目前，中國大陸最熱門的兩大經濟區域為長江三角洲與珠江三角洲，此兩地吸引眾多外商至當地投資。究竟此兩區域具有何區位優勢能吸引眾多外資，以及此兩地區的優勢有何差異，成為本論文重心所在。本論文主要探討三個主題： 一﹑這兩區域自改革開放以來，區位優勢的消長如何，才造成今日長江三角洲吸引外商投資金額超越珠江三角洲。 二﹑這兩區域有何區位優勢，才能吸引眾多外商至當地投資。 三﹑這兩區域與中國大陸整體平均水準的區位優勢作比較，究竟這兩區域相較於中國大陸整體平均水準具有何優勢，使外商特別關注此兩大地區。 以上問題運用中國統計年鑑的數據資料，以複回歸模型分析各地區的外商投資數據，以得出各項主題的結果。 / Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are both the most famous economic areas in Mainland China nowadays, attracting many foreign capitals to invest. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what are the advantages in these two areas that attract foreign direct investment, and what are the differences between them. Three subjects are discussed in the present study. First, how did the location advantages rise and fall between Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, thus now there are more foreign investment enterprises located in Yangtze River Delta than in Pearl River Delta since the beginning of China’s ‘Open Door’ Policy. Second, what are the location advantages in these two areas that attract so many foreign investment enterprises to locate in these two areas. Third, what are the unique location advantages in these two areas compared with the average level of Mainland China, so that many foreign investment enterprises pay especially high attention to this two areas. Data of Statistical Yearbook of China are used in the present study, and multiple regression model is adopted to analyze the data in order to obtain the results.

國內對於住宅需求的相關研究，多偏向住宅價格、合理房價與購買力、消費量等研究，但是對於消費者住宅選擇行為的研究則較少見。住宅需求的主體以個體的家戶為單位，家戶在所得的限制之下，追求效用的最大化，做出遷移決策、區位選擇、增建決策等。 觀察台灣的都市現象，台北市的房價所得比高達8倍以上，不但居全台灣之冠，更遠超過歐美國家的水準，國內高房價的壓力會影響家戶的遷移成本與區位選擇。另外，在台北市的住宅類型八成以上為公寓大廈，只能從陽台或屋頂平台小幅增建，增加的住宅面積有限，未申請建照的增建多屬不合法的違建行為，無法自由調整，因此家戶採取增建方式調整住宅需求的行為會受到限制。而國內住、商、工混雜，土地相容使用，就業區位可能與住宅區位相距不遠，因此通勤成本可能較低，這些與國外迥異的都市背景，使得本研究想解構在台灣家戶的住宅調整決策與區位選擇行為。 本研究將家戶的生命週期類型與住宅遷移、區位選擇、增建決策相連結，探討每個特殊的生命週期家戶，其住宅調整決策的差異，分析各生命週期家戶的區隔，其結果有助於了解住宅次市場區隔以及住宅下濾、換屋行為。進一步探討家戶的住宅區位選擇: 台北市女性就業，使家庭所得、通勤成本增加，其住宅區位選擇與通勤行為應與單薪家戶不同，並驗證是否受到房價與通勤成本的取捨、相關資源與夫妻決策權力、以及家庭責任義務的影響。最後，探討戶長及配偶對於區位選擇的影響，驗證戶長配偶模式是否比過去研究以戶長屬性代替家戶屬性的模式較佳，分析家戶屬性所引申的住宅需求如何影響家戶的住宅區位選擇，以及分析夫妻的資源與決策影響力的性別差異關係。女性身為戶長，其決策影響力的消長應與一般傳統家戶的成員不同，分析是否產生女性特殊的住宅區位需求，其結果可以作為住宅政策的參考。 本文回顧相關文獻，發現單從經濟學的模式不足以說明家戶的選擇行為，而社會學與性別方面的議題和假說也未深入探討家戶的住宅區位選擇，因此考量現實的背景，希望從實證主義，剖析不同生命週期家戶的住宅調整方式，以及從大幅改變住宅屬性的遷移方式中，進一步解構家戶的住宅區位選擇行為與通勤的決策，並討論家庭責任、性別差異等相關課題。實證資料係採1990年台閩地區戶口及住宅普查台北市的資料，探討家戶對於自有住宅的調整決策，將台北市各行政區中位置相鄰、性質相近者分為六區，作為住宅區位選擇的替選區位。本研究以效用理論為基礎，分析家戶的遷移決策、遷移選擇一個新的住宅區位、以及增建決策等，追求家戶住宅需求效用的最大化，以不連續選擇模型進行實證。 結果發現高所得家戶選擇遷移的機率較高，低所得、或小孩正在成長的家戶較傾向選擇增建，住宅區位選擇的結果，也可印證人口往新興發展的郊區移動，老舊的西區流動性較差，應用在都市發展的政策上，可以針對資源的流動與新興地區的住宅及公共設施建設、交通運輸建設等相關政策做出建議。 另外，藉由女性的決策權力與需求的結果，發現女性就業的特性與所得資源對於區位、通勤選擇的影響力較低，反而是照顧小孩的家庭責任是關鍵因素，女性同時在外工作與擔任母職的角色，非常需要工作地點與住宅區為方便的連結，工作與居住分離的都市形式或許不敷台灣社會的需要，方便的交通與大眾運輸工具、以及價格合理且鄰近社區的兒童扥育設施都是女性急需的公共服務。 同時考慮夫妻兩位家戶成員的戶長配偶模式比傳統的戶長模式較能解釋住宅區位選擇的決策，但是在1990年當時的已婚女性多是無酬的家屬工作者或未就業，因此較沒有顯著的經濟影響力，惟獨年輕、教育程度較高的女性展現較不同於傳統的決策行為，而且以女性為戶長的家戶的確有孑然不同的區位選擇影響力，與台北市全體家戶、以男性為戶長的家戶相比，女性的戶長影響力較大。 / This dissertation consisted of four relative essays. Due to lack of housing adjustment decisions and location choice issues in Taiwan’s housing research, this study focus on some specific background in Taipei City, and reference to the existing studies. The relative resources and couple’s decision-making power effect is an important discussion point to which I drew attention. Using the discrete choice model and the data from “1990 Census of Population and Housing in Taipei”, the empirical studies are tested. As we known, the housing price in Taipei is the highest in Taiwan, households choose moving decision would pay higher adjustment cost. The most popular housing types in Taipei are apartments, the addition behavior without government permission is normally illegal. But under the constraint of affordability, some families would choose home improvement instead of moving to satisfy their housing needs for saving adjusting cost. In the first paper, I examined different choices of moving decision, housing location choice, and addition decision, which every household made. Households in different life cycle stages, indicating different income level, number of members, marriage status or other specific characteristics, they how to adjust their housing demand and make their housing decisions. The results will provide housing market segmentation information and explain the housing filtering behaviors. This second paper explores the effects on housing location choice in single and double income households in Taipei, and examines the relative hypotheses, such as relative resources and couple’s decision-making power, and household responsibility constrains. Households’ residential location choice are subjected to income constrains, facing the trade-off between housing price and commuting cost. Husbands who are usually the financial resources of a family economy get more decision- making power than wives. However, it would not play more significant role on location and commuting choices for wife to taking care of children. The results would suggest the government to provide convenient public transportation mode and children care service. The last two papers examine the impact of aggregated needs of household members on the choice of housing location in Taipei. Especially the discussion of family decision- making issues was raised. The results indicate that the choice of housing location is significantly impacted by the age, family origin, past housing location, education and occupation status, and the location of workplaces of both spouses.　We also find that this decision is more significantly influenced by the attributes of the male spouse□than the female.　However, among the households with a female household head, the female spouse□characteristics are more likely to be significant.　Our results also offer a snapshot of today□Taiwanese culture that is dramatically different from the commonly understood male-dominance in the Chinese tradition.

本論文的研究主軸為本國市場效果的實證研究, 文章除驗證新貿易理論對創意商品的適用性, 並解析貿易成本與需求規模對本國市場效果的交互影響與其間的非線性關係。實證資料以經創意商品(creative goods)貿易為例。選擇創意商品,除因其具有文化創意特色,可歸為異質產品並且可凸顯無形貿易成本的影響, 且此類商品根據國際商品統一分類代碼(Harmonized system code ; HS code) 六位碼編組而成, 商品分類可謂細緻, 可避免如Schumacher and Siliverstovs (2006)以及Hallak (2010) 指出以總和商品可能相互抵消效果而致的合成謬誤。並且根據UNCTAD(2008) , 此類商品受景氣波動的干擾較少。由於全球創意商品貿易以經濟合作開發組織(The rganization for economic cooperation and development;OECD) 國家為主流, 且OECD 國家創意商品貿易具有產業內貿易特性, 故而樣本國家以OECD 國家為主, 並於林德效果檢測時擴及至全球創意商品貿易。 實證估計式以Hsu et al. (2012) 推導的引力模型結構式為理論基礎, 加入一個由貿易成本與相對需求組成的非線性本國市場效果設定項,驗證本國市場效果的相關假說。此一本國市場效果設定項除具有理論基礎之外, 並具有實證意涵與對應的假說檢定, 可為實證工作提供重要基石。 估計式中除加入例行的需求規模、貿易成本以及控制貿易成本對商品流動的多邊阻力(multilateral resistance; MR)外,並加入需求與貿易成本的非線性交互作用項。相較過去文獻如Feenstra et al. (1998, 2001) 或Hanson and Xiang (2004) 側重需求與貿易型態關係的確認, 加入此項不 但可以匡正實證估計是錯誤設定造成估計偏誤, 得以正確驗證本國市場效果, 並且能解析本國市場效果成因的作用機制與政策意涵。 實證過程圍繞兩個命題: 命題1 : 如果本國市場效果存在, 但引力模型忽略或未控制本國市場效果, 將使估計產生偏誤。 命題2 : 相對需求與貿易成本對本國市場效果具有非線性影響關係。相對需求增加, 本國市場效果將強化。相對需求對本國市場效果的邊際影響, 會隨相對需求上升及貿易成本下降而遞減。貿易成本增加, 本國市場效果將弱化。隨著貿易成本愈高其對本國市場效果的邊際影響力遞減。 根據2000年至2005年OECD創意商品貿易資料的實證結果,除確認本國市場效果顯著外,各項相關假說檢定並與Hsu et al. (2012) 的理論預期一致。包括實證估計式忽略本國市場效果設定項, 將使估計結果產生偏誤; 貿易成本、相對需求對本國市場效果以顯著的非線性方式交互影響本國市場效果。而由比較靜態分析的實務案例, 再次確認推論與實證結果的一致性。 為進一步檢測命題2 , 確認相對需求與貿易成本對本國市場效果的非線性影響關係。在此以貿易雙方的相對需求與相對貿易強度進行分量迴歸(quantile regression model ; QR) 估計, 捕捉不同貿易強度相對需求的非線性變化特徵, 並檢定相對需求的邊際影響是否隨不同分量而有顯著的差異。在此, 除創意商品貿易資料外, 並加入OECD 會員國的國際貿易商品統計(international trade by commodity Statistics;ITCS) 國際商品統一分類編碼(HS Code) 二位碼的製造業商品貿易資料為估計樣本。實證結果再次應證相對需求與貿易成本對本國市場效果的非線性影響關係, 並且不論是根據分量迴歸檢定結果, 或以估計係數的信賴區間圖示, 都顯示不同分量下, 相對需求對本國市場效果的邊際影響確實存在非線性影響關係, 並且貿易強度與相對需求間呈現正向的變化關係, 約有90% 以上的商品類別, 相對需求的邊際變動軌跡呈現遞增型式, 符合理論預期的顯著非線性變化關係。 最後以偏好相似理論Linder (1961) ,即林德假說(Linder hppothesis) ; 以需求結構因素解析國際產業內貿易之可能原因。林德假說提出重疊需求(overlapping demand) 的概念, 認為影響一國需求結構的主要因素是所得水準, 即一國的人均所得水準決定了該國特定的偏好模式, 若兩國之間收入水準相似, 則兩國偏好模式可能愈相似, 需求結構也將愈相近, 也就是說重疊需求的量愈大, 從而兩國間貿易量也就愈大。反之, 兩國所得水準相差越大, 需求結構差異也就越大, 從而相互間貿易強度也就越低。本文以Hallak (2010)之一般均衡理論與期建構的實證結構式為基礎, 以UNCTAD(2008) 全球及OECD 國家創意商品貿易資料配合分量迴歸估計, 結果顯示林德假說確實適用於解釋OECD 以及全球創意商品貿易現象, 並且根據貿易流量高低之不同分量係數檢定結果也顯示林德效果確實存有差異, 不同分量下林德效果的邊際效果確實有顯著差異。 / This thesis proposes and extends theory-based gravity equations to test the presence of the ‘home market effect’ in the global trade in creative goods. Traditional neoclassical models based on comparative advantage suggest that, all else equal, a country with idiosyncratically strong demand for a good will result in it being an importer of that good. Contrary to traditional trade theory, the home market effect emphasizes the advantages of a large home market as a foundation for exports of a good. The HME is the most obvious characteristic of new trade theory. The home market effect is caused by increasing returns to scale and trade costs. When it is more profitable for a firm to operate in a single country because of increasing returns to scale, the firm will base itself in the country where most of its products are consumed in order to minimize trade cost costs. The home market effect implies a link between market size and exports. Here, we imply the framework derived from Hsu’s (2012) model, in which an HME term is appended to the traditional gravity model to capture the home market effect. It is different from Feenstra (1998, 2001) and Hanson (2004) who focused on the linkage between the relative size and the direction of trade. The HME term consists of both the relative market size of the domestic market versus the relative proximity to foreign markets, trade costs and their interactions. It means that except for the traditional gravity equation that includes regular variables such as market size, trade cost and multilateral resistance, which are used to control the obstruction of trade costs on goods traded as the regressors, the extended gravity model appends an HME term which is based on a theoretical foundation that can guide the hypothesis testing and own its empirical content, and can provide a fundamental guideline for empirical study as well as quantitative scenarios. The extended model can reinvestigate the adaptations to the new trade theory for the trade in creative goods, and analyze and infer the intersection and non-linear relationship for the trade cost and relative market size. We apply the bilateral trade in creative goods in OECD countries as an empirical case study. The creative goods have certain characteristics. The first is that they contain creative and cultural features which can be treated as differentiated goods so that they can withstand the impact of the trade cost. They consist of an HS code of 6 digits, and the classification is sophisticated so that it can avert the fallacious synthesis of Schumacher (2006) and Hallak (2010). Besides, the creative goods fluctuate smoothly as the business cycle is depressed (UNCTAD, 2008). The empirical issues surround two hypotheses: Hypothesis One: There will be biased estimates if there exists an HME, but it has been ignored or has been not controlled well in empirical studies. Hypothesis Two: There exists a non-linear relationship between relative market size and trade costs with the HME. A rise in the relative market size will strengthen the HME and the marginal effect of the relative market size will decline if the relative market size increases or the trade cost decreases. Trade cost increases will weaken the HME and the marginal effect of the trade cost will go up if the trade cost falls. The estimation results of applying the data for the OECD trade in creative goods from 2000 to 2005 show that the HME exists and thus confirm the hypotheses mentioned above. In order to investigate Hypothesis Two more precisely, we apply quantile regression (QR) to re-examine and capture the non-linear relationship between the relative market size and trade intensity. Furthermore, we adopt bootstrapping, a non-parametric approach used to construct statistical inferences, to test whether the marginal effect of the relative market size on trade intensity will be significantly different for different percentiles. One advantage of QR, relative to OLS (ordinary least squares), is that the QR estimates are more robust against outliers in the response measurements. However, the main attraction of quantile regression goes beyond that. In practice, we often prefer using different measures of central tendency and statistical dispersion to obtain a more comprehensive analysis of the relationship between variables. QR has been attributed to the complexity of interactions between different factors leading to data with an unequal variation in one variable for different ranges of another variable. We employ UNCTAD (2008) trade in creative goods and ITCS databanks for the classification of manufacturing goods at the HS code 2-digit level for OECD countries. The results support the non-linear relationship between relative market size and trade intensity, and confirm that the marginal effects of relative market size on trade intensity are obviously different and show they are positively related, so that the higher the ratio of relative market size, the greater that the intensity of bilateral trade will be. Contrary to the HME focus on the supply approach, the Linder hypothesis is based on the demand approach used to examine the intra-industry trade. The Linder hypothesis is a conjecture based on trade patterns, that proposes that the more similar the demand structures of countries are, the more the countries will trade with each other. Furthermore, international trade will also be vigorous if there are similar demand structures between two countries, even if they possess similar factor endowments and technologies. We also apply the data for trade in creative goods but extend the sample from the OECD countries to the global countries. Based on the general equilibrium framework of Hallak (2010), we use Newey-West estimators and QR as empirical methodology. Examinations of the Linder hypothesis have led to the observation of a “Linder effect” that is consistent with the hypothesis. Econometric tests of the hypothesis usually serve as a proxy for the demand structure in a country based on its per capita income (per capita GDP which is denoted as yit, where i stands for the country index, and t is for time). It is convenient to assume that the closer are the levels of per capita GDP, the closer will be the consumer preferences. Here, we use the gaps in income between countries such as (ln yit-ln yjt), ln |yit-yjt| and product in income such as ln (yit*yjt) as Linder effects. Neither the results in the income gap or income product show that the Linder hypothesis explains the trade in creative goods for the OECD and Global countries well, and the marginal effects for the Linder effect for different levels of trade intensity are dissimilar. Thus the larger the income gap, the more sensitive is the trade intensity.

在全球化發展與區域整合的大趨勢下，多國籍企業在世界上的地位是越來越重要，掌握兩岸加入WTO後的大陸外資政策變化、瞭解中國大陸市場開放趨勢、進行臺灣與美日多國籍企業進攻大陸市場策略聯盟評估、以及實證多國籍企業在大陸投資行為所衍生的機會與挑戰等，爰為本文之目的。 　　本研究從多國籍企業在中國大陸投資的歷史進程與發展、中國大陸吸引外商直接投資的政策演進、多國籍企業在中國大陸的投資行為分析與比較及其對中國大陸投資區位選擇之影響因素，通過這些分析得到一些啟示，對於影響未來多國籍企業與臺商中國大陸投資區位選擇之策略運用，及中國大陸在兩岸加入WTO後對利用外商直接投資的政策將有更大的借鑑與因應。 　　以中國大陸近年積極吸引外商直接投資，不斷改善投資環境，轉變政府職能，充分發揮廣大的勞動力資源與市場的比較優勢，並將利用外資與其國內經濟結構調整、國有企業改組和改造西部大開發結合起來，進一步積極吸引外資加大對中西部地區的投入。由於中西部地區幅員遼闊、人口眾多，中西部地區經濟發展水平直接影響和決定了中國大陸經濟發展。中西部地區不具備東部沿海地區優勢，要吸引外商直接投資，需要有一些優惠政策，並加快基礎設施建設，改善投資軟硬體環境，大力發展科技教育，廣泛宣傳中西部地區的資源優勢和勞動力低成本優勢，從而降低外商對中西部地區投資的成本以吸引外商直接投資。 　　臺灣優先，全球佈局，中國已成為世界最大製造中心，我政府應積極從區位優勢上，致力於促進研發以提昇產業競爭力，並鼓勵與歐、美、日策略聯盟，運用臺灣過去累積的優勢，即時掌握臺灣利基，創造永續發展策略與產業出路。 　　從區位優勢到全球運籌與佈局，臺灣未來走向應由傳統製造中心轉型，重新定位成為多國籍企業創新研發設計中心及企業營運總部基地。政府有關單位當前如能加速整合臺灣的優勢，臺商未來應該有很大的發展空間，因此臺商更應積極掌握與歐美日多國籍企業策略聯盟之契機，確保臺商在大陸投資發展之競爭優勢。 　　以本文研究顯示，絕大多數臺商到大陸投資之後仍保持與臺灣母公司或其他上下游廠商或企業有緊密之業務聯繫，兩岸產業分工之格局逐漸形成，兩岸產業結合程度也越來越深，顯示臺商投資的企業在大陸經營當地化的趨勢與歐美日等多國籍企業一樣越來越明顯。基於兩岸經濟地位比較利益，唯恐臺灣未來的優勢不再，臺商在大陸所構建的兩岸產業分工策略，實為臺商全球佈局非常重要的一環。臺商在與美日多國籍企業策略聯盟進攻大陸市場時，我國政府在大陸投資政策上亦應有全盤架構，以配合臺商在策略聯盟國際市場競爭之需要。 關鍵詞：中國大陸，多國籍企業，投資行為，兩岸產業分工，策略聯盟，對外直接投資，投資區位選擇，研究與發展 / Under the trend of globalization development, the position of Multi-National Enterprise’s is becoming more and more important. The purpose of this study is to conduct a Comparative Analysis of Multi-National Enterprise’s Behaviors of Investment in Mainland China. The main assumptions of this study is that the Multi-National Enterprises are pursuing the maximization of enterprise's profit. According to the influence factors of the locational choice of foreign direct investment, we explore multi-national enterprises’ behavior of investment, location distribution and future direction of development. 　　As regards to the result of this empirical research, the signs of the coefficients of the east, west and the central of the all regional characteristic independent variables are compatible to prior expectation. It shows that the research results of the east and west region have more significant statistical level than that of the central region. Also, both of the east and west region have better cluster effects than that of the central region. 　　Since Mainland China has become the largest manufacturing center of the world, the Taiwan government should take the comparative advantage of Taiwan’s geographical location and promote R&D, and global logistics for attracting the multi-national enterprises to establish their head quarters in Taiwan. From the research results of this study, it shows that Taiwanese enterprises in mainland China should put more emphasis on their strategies alliances with those multi-national enterprises and forces on the global thinking for cutting their competitive edges. Keywords: Multi-National Enterprise, MNE, Behaviors of Investment, Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, strategies alliances, Mainland China, R&D

本研究以台灣地區（包括台北市、高雄市與台灣省）為範圍，鄉鎮市區為基本單元，1989年到1995年的立法委員選舉為標的，使用人文區位研究途徑，來分析區域發展與政黨競爭之間的關係。在代表政黨競爭的自變項上，分別以各政黨在立法委員選舉中的得票率競爭程度，以及各政黨的得票率為變數。至於描述區域發展的自變項上，主要可分成兩個部分。橫斷面上由自然區位因素（包括都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況、藍領階級比例、年輕人口比例、外省人口比例），以及政治區位因素（包括決算補助比例、縣市票源凝聚程度、鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度、縣市地方派系強度虛擬變項、鄉鎮市區派系強度虛擬變項）作為自變項。在縱剖面上，則以時間的虛擬變項作為自變項，以反映長期的影響因素。在以各政黨當屆立委得票率為依變項時，則再加入當屆省市議員與上屆立法委員各政黨的得票率，來測量選舉慣性的影響力。 此外，並分別由區分為三個集群的集群面，以及整體面來進行迴歸分析。 研究結果發現，在各模型中較為重要而顯著的變數都與假設方向一致。其中都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況、年輕人口比例，以及縣市票源凝聚程度會升高政黨競爭程度；而決算補助比、鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度，以及縣市級地方派系則會減弱政黨競爭程度。都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況，以及縣市票源凝聚程度對國民黨得票率不利，而外省人口比例則由1992年之前的有利，轉向為1995年的不利；但決算補助比例、縣市級地方派系強，以及鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度都對國民黨得票率有利。都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況以及縣市票源凝聚程度對民進黨得票率有利；而外省人口比例、決算補助比，以及鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度則對民進黨得票率不利。都市化程度、工商業場所單位經營狀況、外省人口比例，以及年輕人口比例，均對新黨得票率有利；決算補助比、鄉鎮市區票源凝聚程度，以及各級地方派系不論強弱，均對新黨得票率不利。 在合併時間序列的分析上，隨著時間的推演，政黨得票率競爭程度也隨之升高，同時對國民黨得票率愈來愈不利，而對民進黨得票率愈來愈有利。此外不論是對哪一個政黨的得票率來說，選舉慣性因素的影響力都相當顯著。不過不同選舉還是有所不同，以同類型的選舉影響較大。 另一方面，經由對R 值的觀察，我們也發現政治區位因素在多數的情況下，其解釋力會大於自然區位因素。同時區位因素最適合用以解釋新黨的得票率，不過整體而言多數模型都有解釋力愈來愈高的趨勢，顯示近年來區域發展因素對於政黨競爭的解釋力較過去提升不少。 最後，透過區分集群的方式，有助於突顯出特定區域類型，以表現出其中更為強烈或更為微弱的，區域發展與政黨競爭之間的關係。可避免僅就整體面進行分析，使這些集群的特性消失，反倒不易瞭解區域發展與政黨競爭之間的真正關係的缺失。 第一章　緒論 壹、政黨競爭與選舉 貳、台灣的選舉競爭：國民黨的控制與反對黨的興起 參、選舉研究：個體或總體 肆、區域與區域發展 伍、台灣的區域發展：進步但不均衡 陸、區域發展與政黨競爭 第二章 文獻檢閱 壹、區域發展與人文區位指標 貳、選舉競爭與總體資料研究 參、整合性研究的需要 第三章 理論架構與研究方法 壹、研究範圍與內容 貳、研究架構與假設 參、變數建構與資料來源 肆、統計方法 第四章 變數的典型相關與鄉鎮市區的集群分析 壹、典型相關分析 貳、集群分析 參、依變項在整體面與集群面上之觀察 肆、討論與小結 第五章 區域發展因素對政黨競爭的影響－集群面的觀察 壹、第一集群的分析結果 貳、第二集群的分析結果 參、第三集群的分析結果 肆、討論與小結 第六章 區域發展因素對政黨競爭的影響－整體面的觀察 壹、影響政黨得票率競爭程度的區域發展因素研究 貳、影響政黨得票率的區域發展因素研究 參、整體面與集群面的比較 參、討論與小結 第七章 結論 壹、研究回顧與成果 貳、檢討與建議 參考書目 附錄一 國內以人文區位指標進行區域發展研究的相關論文列表 附錄二 國內以人文區位途徑進行選舉研究的相關論文列表 附錄三 各變數之相關係數、平均數與標準差 附錄四 各迴歸分析詳細列表 附錄五 各變數資料 / The thesis is an ecological analysis of competition between major parties (the KMT, DPP, and NP) in the 1989, 1992, and 1995 elections for Taiwan's Legislative Yuan. The unit of analysis is the "Hsiang" (rural township), "Chen" (urban township), "Shih" (county city), or "Ch'u" (precict), and we separate all of the local area units into three clusters to obtain the ecological determinants of the degree of competition between major parties. We explore the relative influence of ecological conditions of local units on the election returns over the six year period. The results of regression analysis indicate that major significant variables are in accordance with theoretical assumptions. Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, high percentage of youth in the population, and high degree of voting consistency in a county can raise the degree of competition between major parties, but a high percentage of the budget from subsidies, law degree of voting consistency in a township, and strong county factions can reduce it. Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, and degree of voting consistency in a county have influence on the percentage of the vote lost by the KMT's candidates, and percentage of the budget from subsidies and strong local county factions influence the percentage of the vote won by the KMT's candidates. A high percentage of mainlanders contributes to the KMT's vote share before 1992, but becomes disadvantageous in 1995. Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, and degree of voting consistency in a county are beneficial to the DPP, but a high percentage of mainlanders, a high percentage of the budget from subsidies, and a high degree of voting consistency in a township are harmful to it. Urbanization, development of industry and commerce, a high percentage of mainlanders, and a high percentage of youth in the population have a positive influence on the NP's vote, but a high percentage of the budget from subsidies, a high degree of voting consistency in a township, and strong local factions have a negative influence towards it. Longitudinal analyses find that the time factor intensifies the degree of competition between major parties in favor of the DPP. Electoral inertia, or the retrospective effects of the last election, has a powerful influence on the vote share of the KMT, DPP, and NP. Also the same type of elections has more influence than different types. Finally, through clusters analyses we can identify various types of groups which reveal various relationships between development of regions and competition between major parties.

生產者服務業其有創新與改變技術的功能，亦有調節勞力分工擴張、加強組織內部關聯的作用，由於該等功能與作用對於生產力的提昇、就業機會的創造與貿易出口量的增加均具有重要意義，因此它被視為現代生產系統中重要的部門。本研究首先以Gemmell產業成長理論探討各台北都會區產業結構的變遷，證明服務業已然成為現代生產系統中重要的部門；再以產業感應度(sensibility)、影響度(dispersion)分析生產者服務業的產業關聯，證明生產者服務業以服務生產部門為主；爾後再以組織理論(organization theory)中彈性生產(flexible production)及勞力分工(labor division)兩個向度分析生產者服務業的成長及原因，證實生產者服務業能自我創造就業及創新技術獲致成長。其後再以區位商數及成長商數交叉分析生產者服務業在台北都會區的成熟度，顯示台北縣生產者服務業呈顯著的成長然未具輸出性，成熟度較台北市弱，但因接收台北市的廠商而擴張。繼之假設生產者服務業於空間分布受到其所服務的產業影響而分布，利用兩產業間密度斜率(density gradient)的牽動關係分析生產者服務業在空間移動的現象，藉以瞭解我國在生產者服務業所應有的產業區位政策。所得的結論有二：其一，生產者服務業興製造業分布呈現互斥的情況。另外，生產者服務業與人口分布呈現移動一致的現象，亦即生產者服務業與人口的分布，呈互補性顯著的情形。最後以生產者服務業內的國際貿易業為例，分析其路網結構(network concept)後證明該業的集中與台北都會區通訊便利性及聚集經濟不可分。 / Producer Services Industres have the functions of innovation and reformation skills, and the functions to regulate the extension of division of labor and strengthen internal organizational correlation. Since these functions are important for upgrading productivity, creating job opportunities and increasing quantity of export, they are regarded as a vital sector of modern production system. 　　First, this research tries to make use of Gemmell's Theory of Industrial Development to study the changes in the structure of industries. It shows that Services Sector has become an important sector of the whole modern production system. 　　Second, this research attempts to use industrial sensbility and dispersion to analyze the correlation of Producer Services Industries. It has proved that Service Sector is a major part of Producer Services Industries. 　　Third, this research employs two kinds of vector, such as flexible production from Organization Theory, and division of labor to analyze the development and factors of emergence of Producer Services Industry. It has proved that Producer Services Inustries can bring to creation of new jobs, innovation and development of skills. 　　Fourth, this research uses Location Quotient and Growth Quotient to crossexamine the degree of maturity of Producer Services Industries in Taipei Urban District. It has shown that Producer Services Industries in Taipei Hsian bears a distinct development but not in an output manner. The degree of maturity in Taipei Hsian is lesser than that of Taipei City. And Taipei Hsian can be expanded because of absorbing or attracting the holders of factories from Taipei City. 　　Fifth, this research assumes that in terms of spatial distribution, Producer Services Industries are distributed according to the influence of Industries served by Producer Services Industries. By means of the linking and relations of density gradients among industries, the phenomenon spatial movement can be illustrated. It can be regarded as a proper industrial district policy of Producer Services Industries. 　　Two points of conclusion can be made: 1) there is a repulsion for distribution between Producer Services Industry and Manufacturing Industry; 2) there is a phenomenon of concurrent movement between Producer Services Industries and distribution of population. It means that they have a distinct condition of mutual compenstaion. 　　Sixth, this research tries to make International Trade as an example of Producer services Industries, to analyze the network concept and prove that there are no any separations among concentration of this Industry, convenience of communication in Taipei Urban District and aggregate economy.

本研究著眼於台灣經濟轉型、中國經濟的崛起與台灣企業組織的變化，從台灣企業集團的總部設立、跨界投資的區位選擇及在地再投資三個面向進行討論，期望在既有的研究基礎上，就台灣廠商在兩岸投資區位佈點的考量提出完整性的觀察，並強化既有的研究。 首先，以台灣1000大製造業為研究樣本，選擇包括純辦公室使用、研發設計、台商一千大、跨國生產網絡、外資企業、員工人數、資本總額、知識密集型、傳統型製造業等變項分別代表總部功能、跨界治理能力及企業屬性三大類變數，透過二元羅吉特模型以及集群分析方法，探討台灣企業在首都、都會區以及生產性服務業及創新氛圍同質性地區的總部設立區位選擇行為。實證的結果發現，代表企業屬性變數的資產總額、員工人數和產業別明顯影響台灣製造業廠商在首都設立總部的區位選擇，而總部功能為純辦公室使用或設有研發機構者更傾向將總部設立於首都或都會區，跨界治理能力的影響則未能獲得證實。另外，過去國內在研究企業總部地點選擇研究上較少從創新氛圍角度出發，而本研究實證的結果發現，台灣製造業廠商企業總部的區位選擇不僅受到地區生產性服務業的影響，也受到地區創新氛圍的影響。 在跨界投資區位選擇部分，本研究以台灣250大企業集團中的知識密集型製造業集團為研究對象，以台灣、環渤海地區、長江三角洲地區、珠江三角洲地區為研究場域，選擇企業特性與投資區位條件變數，並以多項羅吉特模型進行實證分析。其中，企業特性變數為產業類別、投資經驗、投資時間等三項因子，而投資區位條件則有勞工薪資、市場規模、區域創新強度及外資投資強度等因子。實證結果發現，代表經濟發展階段的投資時間變項確實會影響企業集團的區位選擇行為，產業的類別不同其區位選擇也會不同，先前的投資經驗雖然影響區位選擇。但是與過去研究不同的是，本次實證發現對台灣企業來說面對相似而且鄰近的市場，進入新市場的動機可能比過去的投資經驗來得重要的多，同時投資區位條件亦會影響區位選擇行為。另外，過去較少直接連結廠商生產面的區域創新能力亦明顯影響企業集團的區位選擇，因此本研究認為區域創新活動對於跨國企業在地化取得知識及技術亦具有相當重要的意義。 在地再投資部分以台灣製造業1000大廠商中知識密集型製造業為研究對象，並以工業地域觀點所劃分的台灣地區北、中、南三大區域為研究場域，選擇包括在台投資經驗、總部區位、第一次投資決策、路徑依循等企業廠商組織決策之屬性變數，以及包含區域中科學園區的設立、產業專業化係數、雜異化指標等區域環境變數，透過多項羅吉特模型進行實證分析。實證的結果發現，總部區位確實影響後續再投資的工廠區位選擇，第一次的投資決策經驗對於第二次投資的區位選擇行為影響比總部區位的影響明顯，代表時間演進而產生路徑相依的地區經濟型態差異變項也確實會影響區位選擇行為。而當區域內科學園區的發展相較未臻成熟時，其區域的賦能仍不足以吸引企業廠商進駐，至於台灣企業的再投資區位選擇基於對區域特性的了解較偏好區域內工業地域的地方化經濟，而不偏好區域內工業地域的都市化經濟。 / Stressed on the Taiwanese economical transition, the up-rising of Chinese economy and the change of Taiwanese enterprise organization as well as based on the past research, this study explores the factors affecting location selection behavior of Taiwanese firms across Taiwan Strait from three aspects including the establishment of enterprise headquarter, cross-border investment and local re-investment. On the establishment of enterprise headquarter, the top 1000 manufacturing firms in Taiwan were sampled and some factors were analyzed including office type, R&D, multinational production network, foreign enterprise, number of employee, total asset, knowledge-intensive business, and traditional manufacturing firms. However, these factors could be classed into three fields: headquarter function, cross-border management ability and firm characteristics. Then, the location selection behavior of Taiwanese enterprise headquarter was examined by the techniques of binary logit model and cluster analysis technique among capital area, urban area and homogenous area with productive service industry and innovation-based cluster. The results of empirical analysis show that the factors represented firm characteristics including total asset, number of employee and enterprise type significantly affected the location selection of Taiwanese enterprise headquarter. Furthermore, it is also verified that the enterprise headquarter had been established in capital or urban area if the headquarter was provided with R&D or simply used as office, but the effect of cross-border management upon headquarter establishment is insignificant. The effect of innovation-based cluster upon location selection of enterprise headquarter is seldom studied in the past. However, according to empirical results in this study, they show that location selection of Taiwanese enterprise headquarter is affected not only by local Productive Service industry but also by regional innovation-based cluster. On the location selection of cross-border investment, this study focused on the area of Taiwan, Bohai Economic Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. The top 250 Taiwanese enterprise groups were taken into consideration, and the multinomial Logit model was adopted for empirical analysis in which firm characteristics and location conditions were chosen as research variables. Where, firm characteristics contained industrial type, investing experience and investment time, and location conditions included labor cost, market scale, regional innovation intensity and foreign investment intensity. The empirical results indicate that industrial type and investment time significantly affect the selection of investment locations. In contrast, investment experience only slightly influences the selection of investment locations. In addition, we find that entrepreneurial motivation to enter new markets may be much more influential than prior location investment experiences for Taiwanese enterprises functioning within similar markets. Regional differences shaping investment conditions in Taiwan and mainland China also affect the selection of investment locations. Our analysis shows a particularly strong linkage between regional innovation capacity and the selection of investment locations. This implies that regional innovation capacity plays a very important role in the selection of investment locations for multinational enterprises On local re-investment, the top 1000 knowledge-intensive manufacturers in Taiwan were the samples divided by region into the northern, central and southern Taiwan groups by administrative region. The factors affecting organizational decisions were the attribute variables, including Taiwan investment experience, headquarters location, first investment experience and path dependence; and the factors affecting location selection were the regional environment variables, including regional science park status, industry specialization coefficient and Hirschman-Herfindahl index (HHI). The multinomial Logit model was used for empirical analysis, and the results show that the headquarters location affects plant location selection in re-investment, and the first investment experience has a more significant effect on the plant location selection in the second investment than the headquarters location, suggesting that the path-dependent heterogeneity in regional economic style developed over time affects location selection. Also, the immaturity of regional science parks affects plant location selection when regional empowerment cannot attract enterprises. Lastly, Taiwanese enterprises prefer regions with localized economies to regions with urbanized economies for plant location selection.

近年來，國內有許多研究提倡大眾運輸導向發展 (Transit Oriented Development)的理念，政府也大力推動大眾運輸系統的建設，其中最為重要的是捷運的建設，在台北都會區，捷運路網的建設正逐步完成，與捷運建設息息相關的捷運聯合開發(Transit Jointed Development)也隨之蓬勃發展，同時，捷運聯合開發亦是我國推動大眾運輸導向發展普遍的作法之一。目前台北都會區目前共有82處聯合開發基地，已完工基地有35處，可容納6,317個家戶，以及755,773.69帄方公尺樓地板面積，對於減緩日益嚴重的都市住宅問題，有一定程度的幫助。但在規劃聯合開發住宅時，聯合開發住宅在不同類型、特性之捷運場站中，將面臨到許多問題，如：純住宅型態或住商混合型態較能符合民眾之需求？哪些家戶會選擇聯合開發住宅？又其家戶類型以及選擇原因為何？這些問題如何解決，係本研究欲探討之內容，因此，本研究以台北捷運聯合開發已完工且辦理租售作業之開發基地作為研究對象，並篩選出9處聯合開發基地進行實證研究，透過問卷調查的方式，瞭解民眾之聯合開發住宅選擇行為與旅運行為，並透過二項與多項羅吉特模型，探討影響民眾聯合開發住宅選擇行為之影響因素。 實證結果發現，在旅運行為方面，聯合開發住宅住戶之大眾運輸使用率大幅增加，在通勤時間與花費方面，通勤時間與花費均減少。除此之外，聯合開發住宅住戶之汽車持有率與使用頻率均大幅減少。在家戶特性方面，捷運聯合開發住宅住戶之家戶規模普遍較小，且家計負責人之年紀普遍較為年輕，進一步形成其他特性，如：就學人口比例較低、家戶月收入較低等。在影響因素方面，家戶規模、住宅帄均單價、住宅規模對民眾選擇不同類型之聯合開發住宅有顯著影響。最後依據實證結果，建議未來聯合開發住宅之規劃應加入TOD的規劃原則，對於聯合開發住宅之坪數、商業面積，應依捷運場站之類型進行調整，使聯合開發住宅之效益達到最大。 / In recent years, there are many researches promote the idea of the transit-oriented development. The government also vigorously promotes this infrastructure projects. One of the most important projects is the development of the MRT system. In Taipei metropolitan area, while the construction of the MRT network is gradually completed, the transit jointed dvelopment is also flourishing. Moreover, transit jointed development is the most common way in order to promote TOD. Currently, there are 82 Transit Jointed Development bases in Taipei metropolitan area. 35 of the bases have already completed, which can accommodate 6,317 household with 75,577,369 square meters of floor area. It certainly will help to alleviate the problem of urban housing. However, in planning of the Jointed Residential Development, it will face many problems due to the different types of characteristics of the MRT station. For example, which households will choose a jointed development dewilling? What is the reason of choosing jointed development dewilling? How to solve these problems? These are the contents of the study. Therefore, in this study, we target the bases that have already been completed and applied for rental operations in transit jointed development as the research object, and select 9 of them for the empirical research. In order to understand people’s choice behavior in jointed development dewilling, we use survey as a method, and explore the factors that affect people’s choice behavior by applying Binary Logit and Multinomial Logit Models. The results of empirical research show that households in the jointed development dewilling increase their public transport usage and reduce their commuting time and costs. In addition, their car ownership rate and frequency of use are significantly reduced. In the aspect of household characteristics, the households in the jointed development in the household scale are generally small and relatively young age of the householder. Those characteristics are going to further the formation of the other features, such as: the lower the proportion of student population and lower income households. Impact factors, such as the size of the household, the average residential price, residential scale on the people choose different types of joint development dewilling have a significant effect. Finally, according to the empirical results, it is recommended that the TOD should be added to the planning principle of the future Joint Residential Development. For the Jointed Residential Development, the size of house and commercial area should be adjusted along with the MRT in order to maximize the efficiency.