, vilka var den medforskande alternativt närvarande rollen och den övervakande rollen. En pedagog som deltagit i studien förklarar att den övervakande rollen är den roll som intas vid flest tillfällen vid utomhusvistelsen på förskolans gård. Pedagogen förklarar vidare att en önskan och vilja finns om att den medforskande rollen skulle få ta mer plats. Detta är även något som resultatet av observationen visar, att den övervakande rollen är den roll som intas vid flest tillfällen på förskolans gård.

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In this thesis I explore the debate on surveillance in Swedishnewspapers that preceded the FRA law. The development ininformation technology has made it possible to monitor society toa greater extent than before. It is therefore interesting andimportant to explore a debate preceding a controversial law onsurveillance. The primary purpose of this thesis is to add to abetter understanding of how such a law was discussed in Swedishnewspapers and the relationship between idea and ideology in thisdebate. To answer these questions I explore the newspaper debateby using Isaiah Berlins notions of liberty, positive and negativeliberty. By using Berlins text I manage to distinguish two mainthemes of liberty in the debate, freedom to privacy and freedomfrom foreign threats.The main findings of my study are the absence of arguments thatsupport the implementation of the FRA law. I come to theconclusion that the Swedish government felt it was of greatimportance to implement the FRA law for reasons they could notexpress in the debate. This resulted in that liberal politicians votedagainst their own beliefs in order to implement a law they felt wasimportant for other reasons. / Program: Bibliotekarie

The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the FRA-law. The focus of the study is to examine how Swedish politicians relate to the new draft of this law on intelligence. Key themes in the study are security, threats, surveillance and privacy. The power relationship between the individual and the state is also examined. Empirical data used in this study consists of a spoken plenary debate in the House which was held in connection with the adoption of the FRA law in June 2008. Norman Fairclough&apos;s Critical Discourse Analysis is the method we used to examine the plenary debate. The analysis focuses on three major issues: text level, discursive practice and social practice. Within the textual level, two different approaches to the Bill were found; the majority argues for security in the form of increased surveillance and the opposition argues for the protection of privacy. Within the discursive practice, two discourses were identified; individual discourse that contains liberal overtones and collective discourse that include socialist and conservative overtones. Within the social practice, it was found that politicians and media contribute to the reproduction of power. The politicians believe that the surveillance is both necessary and problematic in relation to the protection of privacy. The results show that, when creating legislation around intelligence, it can be both complex and difficult to find a good balance between prevention of external threats from being realized and ensuring individuals&apos; privacy.