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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

現代中国の農村土地問題に関する経済学的研究 ―流動化と転用―

李, 妍蓉 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20441号 / 農博第2226号 / 新制||農||1049(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5062(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 准教授 浅見 淳之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
62

台灣全民健保被保險人保費負擔與其醫療費用支出之公平性研究 / Equity between the Insurees' premium Burden and Their Medical Care Expenditures in Taiwan's National Health Insurance Scheme

黃子溦, Huang, Tzu-Wei Unknown Date (has links)
通常在談論健康照護的公平性時,主要分成垂直公平與水平公平兩種。在健康照護財務面的垂直公平意指有較高所得或經濟能力者,應支付較高的保費;水平公平意指,有相同所得或經濟能力者,應支付相同的保費。在健康照護提供面的垂直公平意為有不同需要者,應有不同的治療;水平公意為有相同需要者,應有相同的治療。然而由於提供面的垂直公平較難界定其程度,故多數學者在提供面僅談水平面,而本研究亦採相同的論點來分析被保險人在保費負擔與其醫療費用支出之公平性問題。 本研究資料係採用鄭文輝教授等在1996、1997年研究之原始資料,包括85年度的健保承保檔、醫療利用紀錄檔及財稅資料中心之綜合所得稅檔。利用逐步迴歸或probit二分法迴歸方式進行保險對象自付保費負擔與其醫療費用支出之間的公平性探討。 本研究實證結果簡述如下: 一、在被保險人自付保費負擔公平性方面,存在違反垂直公平或水平公平的情況,可能之原因如下: 1.投保金額分級表的上下限差距過小,使所得愈高,其保費增加的比例形成累退。 2.在投保金額分級表中每一等級仍有上下限之規定。 3.三類投保金額過低,與其所得分配差異過大。 4.眷口數計費採論口計費,而通常所得愈低,眷口數有愈多的現象,故論口計費將使得所得較低者之保費負擔加重或同樣所得水準者,負擔不相同的保費情形。 5.各類目均適用同一費率,且同一類目之自付比率均相同,無法有效發揮所得重分配效果。 二、個人醫療費用支出的差異及其與保費或所得高低之間的公平性 1.門診費用受到所得因素影響,個人所得愈高,門診費用有愈高的現象;且因為重症而就醫者仍為少數,以其他一般症狀就醫者仍占多數。 2.重症患者或罹患十大死因患者,多以所得較低或保費較低者居多,顯示全民健保的開辦,確實為較低收入者或較弱勢族群減輕就醫上之財務負擔。 3.由於男性罹患重症之比率較女性高,故雖然女性的門診次數與費用較男性高,但在個人總醫療費用上均以男性較高,可能與其生活、就醫習慣有關;而隨著年齡的增加,個人醫療利用情形與費用均逐漸增加,但對於中壯年人口之男性而言,個人醫療費用有逐漸上升趨勢,值得注意。 故對我國全民健保之政策性建議,為使所得重分配的效果得以發揮,在保費負擔方面,建議提高投保金額分級的上下限差距,且縮短等級之間的上下限,分級數愈多,愈能表現出公平性;眷口數計費改採論被保險人計費;三類投保金額與自付比率應調高。在醫療費用分配方面,為抑制所得較高或保費負擔較多者對醫療資源的不當利用,本文建議改採定率部分負擔、改善城鄉醫療資源分配,保障內容改採保大不保小,抑制不必要及小額的醫療支出,讓社會保險的自助、互助及他助精神得以發揮。 未來期能利用數年的歷年資料,來分析個人或家戶在時間上之所得、保費負擔與醫療費用支出三者之間的分配情形,以更能深入瞭解政策之改變,帶來之效果。 / Equity is widely acknowledged to be an important policy objective in the health care field. The principle comes in two versions: a horizontal version (persons in equal need should be treated the same) and a vertical version (persons with greater needs should be treated more favourably the those with lesser needs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the equity between the insurees’ premium burden and their medical care expenditures in Taiwan's National Health Insurance Scheme. The sample combines two sets of data, which are data for the insured and their dependents’ premiums and medical expenditures of utilization obtained from the Bureau of NHI ; individual income tax return data obtained from the Data Processing Center of the Ministry of Finance. According the data, we will be able to use the regression model of stepwise and probit methods to analysis the purpose of this study. The major findings are twofold: First, at present the regulations in the premium exists the horizontal and vertical the inequity, so the system can't bring the income replaecment, About medical dilvery, NHI is favorable person lower-income. To achieve ability to pay, the gap between the upper and bottom of insured payroll-related amount class should be lengthened. And to lighten the burden of insuree with dependents. Second, in the medical delivery deductible amounts paid by beneficiaries will be changed from fixed amounts to fixed rate to control the wasting medical resource.
63

公司財務決策論文兩篇:跨國購併目標公司之選擇以及聯貸市場參貸銀行的選擇 / Two Essays on Corporate Financial Decisions: Choices of Target Firms in Cross-Border M&As and Choices of Participant Banks in Syndicated Loan Market

謝依婷, Hsieh, Yi Ting Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要由兩篇文章所組成,探討有關跨國購併活動中目標公司的選擇,以及聯貸市場中參貸銀行的選擇。第一部份旨在分析市場集中程度與跨國購併在垂直相關產業的議題。Beladi, Chakrabarti and Marjit (2013)建立一般均衡寡佔模型,連結當地國的市場競爭力和跨國購併在垂直相關產業的論點。他們模型認為當地國家的垂直整合程度會改變國外主併者策略優勢。我們使用1990年至2012年涵蓋86個國家,之全球購併活動案件,我們衡量當地國家的市場競爭與垂直整合程度,呈現當地國家前期的市場競爭力將會誘發國外市場主併者進入,以垂直購併的方式購併當地國家之目標公司。本研究結果提供了實證性的結果來支持過去理論之發現,認為產業的集中程度會影響跨國購併。 本論文的第二部份,在研究知識技能互補和銀行商譽在參貸銀行的選擇,觀察主貸銀行該如何選擇參貸銀行之決策分析。延伸Diamond (1991)的商譽建立假說,透過主貸銀行本身的特性因子與工作經驗,來探討主貸銀行選擇參貸銀行的誘因動機。研究結果發現,當主貸銀行具有較高的自身商譽佳、經營及投資具效率性、內部監理機制較佳、且市場經驗較為豐富時,會誘使主貸銀行減少對高商譽參貸銀行的需求。呈現知識技能互補的現象於主貸銀行選擇參貸銀行的決策。本研究結果可提供我們對聯貸銀行團商譽互補現象及分析。 / Two essays are comprised in this dissertation to study on choices of target firms in cross-border M&As and choices of participant banks in the syndicated loan market. In the first essay, cross-border mergers and market concentration in a vertically related industry, we examine the relationship between market concentration and cross-border M&A. Beladi, Chakrabarti and Marjit (2013) present an oligopoly in general equilibrium model to identify the linkages between local market competition and cross-border mergers in a vertically related industry. Their model predicts that a vertical integration at home changes the strategic advantage for foreign acquirers. Using firm-level data from 86 countries between 1990 and 2012, we calculate proxies for local market competition and show that lower (higher) pre-merger local competition at home country will increase (decrease) mergers between a foreign firm and a vertically integrated home firm. These findings provide empirical supports for the significant impact of industry concentration on the decisions of cross-border M&A. In the second essay, the effects of knowledge complementarities and bank reputation on participant banks choices, we focus on the decision of lead arrangers on participant bank choices in the syndicated loan market. We extend reputation building theory (Diamond, 1991) and model the lead arranger’s partner choice problem through the effect of self-related and task-related factors. Our paper show that when lead arrangers have higher reputation, operating efficiency, and market experience, lead arrangers tend to choose less reputable partners. These results help to explain how lead arrangers, through their partner selection decisions, manage the reputation pool among banks in the syndicated loan market.
64

自旋波在磁性奈米線中的微磁模擬 與 鈷/鉑,鈷/鈀,鉑/鈀多層膜的電、磁特性 / Micromagnetic simulations of spin waves in magnetic nanowires and electrical, magnetic properties of Co/Pt, Co/Pd, and Pt/Pd multilayers

謝智勛, Hsieh, Chih Hsun Unknown Date (has links)
本論文分為兩部分,第一部分探討使用OOMMF磁性材料模擬軟體來模擬奈米線波導中的自旋波特性,除了以往文獻所熱門的水平異向性薄膜合金中的自旋波,還模擬了垂直異向性的材料,我們模擬了在奈米線一端施加0 ~ 100 GHz外加磁場的自旋波響應。在模擬的結果中,我們發現了水平異向性與垂直異向性的重要差別,垂直異向性比水平異向性波導在頻率小於10 GHz時,少了複雜的自旋波傳遞。而在改變線寬的條件中,我們發現了垂直異向性波導在線寬夠大時,會因退磁場的效應,使得磁矩翻轉,形成許多磁壁,而水平異向性材料則不會,從水平異向性波導大於120 nm線寬的波型中,則會發現自旋波在波導中產生破碎的相位改變。而模擬具有水平寬度變化與垂直厚度變化的週期性邊界,則發現兩者所具有的濾波效果非常相似,而濾波的三個頻段,則是水平寬度變化所截止的頻段,寬於垂直厚度變化的頻段。 第二部分為 ,使用離子濺鍍製成總厚度200 nm,改變交錯層數的(Co/Pt)×N、(Co/Pd) ×N與(Pt/Pd) ×N,三種多層膜的磁性電性分析。Co/Pt與Co/Pd多層膜在Co厚度小於1 nm時為熱門垂直異向性材料,而本實驗專注於Co厚度大於1 nm時介面的特性以及兩種材料的差別。在磁阻的量測上面,得到不同於一般異向性磁阻的規律,一般的異向性磁阻的現象為,平行於電流施加磁場比垂直電流施加磁場所量測的電阻,前者電阻較大(ρ_(H∥I)>ρ_(H⊥I)),但是同為垂直於電流的平行於膜面磁場的電阻(ρ_(H⊥I,in-plane H))與垂直膜面磁場(ρ_(H⊥I,H perpendicular to plane))則呈現了不一樣的行為,尤其為垂直加場的部分,在某些條件的多層膜,會有明顯的垂直方向的異向性磁阻,是為介面所造成額外的垂直方向異向性磁阻,稱作”異向性介面磁阻”(Anisotropic Interface Magnetoresistance)。異向性磁阻與異性向介面磁阻都具有高電阻軸與垂直此軸的低電阻平面,而兩者差別在於異向性磁阻為電流方向軸,而異向性介面磁阻為膜面法向量軸,對於本實驗的量測方法來說,兩軸相差90度角,也因此可辨析兩者不同現象間的差異,並且在我們的分析之中發現,異向性介面磁阻在Co厚度為7 nm以下,才會明顯的顯現。 / The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part discusses the properties of spin waves propagation in magnetic nanowire waveguide by micromagnetic simulation software OOMMF. In addition to in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) in the thin film alloys, we simulate the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of the material. A transverse magnetic field is applied at one end of the waveguide wire and the frequency range is from 0 to 100 GHz. When frequency is less than 10 GHz, we observed that complex modes were generated in the IMA waveguide but there is no spin wave propagates in the PMA waveguide. We also studied the spin wave propagations in wires with different width. Irregular domain wall was generated by demagnetizing field in wider PMA waveguide but IMA waveguide does not have this behavior. In width-modulated and thickness-modulated waveguide spin wave simulations, these two filters have similar results with three band gaps from 0 to 100 GHz and the band gaps in width-modulated wire is wider than in thickness-modulated one. The second part is experimental measurements of the electrical and magnetic properties of (Co/Pt)×N, (Co/Pd) ×N, and (Pt/Pd) ×N multilayers, which are deposited by sputtering and the total thickness is 200nm. Co/Pt and Co/Pd were popular PMA materials when Co thickness is less than 1 nm. We focused on the multilayers with Co thicker than 1nm and the difference between these multilayers. In magnetoresistance measurement, the R-H curve is different from normal anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). AMR effect has different resistivity when H∥I or H⊥I, but the measurement results show that ρ_(H⊥I,in-plane H) and ρ_(H⊥I,H perpendicular to plane) also have different MR ratio in specific multilayer configuration. The effect is caused by the interface so it is anisotropic interface magnetoresistance (AIMR) as discussed in the literature. AMR and AIMR have both high resistivity axis and low resistivity plane which is perpendicular to the axis. The difference of two MRs is that the high resistivity axis is parallel to current in AMR and perpendicular to plane in AIMR. In the analysis, the AIMR effect is observed in multilayer with Co thickness less than 7 nm.
65

租稅與經濟成長,地方政府財政與技術效率論文集

王肇蘭, Wang ,Chao Lan Unknown Date (has links)
人類慾望無窮而資源有限,所以如何將資源做最有效的使用一直是經濟學所追求的課題。有關效率的規範分析中,巴瑞圖最適(Pareto optimality)為接受度最高的準則。基於巴瑞圖效率的觀點,不論是營利組織或非營利組織其經營之基本理念皆是希望以最少的投入獲得最大的產出,因此衡量投入與產出間之相對表現即為效率的評估。非營利組織及公共部門因為有許多產出、投入不易量化,故其效率不易評定。此一情況一直到DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis;資料包絡分析法)發展才逐漸改善。另外,有關DEA的運用幾乎都集中在個別決策單位的效率衡量,將之應用在衡量總體經濟的表現上非常少見。所以論文第肆章是按傳統方式以DEA衡量我國地方政府的效率並分析造成效率差異的原因,第參章則將DEA的概念應用於經濟成長上,探討使經濟成長達到極大化之租稅負擔及租稅結構。又效率的追求為經濟學的主軸,但中央政府的效率目標與地方政府並不相同,由於目標不同,因此彼此所訂的租稅政策亦不相同。本文第伍章試圖提出一理論模型說明中央政府在面對異質地區的垂直外部性下如何有效率的訂定其租稅政策。 / The human desires are infinite but resources are scarce. Using resources effectively is the topic of the economics. In efficient analyses, the Pareto optimality is the highest criterion to accept. Based on Pareto efficiency, the basic idea is to obtain the most outputs by the least inputs. Therefore the efficiency measurement is to calculate the relative performance of inputs and outputs. The nonprofit organization and the public agencies have many outputs and inputs not easy to be quantified; hence, their efficiency is not easy to evaluate. This phenomenon doesn’t improve until DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) was developed. However, the application of DEA concentrates nearly on the efficiency measurement of individual policy-making unit; the application is be rarely used in measuring the performance of the macro-economy. Chapter 4 of this dissertation measures and explains the variation in cost efficiency of the local governments in Taiwan area. Chapter 3 deals with the application the DEA to economic growth, estimating a combination of the tax burden(the ratio of tax revenue to GDP)and the tax structure(the ratio of indirect taxes to direct taxes)which would maximize the rate of growth of GDP of Taiwan. Efficiency is the core of economics, but the national government’s efficient goal is not as same as the local government’s. Because their goals are not consistent, thus the tax policies are different. Chapter 5 attempts to propose a theoretical model to explain how a national or federal government decides its tax policy in the vertical externalities happening in heterogeneous states.
66

中央地方立法權限衝突與法規競合-從司法院大法官釋字第666號解釋談起 / 無(null)

楊秦岳 Unknown Date (has links)
地方自治是近代憲政的有機組成部分。無論對任何一種憲法體制來說,都需要把地方自治和地方分權問題作為民主國家不可或缺的內容,予以明確定位。 與此同時,很多國家和國際組織重申地方自治原則。1985年通過的多國條約《歐洲地方自治憲章》,1985年通過、1993年再次通過的《世界地方自治宣言》加重了對地方自治的關注,這意味著在今天,地方自治和地方分權的積極意義在世界開始得到討論,並逐步得到明確。與地方自治和地方分權相伴隨的是地方公共團體事務優先原則的確立,即市鎮村最優先、然後是省市縣優先的事務分配原則,而中央政府只負責全國民、全國家性質的事務。地方自治可定義為,國家特定區域的人民,由於國家授權或依據國家法令,在國家監督下自行組織法人團體,用地方的人力財力物力自行處理自己的事務的政治制度。 在中央地方立法權限上,以我國憲法為例,憲法第171條規定:「法律與憲法牴觸者無效。」第172條規定:「命令與憲法或法律牴觸者無效。」另外,中央法規標準法第11條:「法律不得牴觸憲法,命令不得牴觸憲法或法律,下級機關訂定之命令不得牴觸上級機關之命令。」在中央法制範圍內建構憲法、法律、命令的三層的上下位階關係。論及地方法規與中央法規之位階關係,由於地方自治團體所制定之地方法規,屬國家法律體系內之一部分,為求國家法律體系之完整及統一地方法規自應受法律位階理論之拘束。 故我國憲法第116條規定:「省法規與國家法律牴觸者無效。」、第125條規定:「縣單行規章與國家法律或省法規牴觸者無效。」。 在司法院大法官釋字第666號解釋中,我國社會秩序維護法第80條禁止性交易,究竟限制人民何種憲法上權利,主要有二種見解:其一主張涉及性自主權,其二主張涉及工作權。 後者最重要理由是提供性服務以收取對價應認為是一種職業而應納入憲法職業自由之討論。憲法第15條職業自由所稱之職業,原則上只要是人民用以謀生的經濟活動即足當之,毋庸沾染太多道德或價值判斷的色彩,至於該職業應否管制或如何管制始為正當,則是後續的問題。 性如果可能作為一種謀生的工具,人民有沒有以性作為謀生工具的自由?性販售行為可否受到憲法對職業自由的保障? 如果立法者不是採取全面禁止的手段,而是合目的性地鑑於政策需要,對從事性工作之方法、時間、地點等執行職業之自由,予以適當限制,則由於「根據職業自由的三階理論」此類管制手段性質上屬寬鬆之合理審查的範疇,立法者反而能獲取更大的政策形成空間。 爰上所述,本論文提出主要研究問題如下:宜蘭縣娼妓管理自治條例對於性販售行為僅僅有所管制,而非全面禁止,是否與社會秩序維護法第80條牴觸?宜蘭縣娼妓管理自治條例規範位階為何?是否為法律?宜蘭縣娼妓管理自治條例與與社會秩序維護法效力關係又為何?中央地方權限劃分對宜蘭縣娼妓管理自治條例效力影響為何?是否可直接逕依中央法律,亦即依據社會秩序維護法處行政罰?有無侵犯宜蘭縣政府地方自治權限空間疑慮?處罰之理由或相關理論基礎為何?中央地方法規衝突對憲法上性工作者之工作權保障程度及影響為何?地方政府的自治權限有無憲法保障且不容中央恣意侵犯領域?中央或地方法規其中之ㄧ經司法院大法官解釋宣告定期失效或立即失效時有何種影響? 兩者法律關係影響為何?究為取代關係或遞補關係?

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