During the beginning of the 20th century, the Swedish School Sports Association was started with the goal of developing sports for students in Swedish schools. The association arose as part of the sports movement in Sweden and is a committee of the National Sports Confederation. During the first half of the 20th century, the Swedish Sports Association functioned like any other sports association, but with students as the focus group. In connection with their 50th anniversary, 1966, the Swedish School Sports Association invited students to their association's board. This became a turning point for the Swedish School Sports Association and what kind of association they have become in today. In modern times, the Swedish School Sports Association is an organization that works to teach young people to lead and take responsibility through democratic leadership, an organization for young people, led by young people.In this essay, the aim is to examine how the Swedish School Sports Association's development into a association led by students and young people began and developed. To analyze this development, this essay uses a qualitative text analysis as its method to analyze the Swedish School Sports Association's own archive material in the form of the member magazine Final, Activity Reports and campaign protocols between the years 1966–1981. Robert Putnam's theory of social capital which defines how an organization's social capital can be valued through "civic virtue" is used to value and develop a functioning democracy within a group. Putnam's theory will be used to visualize how this development of the Swedish School Sports Association has changed the organization's social capital with a focus on the students' integration. The essay asks three questions that aim to answer how students are engaged and involved in the organization of the Swedish School Sports Association and how this has developed democratic values ​​within the association. With the aim of investigating students involvment within the organization, these questions will shape the structure of the inquiry and focus the reading of the archival material.The essay comes to the conclusion of how the development of the Swedish School Sports Association has gone over 15 years, from an organization with a low social capital where the students were only participants in the physical activities, to an organization with high social capital where the students are involved in everything from the physical activities to participation on the board. The survey also shows how unique this development has been during the latter half of the 20th century when placed in a larger societal and international perspective. A unique development for Swedish sports where the Swedish School Sports Association is one of the earliest to let students participate and lead. At the same time as it is an opposite development from American sports that is developing.

The issue of this thesis concerns a selection of historical debates in which new Swedish drama is under discussion. The studied debates take place in the cultural and political fields and within the fields of theater and literature and deal with a recurring assumption in Swedish theatre history – that new Swedish drama is insufficient. The primary object of this thesis is to find explanations to: why is the Swedish new drama so often described as defective? The following questions, guiding the analysis, are: How are the crises described? What are the stakes? How has the dramatic text been influenced by being judged either as literary product or a product for the stage? How is the playwright’s role described, and perhaps changed, in the crises? The aim of the analysis is to understand how traditions and conventions are shaping the debates and contribute to perpetrate the myth of the malfunctioning Swedish new play. In a historical perspective several attempts have been made to govern new Swedish drama by legislative and political power. New Swedish drama has, for example, been viewed as a possible expression of the nation, as part of shaping the Swedish Welfare state or creating interactive communication with the audience. Despite its many uses, new Swedish drama continues to be describes as flawed. The study starts with King Gustav III:s Swedish theatre where the purpose was to produce Swedish original plays. The study ends with an analysis of a new government grant for new Swedish drama, which was installed in 1999. The chosen debates are analyzed with the help of concepts borrowed from the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, looking at each historical situation as a possible moment for the establishment of the field ”new Swedish drama”. The survey ends with eight interviews with playwrights, who are active today. The conditions for the new Swedish drama are the guiding line in this thesis. These conditions are found in the cultural, social and historical contexts that cooperate when a taste or convention is being shaped. They are part of the discourses in the field, where criteria for the new Swedish drama is formulated. In order to understand the significance of, for example, the expression, ”the newly written Swedish drama” research has been pursued in biographical material, historical surveys, and debates in the daily press and in professional journals. Without being a full bourdieuan analysis, the thesis is using concepts from Bourdieu. The work of British feminist theatre historian Tracy C Davis inspires the critical historic perspective.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka förutsättningarna för det militära försvaret att kunna försörjas med drivmedel från näringslivet under ett väpnat angrepp. Vi har genomfört undersökningen utifrån dagens totalförsvarsförmåga som är under uppbyggnad sedan ett antal år tillbaka.Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med representanter från Försvarsmakten, utvalda bevakningsansvariga myndigheter och näringslivet undersökte vi om det finns en vilja och förutsättningar hos de aktörer vi identifierat som avgörande.Vi tillämpade en analysmetod inspirerad av grundad teori och identifierade de förhållanden som råder inom och mellan våra undersökningsenheter. Analysen leder till ett resultat som vi bekräftar med flera befintliga organisatoriska och interorganisatoriska teorier.Våra slutsatser är att det trots stora skillnader mellan undersökningsenheternas egenskaper, ändå finns goda förutsättningar inom och mellan dem, för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål. Däremot saknas andra yttre förutsättningar främst i form av mandat och regelverk som skulle reglera ansvar och uppgifter inom totalförsvaret. / The aim of this thesis, is to investigate the conditions for the Swedish Military Defence Force to incorporate support from the Business sector. The study focusses on the provision of fuel from business sector in the event of an armed attack.Our thesis is conducted from current military and civil defence capabilities, which have been under reconstruction for a couple of years.By conducting a qualitative interview study with representatives from the Swedish Armed Forces, selected Public Agencies and the Business sector, we investigated if there is a will and identified preconditions and factors that we deem crucial for success.We applied a method of the analysis inspired by Grounded Theory and search for factors that can affect the different actors in this study. Results lead to different theories that are supported by existing organisational and inter organisational theories.Our conclusions are that in spite of great differences between the different actors’ properties, there are still good expectations within and between the actors to reach a common goal. However, at present there are limiting factors preventing exploring the position, such as the requirement for mandates and regulations to regulate responsibilities and tasks within, and between the military and the civilian defence.

In the 1880s, capitalism as a social and economic system integrated new geographic areas of the American continent. The construction of the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad (D&IR), financed by a group of Philadelphia investors led by Charlemagne Tower and later owned by the US Steel was part of this emerging political economy based on the exploitation of human and material resources. Migrant labor was in demand as it came cheap and, generally, floated between various construction-sites on the “frontier” of capitalism. The Swedish immigrants were one part of this group of “floaters” during the late 1800s and made up a significant part of the force that constructed and worked on the D&IR between the 1880s and the 1920s. This book deals with power relations between groups based on class and ethnic differences by analyzing the relationship between the Anglo-American bourgeois establishment and the Swedish and other immigrant workers and their children on the D&IR and in the railroad town of Two Harbors, Minnesota. The Anglo-American bourgeois hegemony in Minnesota, to a large extent, dictated the conditions under which Swedish immigrants and others toiled and were allowed access to American society. I have therefore analyzed the structural subordination and gradual integration of workers and, in particular, immigrant workers, in an emerging class society. The book also deals with the political and the cultural opposition to Anglo-American bourgeois hegemony that emerged in Two Harbors and that constructed a radical public sphere during the 1910s. In this process, new group identities based on class and ethnicity emerged in the working class neighborhoods in the wake of the capitalist expansion and exploitation, and as a result of worker agency. Building on traditions of political insurgency an alliance of immigrant workers, particularly Swedes, Anglo skilled workers and parts of the local petty bourgeoisie rose to a position of political and cultural power in the local community. This coalition was held together by the language of class that became the basis of a local multi-ethnic working class identity laying claim to its own version of Americanism. The period of preparedness leading up to the Great War, the war itself, and its aftermath, produced a reaction from the Anglo American bourgeoisie which resulted in a profound change in the public sphere as a coalition between “meliorist middle class reformers”, represented primarily by the YMCA and local church leaders and the D&IR and its program of welfare capitalism launched a broad program to counter socialism locally, and to forge new social bonds that would cut across class lines and ethnic boundaries. By this process, the ethnic working class in Two Harbors was offered entry into American society by acquiring citizenship and by their inclusion in a broader civic community undifferentiated by class. But this could only be realized by the workers’ adoption of an Anglo-American national identity based on identification with corporate interests, a new local solidarity that cut across class lines and a white racial identity that diminished the significance of ethnic boundaries. By these means the Swedish immigrants, or at least a portion of them, became Americans on terms established by the D&IR and its class allies.

We investigate the activity and performance of 64 Swedish registered mutual equity funds available in the Swedish Premium Pension System from October 2002 to December 2011. Fund activity is measured by applying the holdings based analysis Active Share combined with Tracking Error Volatility (TEV). Active Share is a relatively new measure that compares a fund’s holdings with its benchmark index constituents (Cremers & Petajisto, 2009; Petajisto, 2013). This is used as a proxy for the fund’s stock selection strategy. As a complement, TEV is used as a proxy for the factor timing strategy. Performance are measured by using Jensen’s (1968) model, Fama and French’s (1993) model and Carhart’s (1997) model. We document that Swedish funds in the Premium Pension System are relatively passive in term of Active Share compared to US funds. We attribute this finding to the relative number of stocks held by a fund compared to the market. Swedish equity funds hold a relatively larger share of the number of stocks in the Swedish market while US funds hold a relatively smaller share of the stocks in the US market. We run a panel regression analysis to test the relation between Active Share and various variables. We find that funds with higher TER fees and fewer stocks on average have higher Active Share. There are also indications that TEV is positively related to Active Share. However, the overall explanatory power of the variables is low. We attribute this as evidence that Active Share is an independent measure of fund activity. Overall, we find neutral performance for an equally weighted portfolio of all funds in the PPS. To examine the performance differences between different levels of activity, we sort funds into five portfolios based on Active Share and TEV. The results show that, given a medium-to-low TEV, funds with high Active Share significantly outperform funds with low Active Share. Furthermore, it appears that the fee rebate in the Premium Pension System is important especially for the passive funds. Without the rebate, the passive funds underperform significantly. We run a panel regression analysis on the future fund performance to test the predictive abilities of Active Share and TEV. The results indicate that Active Share does not explain future performance differences. Conversely, TEV is negatively related to future performance which can be explained by fund managers being overconfident

Bakgrunden till denna undersökning är att uttal är en viktig del av språket att behärska, samtidigt som det finns indikationer på att uttalsundervisningen inom Svenska för invandrare (SFI) är eftersatt. Ändå uppnår elever inom SFI ett förståeligt uttal och därför antogs att de använder sig av självstudier i uttal och skulle ha uppfattningar om hur de lärt sig uttal. Syftet med denna undersökning var att beskriva och analysera några SFI-elevers uppfattningar av metoder för att lära svenskt uttal, för att ur detta dra slutsatser av didaktisk betydelse för uttalsundervisning inom SFI. Detta undersöktes genom tre forskningsfrågor kring metoder som eleverna uppfattar har hjälpt dem att lära svenskt uttal. Kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra SFI-elever som har gott uttal genomfördes på deras egen skola. Två elever i taget intervjuades under cirka en timme och det uppstod ett fritt samtal om hur de uppfattar att de har lärt uttal. Resultatet är en lång rad metoder som eleverna uppfattar har hjälpt dem för lärande av svenskt uttal: lyssna, läsa, syssla med korrigering, höra, repetera, titta, umgås med människor, prata, arbeta, göra läxan, kämpa, vilja samt ha rätt inställning. En förhållandevis stor del av dessa metoder nämns inte i den tidigare forskningen. Metoder som eleverna nämnde har hjälpt mest är lyssna, repetera långa ord, läsa högt, vilja lära uttal, umgås med människor, ta hjälp av sitt barn samt kämpa. Endast några få metoder från själva SFI-undervisningen nämndes av eleverna. Därför dras i diskussionen slutsatsen att det behövs mer uttalsundervisning inom SFI, särskilt undervisning i prosodi. En annan slutsats är att de metoder som informanterna nämner bör påverka SFI didaktiskt och tre exempel ges på hur detta kan ske.

The aim of this thesis is to shed light on language variation and language change in judicial protocols from the municipal court in Stockholm during the period 1476−1626. These documents provide a unique insight into late medieval and early modern use of written vernacular. The main material consists of 700 courtroom notes from seven different periods of time, a hundred documents from each year: 1476, 1499, 1525, 1550, 1575, 1600, and 1626. The study draws theoretically on functional linguistics; more specifically, it utilizes Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar, Ulf Teleman’s (1985) theoretical model of language change, as well as dialogism. The results are presented in four analytical chapters. In the first of these, the aim is to systemize the somewhat heterogeneous material, and the corpus is divided in two different ways: one due to judicial content (‘categories of matter’), and one due to textual structure (‘discourse levels’). These systemizations also serve as a methodological foundation for the lexicogrammatical analysis in the following chapters. A main result is that multi-party cases over time develop a functional need for new communication strategies, while unilateral cases already from the beginning seem to bear a more deep-rooted textual stability. In addition, there is a significant increase of discourse level 3, representing communicative events outside the courtroom, in multi-party cases found in texts from 1600 and 1626. In the two following chapters, lexicogrammatical resources of ‘personal reference’ and ‘time and tense’ are analysed. The texts realize different patterns of anaphora, where individuation explains much of the variation: texts with high degree of individuation (criminal cases) materialize a high degree of pronouns, whereas texts regarding property issues materialize low individuation with few pronouns and many full NPs. Regarding the use of tense, the past tense is the most common tense. Still, the study shows an diachronic increase in the use of present tense. The last analytical chapter examines the use of three lexical features: judicial pronouns; word pairs; and nominalizations. The results show that judicial pronouns and word pairs typically occur in registrations matters; nominalizations occur throughout the genre. In the last chapter, the results and implications of the thesis are summated and discussed. The results point towards a pragmatic use of the written language. Although the lexicogrammatical resources are the same during the period, the usages vary. Hence, linguistic variation and change are highly motivated by an intercommunion of contextual factors such as a more solid administrative literacy, a changing litigation, and an increase of legal demands for linguistic precision and documentation. It is argued that the language variety in the genre can be understood as instantiations of different registers.

Textbooks within Swedish for Immigrants aims to teach immigrants the Swedish language and help them understand Swedish society. But one can ask: is there a representative picture of all people in Swedish society in these textbooks? This study aims to analyze which discourses are made visible regarding what kind of people are represented in textbooks for Swedish for Immigrants. Two textbooks from different times are chosen to make a comparison, and to see what and if there has been development in the way one talks about people with non-Swedish and non-white names. The questions asked are: Who is given space in two textbooks for Swedish for Immigrants? And what kind of development has been made within this area between the years 2002 and 2021? The method used is discourse analysis based on a social constructive perspective, which means that people adopt the discourses they read and learn about, which affects the way they see society and how they interact with others. The result shows that similar discourses are found in both textbooks, where three main discourses appear: us and them, Swedish/white is the norm, and immigrants only have lower-paid jobs in society. People with non-Swedish and non-white names are not given as much space in the textbooks as people with Swedish and white names. The older textbook contains of a majority Swedish names whereas the newer textbook contains more international names, but that are considered white names. This shows that there is an us and them-discourse occurring. The us and them-discourse appear in different ways throughout the textbooks and is more implicit in the newer textbook compared to the older. Another example of this discourse is that people with non-Swedish and non-white names are often presented with where they come from, which is not the case for people with Swedish names. This shows that there is a certain way of speaking of people with non-Swedish and non-white names in society. In conclusion, there are more Swedish and white people who are given space in these textbooks for Swedish for immigrants. Considering that immigrants are the target group for these textbooks, there should be a representation of all different people in Swedish society. Seen from a social constructive perspective, immigrants who read these textbooks will adopt these discourses, which will affect how they see Swedish society and how they interact with others. The development discovered between the two textbooks and their almost 20-year difference of release is shown in the discourse of immigrants only having lower-paid jobs. The newer textbook shows no evidence of this discourse whereas it appears in the older textbook. This shows that development has been made in how society thinks of immigrants and their ability to work within any profession.

The Arctic region is a region defined by change. Climate change, militarization and a growing interest from both Arctic and non-Arctic states are increasing the geopolitical significance for the region. As a consequence, concerns about the Arctic region's security and what threat the region might constitute have grown.  The following thesis seeks to study in which way the Arctic region is perceived as a security and defence concern by the Swedish government and state agencies in Swedish state discourse from first of January 2019 to the 19th of June 2023. By using arguments from the Copenhagen schools Securitization Theory, the thesis aims to understand to what extent the Swedish state discourse has securitized the Arctic region and what and/or who the is presented as security issues and defence threats. The findings argue that the Swedish Arctic discourse does not securitize the Arctic region, however, patterns of securitization could be found which indicate that the region might be securitized in the future. The Swedish Arctic discourse recognise several security issues and defence threats and present cooperation with other states as well as strengthen military capabilities in northern Sweden as countermeasures. This further indicates that the Swedish Arctic discourse recognise security and defence concerns connected to the Arctic region even if they are not presented by the terms of securitization.

Sverige befinner sig i en situation där omvärldsläget har förändrats. Det började med en pandemi, vilken har följts av militära konflikter i vår närhet. Detta har gjort att både politiker och medborgare har ett nytt omvärldsläge att ta ställning till.  Försvarsmakten har fått i uppgift att öka antalet värnpliktiga som genomgår grundutbildning. Den allmänna värnplikten återinfördes 2017 och gäller nu män som kvinnor. Volymen som behöver genomföra grundutbildning ökar varje år med innebörden att fler ungdomar behöver mönstra. När ungdomarna fyller i mönstringsunderlaget online framgår det att intresset och motivationen för att genomföra värnplikt är låg. Trots förändringarna i omvärldsläget, har ungdomarnas motivation till värnplikt förblivit oförändrad.  Studien fokuserar på att förstå ur ett individperspektiv, vad som motiverar unga människor att själva vilja genomföra mönstring och värnplikt. Genom att förvärva denna kunskap kan författarna utveckla förslag som kan motivera nuvarande och kommande generationer att mönstra och göra värnplikt, och på detta sätt försvara sitt land.  Syftet med denna studie är att söka förståelse och kunskap om vad som motiverar unga till att mönstra och göra värnplikt.  Studien använder en induktiv ansats och kvalitativ metod. Empirin är hämtad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer i huvuddel från ungdomar som står inför kommande värnplikt och anställda inom Plikt- och prövningsverket. Ungdomarna som har intervjuats har delat med sig av sina åsikter om vad mönstring och värnplikt innebär för dem personligen, samt vad som motiverar dem att vilja genomföra dessa skyldigheter. Empirin från intervjuerna kodades med grundad teori och resultatet blev tre kärnkategorier, individens utbildning, individens förebilder och individen i samhället.  Studien resulterade till följande slutsatser:  De viktigaste förebilderna enligt denna studie är respondenternas föräldrar, och de har en betydande inverkan på deras motivation. En högre folklig förankring och en förstärkning av Försvarsmaktens varumärke ökar ungdomars motivation. Individen påverkas av vänners inställning och åsikter, det beror på rädslan att hamna utanför gemenskapen. Detta påverkar motivationen hos unga att mönstra och göra värnplikt. En ökad kunskap och förståelse om hur mönstring och värnplikt bidrar till att skydda landet ger ungdomar en högre motivation. Meriterande utbildning och ekonomiska bidrag ger unga en ökad motivation till mönstring och värnplikt Det som gör ett land värt att försvara är individens eget behov och detta väger tyngre än landets. / Sweden finds itself in a situation where the global context has changed. It began with a pandemic, followed by military conflicts in our vicinity. This has led both politicians and citizens to face a new international situation.  The Swedish Armed Forces have been tasked with increasing the number of conscripts undergoing basic training. General conscription was reintroduced in 2017 and now applies to both men and women. The number of people needing to complete basic training increases each year, meaning that more young people need to be conscripted. When the youth fill in the conscription documents online, it shows that the interest and motivation to carry out conscription is low. Despite the global situation, the motivation among the youth for duty neither increases nor decreases.  This study focuses on understanding, from an individual perspective, what motivates young people to voluntarily undergo conscription and military service. By acquiring this knowledge, the authors can develop proposals that can motivate current and future generations to muster and do basic training, there by defending their country.  The purpose of this study is to seek understanding and knowledge about what motivates young individuals to muster and do basic training.  This study uses an inductive approach with a qualitative method. The empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, primarily from young individuals facing upcoming conscription and employees within the Swedish Defence Conscription and Assessment Agency. The interviewed youth shared their opinions on what conscription and military service mean to them personally, as well as what motivates them to want to fulfill these obligations. The empirical data from the interviews were analyzed using grounded theory, resulting in three core categories: individual education, individual role models and the individual within society.  The study resulted in the following conclusions:  The most significant role models, according to this study, are the respondents’ parents, and they have a significant impact on their motivation. A stronger connection to the public and enhancing the Swedish Armed Forces’ brand increases motivation among young people. The individual is influenced by friends´ attitudes and opinions, which is due to the fear of being excluded from the community. This affects the motivation of young people to muster and do basic training. Increased knowledge and understanding of how conscription and military service contribute to protecting the country led to higher motivation among young individuals. Recognizing educational achievements and providing financial support enhance motivation for mustering and do basic training. What makes a country worth defending is the individual´s own need, and this weighs more than the country´s.