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比較墨西哥與台灣金融體制自由化—國際政治經濟學的分析王怡萱, Wang,Yi-Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
在二次世界大戰之後,美、英兩國主導建構的國際金融體制,稱為「布雷頓森林體系」(Bretton Woods System),這個體系在一九七一年解體後,國際金融就沒有明確的制度規範,再加上資訊科技的發展、各國資本帳的自由化、各國資本市場的規模擴大、以及多國籍企業對資金移動的需要,使得國際金融規模益大、流動速度益快、全球金融的整合益強。國際金融因此對國際政治、國內政治都產生了顯著的影響。
近二十年來國際間接連發生的金融危機,正透露出改革過程中,國家適應緩慢的徵候。以一九九四年墨西哥的債務危機為例,自一九八二年開始墨西哥由於外匯短缺,停止償還外債,巴西、阿根廷及智利等國亦跟進,引發債務危機,整個八0年代拉丁美洲國家接連遭受經濟危機的挑戰,被喻為「失去的十年」。終於從一九八0年代末期一九九0年代初期以後,拉丁美洲開始了另一次發展策略上的巨大轉折,接受國際貨幣基金會的建議,採取新自由主義的改革方案,透過經濟開放、金融自由化和提高出口數量等方式,逐步走出債務危機的陰影,然而,這波拉丁美洲國家改革的成功果實並沒有延續整個九0年代。一九九四年十二月二十日墨西哥當局宣布放寬政府干預披索匯率上限,從3.4712兌一美元,調整為4.0016兌一美元,此舉又再度引爆墨西哥外匯市場的大幅賣壓,帶來另一場金融危機。
墨西哥的案例或許是一個借鏡,我國於加入世界衛生組織後,金融自由化與市場開放的壓力勢必難以抵擋,如何面對國際金融體制轉變帶來的改革壓力,並承擔改革過程中經歷的變動與危機,將是本論文關注的焦點。本文將比較分析墨西哥與台灣這兩個發展中國家的金融改革經驗,檢視兩國進行金融自由化的同時,國內金融體制如何進行調適與改革等相關議題。
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國際政治因素對於匯率體制與政策的影響:以人民幣匯率為例 / The Effect of International Politics on Exchange Rate Regime and Policies: the Case of Chinese Currency趙文志, Chao,Wen chih Unknown Date (has links)
本論文討論的問題是,國際政治因素對於匯率體制與政策有沒有影響?如果有影響,則國際政治因素如何影響匯率體制與匯率政策變化?國際政治因素影響匯率體制與匯率政策變化的程度有多大?我們希望透過以上問題的探討確認國際政治因素與匯率體制和匯率變化有無關係,然後分析國際政治因素透過怎樣的方式與機制來影響匯率體制與匯率政策,進而瞭解匯率變動與國際政治因素之間的因果關係為何?
在上述問題下,我們有以下的研究假說:
(一)匯率體制與名目匯率的變動除了受國內政治因素與經濟因素的影響外,國際政治因素對於匯率的變動亦是有影響。
(二)政府對於匯率政策的思考除了考量國內政治與經濟因素外,也考慮國際政治壓力因素。
(三)市場交易者對於匯率的預期與作為,除了受到總體經濟指標與國內政治局勢發展的影響外,也受到國際政治情勢變化的影響。
(四)國際貿易失衡下,貿易順差國對貿易逆差國依賴度上升,假如貿易逆差國為一強權國家,則強權國家會對貿易順差國有影響力。例如,兩國(A與B兩國)貿易失衡,A國在貿易順差累積大量外匯存底情況下,勢必會使得該國對於B國貿易依賴程度加深。在貿易失衡情況下,如果B國為強權國家,龐大貿易逆差的B國對於A國將會產生影響力。
在這些研究問題與假說下,本文將以人民幣匯率作為研究個案,藉由個案探討去回答上述問題。所以,我們探討人民幣匯率與匯率體制是否受到國際政治壓力?其次是國際社會如何對人民幣施壓?第三是中國政府與決策者如何反應?第四是市場如何反應與考量國際壓力對匯率的影響?最後是提出初步研究結果與結論。
根據本文研究,針對本文研究問題,我們認為:
首先,國際政治因素對匯率體制與名目匯率有沒有影響?而根據研究結果,我們的答案是肯定的。不過這個肯定的答案必須建構在下面的假設上,第一是兩國必須處於貿易失衡的關係,同時貿易逆差國為一強權國家。其次是在假設一之下,政府對匯率政策的思維不只是考量國內經濟與國內政治,也考量國際政治壓力。
其次第二個問題是國際政治因素如何影響匯率體制與匯率水平的變化。根據研究顯示,國際政治影響匯率體制與匯率水平的方式包括:公開施壓、雙邊高層官員會談、國際會議聯合施壓、甚至貿易制裁手段。通常首先透過公開發言的方式對貿易順差國施壓,要求貿易順差國對於經貿失衡現象做出相應措施,其中以調整匯率為主要要求,其次進一步透過雙邊高層官員直接面對面討論相關議題,藉由談判過程直接施加壓力,第三,則是在國際會議場合中和其他國家聯手施壓,對於匯率議題表達一致的立場形成聯合壓力,去迫使貿易順差國調整匯率制度與水平。第四則是威脅貿易制裁,透過提案以及口頭威脅貿易制裁方式,加重施壓的力道,對貿易順差國進一步施壓,最後則是實施貿易制裁。
第三個研究問題是國際政治因素影響匯率體制與名目匯率變化的程度有多大?從中國人民幣的案例中,我們可以發現,中國一開始面對來自國際壓力時就強硬表示不會改變現行匯率體制與水平。其強調由於中國本身經濟發展狀況與國內金融體制不健全,在加上美國貿易赤字並非完全中國所造成的,所以目前並沒有改變的需要。
但隨著不斷增加的雙邊貿易逆差與國際壓力,中國雖然仍沒有改變中國匯率體制與水平,但也開始改變表示願意思考人民幣改革的可能性並將人民幣完全自由浮動,完全由市場供需來決定作為最後終極目標。甚至到最後出其不意的改變人民幣匯率體制並升值2.1%。這顯示在中國改革人民幣過程中,國際政治因素扮演重要的角色,發揮重要影響力。因為在堅持不變的理由中,中國始終以國內經濟因素與中國內部穩定的政治性理由來拒絕國際社會的要求,但在最後改革的說帖中,中國也承認國際壓力是其推動匯率改革的重要因素,可見除了國內經濟與政治面向的考量外,國際政治因素也是具有重大影響力。 / This paper discusses whether exchange rate regimes and exchange rate policies are affected by international politics, as well as how international politics affect exchange rate regimes and exchange rates. By examining these questions, I would like to analyze the mechanism by which international politics affect exchange rates and figure out the relationship among exchange rate regime, policies and international politics.
This paper puts forth four hypotheses.
First of all, exchange rate regimes and exchange rates are not only affected by domestic politics and economic factors, but they are also affected by international politics.
Second, decisions regarding exchange rate policies made by governments are based on international politics, domestic politics and economic factors.
Third, the behavior and expectations of market traders are also affected by macro economic index, domestic political situation and international political situation.
Forth, under bilateral trade imbalance, state B which is a great power and has large trade deficit with state A has influence on state A. State A and State B have an imbalance trade relationship. State A which has a large trade surplus will increase dependence on state B.
Under these hypotheses, the author would like to answer the above questions by discussing the case of the Chinese currency, the Renminbi (RMB). Hence, the case study will ask the following questions. First of all, was the Chinese currency reform made on July 21, 2005 by the Chinese government affected by international politics? Second, how did the international community press the Chinese government to reform exchange rate regime? Third, how did the Chinese government respond to pressures from the international community and market? Fourth, how did market traders respond to and interpret interactions between the Chinese government and the international community.
The research achieved the following results.
First of all, under hypotheses two and four, exchange rate regimes and policies are affected by international politics.
Second, ways which international politics affect exchange rates and regimes are through public pressure, bilateral official talks, trade sanctions, and oral threats. Public pressure is when a state with trade deficit asks a state which has trade surplus to adjust the exchange rate to reduce trade surplus. Bilateral official talks are when decision makers on both sides negotiate with each other for imbalance trade relationship. Exchange rate is an important dimension to negotiation. Trade sanctions are the last step to make the state which has trade surplus adjust exchange rate. Oral threats can be uses with the above mentioned measures.
Third, in the case of RMB, the Chinese government rejected the international community’s request to adjust exchange and regime. Because of the weakness of China’s economic development and its unhealthy financial systems, the Chinese government rejected adjustments of exchange rate and regime under pressure from international communities. The Chinese government does not think that the undervalue of Chinese currency is the main reason of U.S. trade deficit and emphasized that there is no need to change RMB exchange rate and regime.
With increasing trade surplus and pressure from international community, the Chinese government started to change its attitude towards the issue of RMB exchange rate. The Chinese government expressed that it was willing to consider the possibility of exchange rate reform, and movement of RMB exchange rate was fully determined by market forces.
On July 21, 2005, the Chinese government adjusted regime and level of Chinese currency unexpectedly. The reform on July 21, 2005 implied that international politics played an important role in the exchange rate reform. Although the Chinese government denied that exchange rate reform was made under international pressure, international pressure is one of the main reasons behind the Chinese government changing the exchange rate policy according to the U.S. official’s testimony before the committee of Congress. The Chinese government reiterated that reform on July 21, 2005 was carried out according to the development of domestic economic development. But because of that, U.S. officials expressed that Chinese officials made a commitment of reform to them in bilateral talks, so we can understand that the international community has influence on the policy of exchange rate reform in addition to factors of domestic economy and politics.
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尼布爾的政治思想黃昭弘, HUANG, ZHAO-HONG Unknown Date (has links)
本論文是就美國當代思想家尼布爾(Reinhold Niebuhu, 1892-1971) 的政治思想,加
以系統的整理、分析、評價與比較。為論述的方便本論文共分成七章。
第一章:尼布爾的生平與著作。尼布爾的政治思想是時代的產物。因此研究他的政治
思想必須由他的生平與所處的時代著手。
第二章:有罪的人─論人性。雖說尼布爾的政治思想是時代的產物,但是他對於政治
問題的分析卻是基於基督教的人性觀。尼布爾承襲了奧古斯丁的「原罪觀」,認為人
人都是有罪的。由於人人都有罪,因此人人都有權力的慾望。尼布爾就是由這種對人
性的基本看法而推論出整個政治思想的體系。
第三章:權力鬥爭的社會─論權力。尼布爾主張,人是社會的動物,個人不能離群索
居。又主張,政治的行為主要是在團體與團體之間的關係中表達的,而具有權力慾望
的個人所結合而成的團體(社會)與團體之間的關係,必然是種權力鬥爭的關係。
第四章:權力的規範─論政治倫理。權力運用不當,結果必然造成權力的腐化。因此
權力必須加以適當的規範。權力的規範也就是政治的倫理。尼布爾在論政治倫理時,
是由基督教的倫理開始討論的。他認為最高的倫理標準是「愛」─一種犧牲的愛。但
是這個絕對的倫理標準有罪的人是永遠達不到的。
第五章:合理的政治社會─論政府與民主。公道是政治社會的最高倫理規範,那麼一
個政治社會如何才能達到公道的標準呢?尼布爾指出,一個政治社會必須首先以政府
的力量建立秩序,這是建立公道的政治社會的首一步驟。次一步驟,必須政府的權力
有外有制度上的制衡,期使政府的權力既維持秩序又不損及公道。
第六章:世界秩序的維持─論國際政治。在尼布爾的觀念裡,國際社會與國家社會一
樣,也存在著團體(國家)與團體(國家)之間的權力鬥爭,團體(國家)間權力鬥
爭的結果也會造成國際社會無政府的混亂狀態。可是為解決國際社會的無政府狀態,
尼布爾並不如解決國家社會的無政府狀態那樣,以民主的政府加以解決。
第七章:結論。本章是就尼布爾的政治思想作一綜合的論述,共加以適當的檢討與評
價。尼布爾的政治思想是二十世紀旳時代呼聲。研究他的思想,可有助於我人瞭解時
代的現象,也有助於我人解決時代的問題。
關於本論文的寫作方法,有一點必須加以說明:本論文的撰寫,除了分章節之外,各
章(第一章與第七章除外)之後都有結語。為了行文的方便,各章的本文著重在尼布
爾思想的闡述與分析。如有進一步說明必要者,或有撰者個人意見者,大都在註解中
說明。結語則就各該章的主要論點加以綜合論述,並提出個人的批評,在適當處並與
中西相關思想家的朼想加以比較。 /
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跳脫國際政治的攻勢及守勢現實主義:體系穩定的互動與結構解釋之嘗試 / Beyond the Offensive and Defensive Realism in the International Politics: An Attempt of Interaction and Structure Explanations on the Stability of the International System楊仕樂, Yang, Shih-Yueh Unknown Date (has links)
本文試圖為當前現實主義中,國際政治理論發展的問題與瓶頸,作一概略的檢視、提出可能的倡議,並進行實證研究加以檢驗。本文發現攻勢與守勢現實主義之爭,是理論發展上不必要的誤會,現實主義內的理論爭議,其實仍是分析層次的問題:單元層級的解釋混亂繁瑣而難以驗證,但體系層級基於權力分配結構的解釋,卻也不盡圓滿。因此,本文嘗試在現實主義的物質能力傳統中,對體系穩定的變動提出「體系穩定的互動解釋」與「體系穩定的結構解釋」之新嘗試,以求在名稱上貼近解釋倡議的實質內容,跳脫過去攻勢、守勢現實主義理論名稱劃分的漩渦,並作為未來建立國際政治理論的可能選擇。
本文指出,互動能力的概念,不僅是新的解釋來源,也是界定體系範疇的前提,未來的國際政治理論應利用攻守平衡的解釋邏輯,在結構之外的互動能力解釋來源中,開發科技與地理等兩項解釋變數;並發掘結構解釋來源中,絕對的權力分配作解釋變數,再分別從此導出推論;而有關穩定的意涵,也應從戰爭的避免,擴大為對和平的威脅。本文的實證研究範圍訂在一六四八年至今的歐洲乃至全球體系,本文將先分別呈現各項解釋變數在各個時代的變化,以及依據推論所應出現的結果,再對照實際上體系穩定的變異狀態,以檢驗各項推論。整體而言,本文所進行的實證研究大致上是獲得了相當的正面結果。 / The purposes of this thesis are: examining the current obstructions in Realist theory of international politics, proposing alternatives, and conducting empirical studies. The thesis finds that, the debates between Offensive and Defensive Realism are unnecessary. The level of analysis problem is still crucial: unit level explanations are complex and hard to test, but system level explanations base on the structure of relative power distribution are not satisfactory either. Thus, to get rid of the offensive and defensive labeling, the thesis proposes two alternatives within the Realist material tradition: “interaction” and “structure” explanations on the stability of the international system.
The thesis argues that, interaction capacity is both a source of explanation and the precondition of a system. In the future, the theory of international politics should take offense-defense balance as logic of explanation to explore technology, geography, and absolute power distribution as independent variables. In addition, the concept of stability as a dependent variable should also be expanded. Stability is not merely the avoidance of war, but the threat to peace. The scope of the qualitative empirical studies are European and global international systems from 1648 to present. In general, the thesis finds rather positive results to support the interaction and structure explanations.
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清潔發展機制之國際政治經濟學分析:以歐盟與中國為例 / An international political economy analysis of the clean development mechanism: A comparative study of the EU and China陳俊仰, Chen, Chun Yang Unknown Date (has links)
清潔發展機制作為京都議定書中的一種彈性機制,普遍被認為將為溫室氣體排放減量所引起的「環境保護─經濟發展」與「北─南」衝突帶來雙贏的結果。支持者認為,其為附件一締約方提供達成溫室氣體減排經濟成本較低的方法,也同時為非附件一締約方引進資金與技術。然而,本研究運用國際政治經濟學的分析,提出因為各自要素禀賦的不同,清潔發展機制實行後的利弊損益將不會公平的分配於清潔發展機制項目的投資方與東道方間,因而導致某些負面的效果:其將阻礙投資方境內減排措施的推動,與導致東道方在技術上的依賴。而透過對投資方與東道方內部排放權提供者與技術研發者間互動的分析,再輔以中國與EU-15的實證資料,可以證實本研究的假設並較為清楚地說明其背後之原因。最後,本研究將討論中國政府與EU-15各自如何以政治力介入市場機制的運作,以試圖處理這樣市場機制運作所導致的弊病。 / Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a Kyoto flexible mechanism was believed to provide a win-win solution to the conflicts, which result from cutting down greenhouse gas emissions, between wheather ecology & economy or North & South. The proponents believe the implementation of CDM is cost-efficient for the Annex I Parties to achieve their Kyoto commitments and can also introduce capital & technology into the non-Annex I Parties. However, by international political economic analysis, the difference in factors endowments between CDM invest parties and host parties will result in unequal distribution of gains & pays between them. This causes some negative effects: CDM will deter the implementation of domestic emissions reduction in the invest parties, and it will also make technological dependence in the host parties. Through analyzing the interactions between emission allowance providers & technology innovators in the invest & host parties and with empirical data from China & EU-15, the assumptions of this study is proved and the causation is clarified. At last, the governmental interventions, which are trying to modify the negative effects result from the operation of market mechanism, by China and EU-15 are brought into discuss perspectively.
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國際關係理論中「文化霸權」與「溝通行動」的研究胡敏遠, HU, MING-YUAN Unknown Date (has links)
國際關係理論歷經第三次的理論大辯論後,理論的發展已朝向「自然主義-反自然主義」、「理論-實踐」、「基礎主義-反基礎主義」議題的論爭中。從這些論爭之中使我們發現做為國際關係學科的本體論、知識論及方法論,已經開始向社會學的方向轉折。其中,尤以新自由制度主義及建構主義的轉折更為明顯。然而,從更深層的視野來看目前各學派的理論,多多少少都含有霸權主義的成分於其中。基於此,本論文借用葛蘭西「文化霸權」的理論觀點,檢視現實主義、新現實主義、自由主義、新自由制度主義及建構主義等主流國際關係理論中的文化霸權因素,同時運用哈伯馬斯的「溝通行動理論」的概念,對上述主流國際關係理論的霸權性質進行反思,以期建構出一個在本體論、知識論、方法論上都能獲得解放的國際關係理論。
基於以上理念,本論文的發展與架構鋪陳共分為8章35節。
第一章為緒論,主要敍述論文的整個架構及重要理論說明,包括葛蘭西的「文化霸權」及哈伯馬斯的「溝通行動理論」,藉由上述兩種理論的哲學基礎,以分析說明目前國際關係理論的爭論議題,及其未來可能的發展趨勢。
第二章介紹國際關係理論三次大辯論及其理論的發展現況,然後闡明國際政治各個學派的哲學與後設基礎。
第三章概述葛蘭西「文化霸權」的理論,主要探討葛蘭西的文化霸權;它並不是一個實體的權力,而是一個意識形態及實體相互結合的領導權概念。
第四章是藉由葛蘭西的文化霸權概念,論析目前國際關係理論無論是在物質及精神意識方面,都具有文化霸權的成分。換言之,目前的國際關係理論並無法完達到解放國家受到壓迫的目標。
第五章介紹哈伯馬斯的「溝通行動理論」,主要研究溝通行動理論所涵蓋的範圍:包括了主體與主體、主體與客體及主體與社會之間的溝通關係。
第六章是運用哈伯馬斯溝通行動理論分析主體與主體(國家╱國家)、主體與客體(國家╱客觀世界)、主體與社會(國家╱國際社會、組織、制度…)之間的溝通關係,藉以解放國際關係理論所受到的壓迫與不公平現象。
第七章陳述反思下的國際關係理論其本體論、知識論及方法論。
第八章章為結論,提出本論文的主要貢獻:第一,以溝通行動為媒介的國際關係理論,會出現以國際社會的整體做為各個行動體溝通行動的場域,這個場域是一個「實體(物質)結構」、是一個「關係(權力、制度)結構」、也是一個「觀念(意義)結構」,更是經由實踐所織構出的「網絡結構」;第二,國際關係的本體論、知識論及方法論之間是一個相互辯證的過程,他們彼此之間可以相互辯證轉換。
關鍵詞:文化霸權、溝通行動理論、國際關係理論、國際政治、社會理論 / After three times of intensive debates, the direction of International Relations theory has moved to “naturalism-anti-naturalism”,”theory-implementation”,
”fundamentalism-anti-fundamentalism”. From the debates we can realize the International Relations is supported by Ontological, Epistemological, Methodological and it has change into sociology. Although the direction of neo- Liberalism and Constructivism has become clear and if we read of those theories, all of them have included some degree of Cultural Hegemony. This research takes Antonio Gramsci’s “Cultural Hegemony” theory to exam Realism, neo-Realism、Liberalism、neo-Liberalism and Constructivism. At the same time, I also use “theory of Communication” of Jurgen Habermas to talk about the hegemony among those theories, in order to let the ontological, epistemological and methodological can be applied to the theories.
This research paper is divided into 8 sections and 35 chapters.
Chapter one is introduction, of both theories of “Cultural Hegemony” of Gramsci and “theory of Communication” of Jurgen Habermas to illustrate today’s international disputes for International Relations and the possible development for the future.
Chapter two is the three intensive debates for International Relations and the development of those theories, including international politics fundamental philosophy.
Chapter three is the theory of “Cultural Hegemony” of Gramsci. It’s not an existing power but an ideal form in connection with concept of leading power.
Chapter four is the use of the theory of “Cultural Hegemony” of Gramsci in the concepts of today’s international relations. Both substantial and spiritual aspects include hegemony. In other words, today’s theories of international relations can’t reach the goals of resolve the nations under pressure.
Chapter five is the theory of Communication” of Jurgen Habermas, focusing on the relations of communication of Subjective to subjective, subjective to objective and subjective to community.
Chapter six is the use of theory of Communication” of Jurgen Habermas in terms of the communicate relations among subjective to subjective(nation/nation), subjective to objective(nation/objective world), subjective to social(nation/ international community, organization, institution…) and then to prevent from the pressure and unfairness of theory of international relations.
Chapter seven is the theory of international relations of ontology, epistemology and methodology.
Chapter eight is the conclusion, with two major points: First, the use of communication actions on the theory of international relations will make the global community into a unique arena in order to provide it for different communication groups. These areas are a entity (substantial) structure, a relation(power, institutional) structure and also a aspect(meaning) structure and furthermore it can be implemented into network-structure;Second, the theory of international relations on ontology, epistemology and methodology is a dialogue and development process, that can be interacted and transfered to others.
Key Word: Cultural Hegemony, Theory of Communication, International Relations theory, International Politic, Social Thiory
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美國柯林頓政府對中共的貿易政策:以最惠國待遇案為例 / Clinton Administration's Trade Policy toward the People's Republic of China: MFN issue as a Case Study徐海蕾, HSU, HAI-LEI Unknown Date (has links)
本論文的研究目的有三:(一)學習國際政治經濟學的分析方法:從文獻閱讀中,學習國際政治經濟學的分析方法,包括此分析方法的內涵和適用範疇。(二)試用此方法來分析柯林頓政府對中共的貿易政策:本論文試用國際政治經濟學的自由主義的觀點,來分析柯林頓政府對中共的貿易政策,並試圖藉由此觀點驗證以下假設性問題:柯林頓政府對中共的貿易政策符合自由主義的精神;亦即,柯林頓政府是根據自由主義的精神來制定對中共的貿易政策。(三)試用此方法分析最惠國待遇問題:本論文認為美中的貿易問題以續惠問題最有代表性,因為續惠問題不僅反應美國對經濟利益的關切,更反應美國對人權價值的關切,因此選擇此問題作為柯林頓政府對中共貿易政策的案例分析。本論文試圖用國際政治經濟學的方法來分析續惠問題,並且驗證以下假設:柯林頓政府將人權與最惠國待遇從掛勾到脫勾的政策變化,符合自由主義的精神;亦即,柯林頓政府是根據自由主義的精神而決定續惠中共。
根據本論文的研究結果,認為柯林頓政府是以自由主義的觀點推動貿易政策,在自由主義的觀點中,自由貿易最能達到貿易各國互利互惠,而自由貿易的核心原則即是「不歧視原則」(亦即最惠國待遇原則),一旦不歧視原則(最惠國待遇原則)被破壞,自由貿易也無從存在。因此,雖然柯林頓政府為了推動公平、互惠的貿易秩序會對他國威脅使用三0一條款、課徵反傾銷稅、施以高姿態的政治壓力,卻從來很少運用撤銷最惠國待遇來威脅他國就範。最惠國待遇是自由主義貿易政策的核心原則,柯林頓政府為了推動自由貿易秩序,絕對不會動搖這個核心原則。同樣的道理適用在中國的最惠國待遇問題上。柯林頓總統入主白宮之後,並沒有認真考慮過撤銷中共的最惠國待遇,因為一旦他撤銷中共的最惠國待遇,不僅美「中」關係受損,美國經濟利益受損,美國賴以建立貿易秩序的核心原則更將受到破壞。此即柯林頓政府所以將人權問題和最惠國待遇問題脫勾的最重要原因。人權固然是自由主義看重的價值,最惠國待遇亦是自由主義看重的價值,美國不可能為了取得其中之一,而放棄另外之一,也就是美國不可能為了中共不改善人權,即取消最惠國待遇。將這兩者掛勾自始就不可行,也不是有效的政策,柯林頓政府將這兩者脫勾也就是必然的了。根據以上的研究結果,筆者認為驗證了本文的兩個假設性問題。
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1
第二節 研究方法與論文架構 2
第三節 研究範圍與研究限制 4
第二章 國際政治經濟學的觀點 6
第一節 導論:何謂國際政治經濟學? 6
第二節 重商主義(Mercantilism)的觀點 8
第三節 自由主義(Liberalism)的觀點 15
第四節 結構主義(Structuralism)的觀點 22
第五節 小結 29
第三章 戰後美國貿易政策的演變 33
第一節 戰後到一九七0年代的自由貿易政策 33
第二節 一九七0年代以後的貿易保護主義政策 38
第三節 小結 46
第四章 美國貿易政策之制定及執行機構 49
第一節 立法部門:國會 50
第二節 行政部門:總統與其他部會 54
第三節 民間力量:利益團體 60
第四節 小結 63
第五章 柯林頓政府對中共的貿易政策 66
第一節 經濟安全:柯林頓政府施政的中心目標 66
第二節 柯林頓政府的貿易政策 72
第三節 柯林頓政府的中國政策 79
第四節 柯林頓政府對中共的貿易政策 85
第六章 案例分析:續延中共最惠國待遇問題 91
第一節 美「中」最惠國待遇爭議的由來 92
第二節 美國續惠中共問題案的發展 95
第三節 國際政治經濟學的分析 107
第七章 結論 115
參考書目 118 / This thesis endeavors to use International Political Economy perspectives as an analytical framework to explain Clinton Administration's trade policy toward the People's Republic of China. According to the research, Clinton Administration's trade policy toward the PRC is based on the perspective of liberalism. His decision to delink "human rights" from "MFN" can also be rationalized in the perspective of liberalism.
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冷戰後中國大陸國際政治格局理論建構之研究 / The Research of Mainland China's Constructive Theory in Configuration of World Power after the Cold War游永中 Unknown Date (has links)
當前主權國家仍是人民利益的最高集中表現,亦是人類歷史發展形成現代文明的主要標誌,這事實命題預告著主權國家的功能與地位,在國內與國際之間的中介重要性。概括地說,研究西方國家的理論與方法,構成了認知現代文明標準的途逕和框架,對於邁向現代化國家的參照體,實有具體的模仿對應。環顧國際社會,對於西方國家所建立的現代文明,具有潛在挑戰性或威脅性的最大變數應屬中共,即強調有「中國特色」的因素,在於中共與國際接軌的同時,亦是「麻煩製造者」的產生,特別是在冷戰後的中共所代表的意義與影響。
從兩極格局瓦解所開啟冷戰後的新歷史時期,中共益顯自信對於「時代問題」的預判。換言之,強調「經濟因素」在國際層面上,是主導國際政治格局未來發展的關鍵力量,憑藉著槓桿原理將國家由邊陲位置轉向至核心地位,在制高點透過規範機制予以設計出有利於中共的國際政治、經濟新秩序。而在國內層面上,「經濟因素」亦是共產主義理論再創新的活力源泉,專注於中共治理的主權國家內部範疇,並保證共產黨執政的最大績效與人民的滿意度。構成了當前中共以共產主義中國化的本質,卻採取西方國家的市場經濟制度,即在綜合國力逐漸提升之際,西方國家深信地認知「中共崛起」的相對意義,卻是「中國威脅論」的序幕開始。
本文運用「認知途逕」去分析中共的世界觀,據以觀察其對國際形勢的變遷,是由於中共內因作用的影響,來理解中共的對外思維,實係有別於西方國家的世界觀,此部分亦說明了雙方結構性矛盾之所在。特別是在冷戰後的中共,在國際政治格局轉換的期間,表現出對於國際機制積極參與者和建構者的旺盛企圖,譬如以國際政治權力和利益的水平分權化為原則的多極化格局推動,認知是中共朝向大國之林的外交奮鬥目標。又例如2001年中共成為「世界貿易組織」第143個會員國,代表著中共經濟地位的戰略轉變。這是在中共與西方國家互動行為的歷史經驗積累,所得到「實力政治」的總結,使得中共在冷戰後的整體表現更傾向是現實主義的維護者。 / The thesis contends that an understanding of the effective and significant intermediate role of sovereignty both in the national and international relations. Sovereignty is not only the most advanced development of collectivity, but also the reform process of the modern civilization. The importance of this research is brought into focus by recent changes in broader economic and social reform programmes, political decentralization and reforms in China. By 1978 China was ready for major shifts in political and economic policy. Hong Kong had become essential as a vital source of foreign exchange for the Chinese economy. In addition, the return of Hong Kong by Britain in 1997 and of Macau by Portugal in 1999 formally heralded the end of European extra-territoriality in China.
After the Cold War, China seems to be potentially regarded as a ‘trouble maker’ in western societies. Unlike Russia, with the emergency of Chinese historical assessment, strategic analysis, contingency planning and policy reformulation, China has adopted a gradualist part-privatization policy based on ‘the characteristics of Chinese nationalism’, slowly opening its economy to the global economy while resisting democratic political reform. The thesis examines whether the reform and pace of reform is shaped by the desire to avoid political and social unrest which could, potentially, threaten the harmony of the Chinese central apparatus.
In addition, China has succeeded in combining stability with political-economic change on the mainland. The thesis views the fact that China has drawn the increasing attention from international perspectives in the western world. With its confidence, Chinese government has predicted the epoch belonging to China in terms of the powerful economic growth at the turn of the century. Although the successful EU integration and such international factors as the strategic perceptions of the USA may partially determine the future of the configuration of world power, China has taken a special position on the establishment of diplomatic relations from marginal position up to the vital status. Moreover, by concentrating on the internal affairs within China, Chinese government could remain the authority and legitimacy of the communism party. Chinese communism party has adopted the western marketization (free marketing system), which is now implicit in the development of successful ‘China Rising’; meanwhile, it has the potential to be propelled by the powerful trends of globalization and policy reformulation transferred into the stage of ‘China Threatening’ in international relations.
In this study, the perceptive approach is the main research methodology in analyzing Chinese global perspective on the diplomatic development as well as the political economy and international diplomatic relations of transition in China. Clearly, this study includes an examination of the influence of the powerful economic growth on the reproduction of the communism party in China. With ‘backdoor privatization’ through opening up the economy and the encouragement of foreign direct investment and non-state owned enterprises in the form of township-and village-owned enterprises, the Chinese economy has undergone dramatic transformation during the past two decades. However, control remains firmly in the hands of the Chinese communist party.
The thesis concludes that, to broaden the horizon in the western community, after the Cold War, China has been active and proactive on the establishment of diplomatic relations with western countries, and China has a tendency to commit itself to the guardian of realism. For example, China became a party of the 143rd member in World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, which formally marked the milestone of the Chinese economic power in the world. These consistent changes have indicated that China embarked on its open policy and the western community evolved into the major economic and political force in the world.
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