本研究動機是希望透過Web 2.0服務以善用集體智慧，目的在建立一個Web2.0服務發展的管理架構。從文獻中，我們整理Web2.0服務發展的特性，發現共創者和訪客的取得是經營Web2.0服務最重要的任務。根據印象管理理論以及臉書和維基百科兩個Web2.0服務發展過程，這項研究提出了一個四階段的Web 2.0服務發展生命週期。這四個階段依序是：模式確立、創新傳播、社群擴展和服務再造。除此之外，針對每一個階段，這項研究提出四個管理面向。這四個管理面向是：共創者管理、內容管理、控制管理和動態能力管理。接著我們深入探討台灣六個Web2.0服務的案例—玩運彩、愛評網、地圖日記、愛合購、MyGo和WEnews，進一步驗證我們提出的管理架構，並且豐富我們對Web2.0服務發展生命周期的認識。透過對於Web2.0服務發展生命週期的深入探討，期許研究成果能提供給Web 2.0服務管理者做為在管理上的參考依據。 / This study is motivated by the prospect of harvesting the collective intelligence of the Internet via Web 2.0 services and aims at building a framework for the management of Web 2.0 services development. By reviewing specific features of Web 2.0 services, we identify the acquisition of co-creators and viewers as the most influential task of Web 2.0 service development. Based on impression management theory and two typical Web 2.0 cases—Facebook and Wikipedia—we distinguish four phases of co-creator and viewer development throughout the life cycle of Web 2.0 services. The four phases are: model establishment, innovation dispersion, community expansion, and service re-invention. Besides, we also identify four dimensions of the management of Web 2.0 services development. The four dimensions are: co-creator, content, control, and dynamic capability. The four phases and the four management dimensions of Web 2.0 service development life cycle are then validated by industry experts and enriched by six Taiwan Web 2.0 service cases—PlaySport, iPeen, AnswerBox, ihergo, MyGo and WEnews. It is hoped that the elaboration of the life cycle of Web 2.0 services development can provide strategic input into the management of Web 2.0 services.

近年來，法律繼受之下的諸多問題，逐漸引起了法學界的關注。同時，本土法社會學研究的興起，也一改往昔靜態、平面、工具式的法律觀點，轉而朝向以動態、空間、互動關係的角度詮釋法律。從而，繼受法律在地實踐的情形如何？有無達成法律的實效性？成為法學研究首要面對的議題。 面對法律實效性的問題，除了以往工具式法律觀所看到的「法律有無達成其目的」的表象層次以外，其真正問題的核心，在於「法意識層次」。亦即，法律背後的價值取捨與規範精神能否與被規範者的法意識相契合。欲探究此問題，必須在現實生活中界定一個半自主的社會領域，並藉由經驗性的實證研究方法，進入當事人法意識的觀點，去理解他們是如何界定合法/非法之間的界限，才得以窺見那個隱然存在、不斷變動又真正具有實效性的實質規範體系。再者，我們還必須進入具體個案事實的脈絡中，找出影響法意識的諸多文化特質因素，以理解實質規範體系與法意識之間的循環建構過程，及其在繼受法律影響之下，兩者如何交錯？當事人處在規範交錯下，又面臨如何之困境？唯有如此，方得以找出問題的癥結，進而解決問題。 本研究以公務人員保障法第17條－這個在2003年修正時，自德國引進的命令異議制度－為例，以深入訪談公務人員的方法，觀察繼受法律在我國公務機關的實踐情形。研究結果發現：上、下級公務人員在執行職務上的互動方式，與命令異議制度的設計不同。長官對部屬的互動方式，包括：口頭下命、辦公室面商、口耳相傳或迂迴責罵、原簽退回或推遲公文、貼便條紙等；部屬對長官的互動方式，則包括：公文書打筆仗、拖延辦案、找同事一起負責或更換承辦人、保留便條紙或影印公文、寫辦案日記、知會政風室等。在公務人員的法意識中，命令異議制度所課予的報告義務，時常令他們難以啟齒；部屬向長官報告的合法範圍，也被限縮在「謙恭有禮、察言觀色、顧慮長官面子」的界限之內。再者，命令異議制度所設計的請求書面下達命令，幾乎全然被認定是屬於非法的行為，現實運作當中近乎等於是無法請求。而命令異議制度所界定的服從義務界限，實質上根本沒能撼動過去威權體制之下的絕對服從觀念，甚且反而使其更為鞏固。因此，命令異議制度在我國公務機關實踐的實效性不佳。 深究問題之原由，係公務人員法意識所建構之實質規範體系有別於命令異議制度，且其對於合法/非法界限如何界定的思維邏輯，也與實定法律體系的三段式論證邏輯不同。再者，研究發現：公務人員的法意識中存在著許多文化特質因素，包括了：人情義理的考量、規範模糊與權限含混、缺乏公眾支持的大環境、對裁量合法性與裁量主體性的偏差認知、對人與對事無法清楚劃分、關係連結等。此等因素，在實質規範體系與法意識的循環建構過程中，扮演關鍵性的「透鏡」角色。就是因為此等文化特質因素的層層檢驗，造成了命令異議制度與實質規範體系之間不對等的交錯。在此規範交錯之下，當事人不得已而進入一種宣稱與實質分裂的困境。欲解決困境，可能的方法不外乎是削減足以發揮透鏡效果的文化特質因素，或是基於此等文化特質因素，回頭針對命令異議制度進行潤飾。如此，才有機會找回命令異議制度在地實踐的實效性。

以哲學的角度來關注自我、他人與世界的關係，可以從各種面向來談論，這其 中包括意識、行動等關鍵概念，柏格森以「生命綿延」為存在的基本單元，在 創造的過程中，融合意識與行動於生命的整體經驗之中。德勒茲的柏格森詮 釋，對此創造過程進行了存有學的奠基，以「虛擬性」為柏格森哲學的最終原 則，形成了一種柏格森主義。本論文試圖延著德勒茲的柏格森詮釋，返回柏格 森的諸文本，考察柏格森與德勒茲詮釋下的柏格森面對虛擬的方式與態度有何 異同，進而呈顯出各自對生命創造的動態存有論之理論特徵與意蘊。從而，可 以藉由對意識與行動處理方式的展開，以更新的態度與眼界去重新面對自我、 他人與世界的關係。 本論文將於第一章概述德勒茲的《柏格森主義》之詮釋脈絡與相關問題；第二 章將帶出與意識及行動相關的身心問題，如何在柏格森的哲學脈絡下轉換為動 態生命之虛擬與現實的問題；第三章將從意識層面處理生命綿延與自由行動之 關係與連結；第四章將從行動層面帶出生命綿延之創造過程的特徵與意義。並 在經過考察之後，於結論提示出柏格森的哲學在德勒茲詮釋之外的其他意涵與 在當代脈絡下的可能發展。 關 / From the philosophical point of view, the relationships between self, others, and world are considered in various ways, which include consciousness, action and other key concepts. Henri Bergson suggested "duration of life" as the basic unity of the existence. In the process of creating , consciousness and action are integrated into the whole experience of life. According to Gilles Deleuze's interpretation of Bergson, the process of creating became the foundation of Bergson’s ontology. The concept of "virtuality" palys the role as the ultimate principle of the philosophy of Bergson, and therefore, the interpretation forms a kind of bergsonism. In this paper, with the context of the Deleuze’s interpretation of Bergson, the author tries to return to the Bergson’s own texts , examine the similar or different points of view and attitudes toward "virtual" between the Deleuze’s interpretation of Bergson and Bergson himself, and then manifest the theorical characteristics and meanings of their dynamic ontologies in life creating. Eventually, after disclosing the operations of consciousness and action, one can get an attitude and a horizon renewed to rehold the relationships between self, others, and world. In the first chapter, it will focus on Deleuze's "Bergsonism", elucidating the context of interpretation and the related issues; in the second chapter, it will bring out that in the context of Bergson's philosophy, how the mind and body issue related to consciousness and action concerns about the issue of dynamic life between virtual and actual.; in the third chapter, from the consciousness side, it will deal with the relationships and connections between duration of life and free act; in the fourth chapter, from the action side, it will deal with the characteristics and meanings in the process of creating of duration of life. After the examinations, the conclusion will suggest the other significations of Bergson’s philosophy except of Deleuze's interpretation and explore the potential developments in the contemporary thinking.

雲端運算帶來商機，同時也產生經營挑戰，各種雲端服務於眾說紛[雲]或各自表述的狀況下，從界定雲端服務內容、產業分析、科技發展、產品生命週期、新市場機會及個案公司營運…等方向探討後，提出系統整合商T公司如何有方法來選擇新市場機會，及明確的定位其因應雲端的策略。 協助T公司持續於競爭的產業鏈下，以白地策略來分辨新市場機會及提出可能的雲端運算新商業模式建議。 / Cloud computing brings not only business opportunities but also managerial challenges. All kinds of cloud computing vary in defining the cloud service, industry analysis, technology development, production life cycle, new market opportunities, T company business direction …and etc. By considering all topics, we will provide a system solution to assist T company locating the stand, making cloud market strategy, and finding their way in a right direction. Under keen challenges from the supply chain and apply white space strategy, we will continuously assist T company discovering new market opportunities and providing suggestions for new business models with potential cloud computing.

語言是文化的一部分，反映出一個民族的歷史傳統、生活方式與價值判斷，呈現其獨有的世界圖景，並與其他民族有所區別。生活環境的變遷會影響人的思維模式與價值取向，兩次世界大戰是至今為止人類社會所進行最大規模、傷亡最為慘重的全球性戰爭，長期處在戰爭的緊張情緒狀態之下，人的內心變得脆弱敏感，對事物的認知與感受力更加強化並且具體。 戰爭對俄羅斯民族與文化的影響可以從文學、電影、音樂等各方面探討。歌曲是大眾文化之一，歌詞的語言精練，篇幅不長卻具有完整的意境，而且帶有旋律，容易廣為流傳。歌詞的語言能夠概括地表達歌曲的意境與氛圍。本論文希望能透過歌詞文本的詞彙與概念分析，建構出俄羅斯戰爭歌曲的語言世界圖景。 本論文從俄羅斯戰爭歌曲中的關鍵詞彙探討俄羅斯語言文化的重要概念：祖國、勝利、愛、命運、生死與幸福，除了可以具體呈現抽象的俄羅斯民族心智，以語言學習的角度而言，理解這些概念所構成的語言世界圖景有助於了解俄羅斯民族的語言與文化，更能有效掌握重要詞彙的運用。本論文的語料來自俄羅斯戰爭歌曲的歌詞，除可作為語言學習者與教學者的語言文化、歷史主題課程補充教材，對於翻譯領域以及字典編撰領域也提供進一步的思考面向，更可為往後探討不同時代、類型或主題的歌曲中之語言世界圖景的研究提供參考與對照。

關於台灣40-70年代幼兒教育史的研究至今仍以鉅觀探究為主，然而此時期幼兒教育的發展，主要由少數學者推動、開拓而成，其「為何而為」、「如何實踐」尚待探究。 本研究以生命史研究取向，探究一位走過台灣40-70年代的幼兒教育工作者，透過其職業史，探究其職業生涯歷程與社會文化脈絡的關連性，作為瞭解台灣幼教在開拓時期的一個生命性路徑。另外，從生命史觀點，探求個體何以成為幼師，並在其時代背景做出與大多數人相悖的決定，從事幼教工作40年。 通過詮釋歷程，描繪其幼教專業實踐圖像「幼教專業的開拓與轉化」： 一、變動環境中的機緣，作為生命主體開拓的動力 二、幼教專業認同與拋光實踐 三、生命實踐的轉化與傳承 最後，給予未來在「幼師專業」、「幼教師培」及「課程與教學」研究議題上的一些建議。 關鍵字：幼兒教育史、生命史、教師專業實踐 / The researches about the history of early childhood education during 1950-1980 in Taiwan were mostly focus on macro-scope. While during the time, the development in early childhood education was opened up and promoted by a few scholars. It is needed to take more micro-scope view on “Why” and “How” they did it. This research applies life history method approach to study the pioneer of Taiwanese early childhood education in 1950-1980. By analyzing the material of her professional history, the connection of her vocation and social-cultural context is revealed, which is regarded as a life-roadmap for understanding the pioneering era of Taiwanese early childhood education. Moreover, life history method approach is also applied when discussed why individual became an early childhood educator and made decisions against mainstream—devoted oneself into early childhood education for more than 40 years. Through the interpretation, the profession practice map, “the pioneering and transformation of professional early childhood education,” of Mrs. Gao, Huai Sheng is depicted: 1.The opportunities in changing environment as the motivation of a subject. 2.The identity of early childhood education profession and its profession practice. 3.The transformation and passing down of the life practice. Finally, the paper gives some advises on the future research about “the early education profession “, “ teacher education” and “curriculum and teaching.” Key words: history of early childhood education、life history method、 teacher’s profession practice

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本研究以旅遊地生命週期理論為基礎，發展出四個階段的旅遊社區發展模式，釐清社區旅遊發展中各階段的特色，並且找出階段轉換之間的重要里程碑。除了階段特色外，在各個發展時期中，也進一步探討社區發展與其利益關係人所扮演的角色與給予的資源支持。希望旅遊社區發展模式的提出，能夠作為台灣地區未來社區進行觀光旅遊發展時的參考，幫助社區進行管理決策。 本研究以新社、九份及白米地區作為個案研究對象，並且透過文獻探討、次級資料的蒐集與訪談，進一步了解個案地區目前發展情形與發展各階段的重大事件，作為旅遊社區發展模式修正與改進之依據。 本研究共有五項發現，第一，整理並歸納出社區發展的四階段的各階段特色與階段轉換的重要里程碑，第二，以此四階段為劃分依據，探討各階段利益關係人角色與態度之轉變，第三，當社區處於鞏固期或衰退期，在特定條件下，外來的負面影響能促使社區進入再生期，第四，具有觀光吸引力的社區，才得以發展社區旅遊，第五，社區自治團體在社區發展中扮演著相當重要的角色，社區自治團體能幫助社區更成功發展旅遊產業。基於以上資料分析，本研究同時對個案社區、欲發展旅遊產業的社區及未來研究提供相關建議，期望提供未來研究者進一步的參考。 / This study derived a tourism community development model based on the theory of tourism area life cycle. Four stages of the model and their corresponding features were identified. In addition, tis study has found the milestones of transferring between stages and explored the roles and contributions of stakeholders to the community development. This model is expected to provide advices and references for the decision making of community management. Three communities, Shin-she, Jiou-fen and Bai-mi communities were selected as the research targets, and several techniques were applied to conduct the study including literature review secondary data collection, and in-depth interviews. As a result, several important findings were recorded. First, four stages of the development of tourism community with specific features for each stage were identified, and the milestones transferring from one stage to the next stage were defined. Second, the roles of the stakeholders at each stage were recognized and their changing attitudes among different stage were discussed. Third, under specific conditions, the negative effect (e. g., war, disease and natural disasters) will force a community to enter the rejuvenation stage from consolidation or decline stages. Fourth, only the community with tourism attractions can become a successful tourism community. Fifth, the community autonomy organizations play a critical role in the successful development of tourism communities. Some managerial suggestions were provided to the three case communities and other communities which are planning to develop as tourism communities. Moreover, future research directions were proposed based on the findings in the study.

1989年中東歐政局發生重大變化，波蘭、匈牙利與捷克斯洛伐克共黨在社會團體與民運人士大規模抗議下交出政權，結束此區域長久以來的共黨統治。1991年斯洛維尼亞正式脫離南斯拉夫，波海三國亦獲獨立，中東歐新興國家開始民主轉型。本文首先探討促成1989年中東歐民主革命的外部因素，如較和緩的國際情勢、蘇共自由化政策、美國及國際組織援助等，接著以捷克為個案，分析外部因素對絲絨革命及民主化之作用。 赫爾辛基最後議定書等關於民主與人權的文件，鼓舞了七七憲章之草擬；波蘭與匈牙利的政局變化，對捷克斯洛伐克產生示範作用，異議人士、環保團體或宗教力量跨國串連，輔以西方媒體作用，是絲絨革命動員的契機。與1968年受華約軍隊鎮壓的布拉格之春相比，絲絨革命得以成功，蘇共總書記Mikhail Gorbachev (Михаил Горбачёв)放棄干涉中東歐國家內政是重要關鍵，強硬的捷共政府因而失去壓制國內民主訴求的正當性。 此後捷克「回歸歐洲」外交走向，使歐安組織、歐洲理事會與美國運用民主、人權規範及各項援助，深化其轉型程度。北約和歐盟以會籍作為條件設定，直接或間接散播民主規範，並透過捷克當地政治菁英及政黨，歐盟外部治理成功使人民對歐洲化及歐盟產生認同。2003年入盟公投通過後，歐盟外部治理有了民意基礎，影響力更為強化，主導捷克民主發展。 / In 1989 the unexpected enormous democratic revolutions in Central and Eastern European countries led to the crash of the communist governments in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Two years later, officially departing from Yugoslavia, Slovenia started its own democratic transition, and the Baltic states also attained independence from the Soviet Union. First of all, we would like to discuss the external factors triggering the democratic revolutions in this area in 1989, such as the less tense international circumstances, the liberal reforms of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the assistance from the US and the relative international organizations. Then the discussion goes further to the case of the Czech Republic to make it clear how external factors affected the Velvet Revolution and how democratic values were promoted in the Czech Republic. The Helsinki Final Act, announced for democracy and the human rights in 1975, inspired the publication of Charter 77. The political change in Poland and Hungary turned into demonstration effect on Czech politics. Besides, the transnational connection of dissidents or the religion groups, and the western media both facilitated the mobilization for a democratic regime. Compared to the Prague Spring of 1968, crushed by the invading Soviet troops, the success of the Velvet Revolution was largely contributed by Mikhail Gorbachev’s decision not to interfere in the internal affairs in this area. Thus, the Czech communist government lost its legitimacy to suppress democratic campaigns. With the slogan “Return to Europe,” Czech Republic had made it possible for international activists including OSCE, COE and the US to impose their influences on Czech’s transition to democracy. In the accession process to the EU/ NATO, western activists spread democracy norms into the Czech Republic directly or indirectly by conditionality. Through local political elites and political parties, the EU successfully built Czech people’s identity toward EU by its external governance. Meanwhile, the positive result of Czech’s EU entry referendum in 2003 even strengthened EU’s influence as a leading external role in Czech’s democratization after the Velvet Revolution.

No description available.