本研究是針對原產業成長期創業差異化階段的探索性研究。原產業成長期創業可定義為：創業者或團隊離開原來的事業後，在原產業的成長期，獨立創立了一個新事業。例如，華碩、雅姿舞蹈社（亞力山大的前身）都屬於原產業成長期創業。 由於創業開始後，新事業要做出產品，然後才能產生後續績效，因此依照時間軸可以將創業理論分解為：初始因素→新產品→創業績效。現有創業理論對原產業成長期創業現象並沒有提供完整的解答，但已得出的部份結果可以引導我們對此現象進一步聚焦。第一，新事業策略層次的研究已發現，新事業產品的差異性和稀少性顯著影響新事業績效。由於上述因果關係的後段已解決，因此指導我們探索前段的問題：什麼初始因素產生差異性產品？即應該聚焦到產品差異化階段研究。第二，過去創業者層次的研究已發現，以相同產業「工作年數」代替的「產業特殊經驗」顯著影響創業績效的高低。因為經驗是實務的知識，因此這類研究結果顯示知識是一項初始因素，值得進一步研究創業者的初始知識。第三，奧地利經濟學者和一些創業學者指出，創業機會是影響創業成敗的一項初始因素，但迄今沒有學者清楚地描述出創業機會的樣子和它對績效的影響。這些文獻顯示應進一步探索初始創業機會和它對產品差異化的影響。文獻已顯示創業者知識和創業機會是解釋產品差異化的初始因素，但二者下層的因素仍未充分揭露出來。由於過去的創業研究沒有聚焦在差異化階段，仍存在許多未解開的問題，因此本研究聚焦在原產業成長期創業的主要產品差異化階段進行研究。 對於本研究聚焦的現象，本研究問題為：在原產業成長期創業的差異化階段，哪些知識和機會構念下層的因素透過差異化過程產生產品屬性與競爭優勢？本研究的目的為：經由對此現象進行深入的探索，揭露出影響產品差異化的知識與機會的深層原因，建立整合知識與機會解釋產品差異化及利潤的理論。 本研究採用Eisenhardt(1989)描述的探索性個案研究方法，從個案研究建立理論。本研究針對原產業成長期創業現象，聚焦在主要產品差異化過程。總分析單位是在主要產品線層次。本研究接觸到3家原產業成長期創業廠商，取得了3個成功個案和1個失敗個案資料。資料收集包含訪問二位以上創業團隊成員、競爭廠商中的管理者和收集產業次級資料。 本研究經由分析四個個案的主要產品線資料，得出以下命題與發現。 命題一：產品有價值的差異程度愈大、產品稀少程度愈大、產品需求強度愈大，則產品競爭優勢程度愈大。 命題Ⅱ：若創業者的產業內通用知識強度小，則有產品競爭劣勢。 本研究發現，原產業成長期的創業機會為產業環境中存在的一種情境結構，本研究定義並命名為「創業機會結構」，它由以下項目構成：(1) 存在上游差異性新要素；(2) 存在下游市場需求；(3) 存在有利的競爭情勢，包含(a)既有競爭廠商數量小，(b)既有競爭廠商利用程度小，(c)潛在競爭廠商延遲行動；(4)存在功能互補廠商。 創業者知識與創業機會對於產品差異化的影響關係如下： 命題二：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者有異質的知識，或產業環境中存在創業機會，或二者都存在，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性的產品。 命題二A：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者僅有產業內通用知識，且產業環境中存在創業機會，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性的產品。 命題二B：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者僅有產業內通用知識，且產業環境中不存在創業機會，則新事業不能推出差異性與稀少性的產品。 命題二C：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者有異質知識，且產業環境中存在創業機會，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性產品。 命題二D：在創業者的產業內通用知識強度大的條件下，若創業者有異質知識，且產業環境中不存在創業機會，則新事業可推出差異性與稀少性產品。 創業者異質知識屬性對產品屬性的影響關係如下： 命題三A：異質知識有價值的差異程度愈大，則產品有價值的差異程度愈大。 命題三B：異質知識稀少程度愈大，則產品稀少程度愈大。 命題三C：異質知識難以模仿程度，正向調節產品競爭優勢程度與產品利潤間的正向關係。 命題三：創業者知識的有利程度愈大，則產品利潤愈大。 創業機會結構中各項目的屬性程度對產品屬性的影響關係如下： 命題四A：要素有價值的差異程度愈大，則產品有價值的差異程度愈大。 命題四B：整體市場需求強度愈大，則產品需求強度愈大。 命題四Ca：既有競爭者的數量愈小，則產品稀少程度愈大。 命題四Cb：既有競爭者資源利用程度負向調節，整體市場需求強度與產品需求強度的正向關係。 命題四Cc：潛在競爭者行動延遲程度，正向調節產品競爭優勢程度與產品利潤的正向關係。 命題四：創業機會結構的有利程度愈大，則產品利潤愈大。 本研究對創業理論的貢獻包含以下幾方面。主要貢獻包含：第一，建立了整合理論。本研究在原產業成長期創業情境對交集現象，建立了以創業者知識、創業機會解釋產品差異化與利潤的整合理論。本研究針對創業最核心的差異化階段，建立了整合理論，使創業理論有了核心。第二，發現了創業機會結構。本研究經由探索發現了創業機會結構，描述出了創業機會的樣子，並分析清楚了構成它的項目對差異化相關的產品屬性和競爭優勢的影響。第三，橋接了創業與策略，引導二個領域的學者對話。本研究運用策略理論觀引導分析資料與建立理論的過程，因此本研究橋接了創業與策略，引導二個領域的學者對話。次要貢獻包含：第一，釐清了產品層次的構念和構面。第二，本研究以資源基礎觀引導，釐清了創業者知識下層的概念，並分析清楚了它們對產品屬性和競爭優勢的影響。 本研究建立的理論有實務含義，可以使產業成長期的潛在創業者（既有企業管理者）的策略思考更有效，因此對企業實務界人士有價值。概括而言，本研究對實務人士的啟示如下：(1)創業者擁有夠強的產業內經營知識是能夠創業成功的基本條件；(2)在產業內通用知識強的條件下，若創業者有異質知識或外部存在創業機會能使差異化成功，因此值得投入創業；若創業沒有異質知識及外部不存在創業機會，則創業者不應投入創業(3)本研究提出的創業機會結構，可以協助潛在創業者在創業決策階段辯認是否存在創業機會，避免創業時沒有機會或利用的不是創業機會。 / Starting new businesses in the growth stage of an industry is a special type of entrepreneurship as identified in this study. The same industry-growth stage entrepreneurship is defined as the following: after an entrepreneur (or entrepreneurial team) leaves a prior business, he/she then founds a new venture in the same industry which his prior work is in and is in the growth stage. The cases of ASUS(?) and Alexander are examples. The life of a start-up, as depicted by entrepreneurial studies, can be decomposed as: initial factors→product→performance. Current entrepreneurship studies have offered some answers to this phenomenon. First, studies have shown that a product’s extent of differentiation and rarity can predict performance. These findings prompt us to explore the question of which initial factors producing differentiated products (i.e., focusing on the product differentiation stage). Second, previous studies have found that an entrepreneur’s industry experience or industry-specific experience (using the years of work as a proxy) significantly affects performance. Because experience is a kind of knowledge, these results point out that knowledge can be regarded as an initial factor and thus it highlights the importance of exploring an entrepreneur’s knowledge. Third, Austrian economists point out that entrepreneurial opportunity is an initial factor and it influences entrepreneurial success. Up to now no studies illustrates the shape of entrepreneurial opportunities and explain how it influences entrepreneurial performance. Thus further exploration of entrepreneurial opportunities and how they affect product differentiation is needed. Although we already known an entrepreneur’s knowledge and entrepreneurial opportunity are major initial factors, we have no knowledge of lower level factors. Because the researches have not focused on the product differentiation stage, this research will concentrate on the product differentiation stage. The research question of the study is: in the differentiation stage of the same industry-growth stage start-ups, what lower level factors of knowledge and opportunity produce product competitive advantages? The objective of the research is: by identifying the lower factors, entrepreneurs’ knowledge and opportunities can be integrated into theories of entrepreneurship to explain product differentiation and profits. This research adopted the exploring theory building case study proposed by Eisenhardt (1989). The level of analysis was the main product line of a start-up. The data of three firms, in the form of 3 successful cases and 1 failed case, were collected. In addition to secondary data, at least two executives, either were founding team members or high-level managers, were interviewed for gathering the primary data. Through data analysis enable us to offer the following propositions: Proposition 1: The higher the levels of the value of product differentiation, product rarity and product demand intensity, the higher the product competitive advantage. Proposition Ⅱ: The lower the level of an entrepreneur’s industry-specific knowledge, the lower the product competitive advantage. We discovered that entrepreneurial opportunity is a specific situational structure in an industry. We termed it ‘entrepreneurial opportunity structure’. It is composed of four items: (1) the existence of upstream differentiated and new factors; (2) the existence of downstream market demands; (3) the existence of favorable competitive situation, including few competitors, less extent of action by competitors, late actions by competitors and more availability of complementary firms. Relationships among entrepreneurs’ knowledge, entrepreneurial opportunity, and product differentiation are indicated below. Proposition 2: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, higher level of heterogeneous knowledge or the existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity (or both) makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2A: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, industry-specific knowledge, coupled with the existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity, makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2B: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, industry-specific knowledge, coupled with the non-existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity, makes it impossible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2C: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, higher level of heterogeneous knowledge and the existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. Proposition 2D: When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, higher level of heterogeneous knowledge and the non-existence of an entrepreneurial opportunity makes it possible to launch a differentiated and rare product. The relationship between heterogeneous knowledge and product attributes are listed below: Proposition 3A: The higher the value of heterogeneous knowledge, the higher the valuable difference of a product. Proposition 3B: The higher the rarity of heterogeneous knowledge, the higher the rarity of a product. Proposition 3C: The level of difficulty of imitation of heterogeneous knowledge moderates the positive relationship between product competitive advantage and product profit. Proposition 3: The higher the usefulness of an entrepreneur’s knowledge, the higher the product profit. The relationships between attributes of entrepreneurial opportunity structure and product attributes are listed below: Proposition 4A: The higher the valuable difference of a factor, the higher the valuable difference of a product. Proposition 4B: The higher the market demand intensity, the higher the product demand intensity. Proposition 4Ca: The less the number of competitors, the higher the rarity of a product. Proposition 4Cb: The degree of exploitation of resource by competitors negatively moderates the positive relationship between the market demand intensity and product demand intensity. Proposition 4Cc: The extent of delayed actions by competitors positively moderates the positive relationship between product competitive advantage and product profit. Proposition 4: The higher the potential of profitability of entrepreneurial opportunity structure, the higher the product profit. The major contributions of the research to entrepreneurship theories include the following: First, we built a integrated theory including entrepreneurs’ knowledge and entrepreneurial opportunities to explain product differentiation and profit. Because differentiation is the core to entrepreneurship, our integrated theory emphasizes the core of the theory. Second, this research identified entrepreneurial opportunity structure, and illustrated that entrepreneurial opportunity structure influences product attributes and competitive advantage. Entrepreneurial opportunity structure reflects the shape of entrepreneurial opportunity. Third, this research bridged entrepreneurship and strategy strategies, making the conversion between the two streams of research possible. Fourth, we clarified the construct and dimensions of product in start-ups. Lastly, we clarified the sub-constructs under entrepreneurs’ knowledge and their impact on product attributes and competitive advantage. The findings of the research have practical implications. It can make strategic thinking of potential entrepreneurs in the same industry-growth stage more effective. The implications are: (1) It is a necessary condition that an entrepreneur has enough industry-specific knowledge to be successful; (2) When an entrepreneur has a high level of industry-specific knowledge, if entrepreneur have heterogeneous knowledge or there is an entrepreneurial opportunity in industry environment, then differentiation can success, thus he worth to take entrepreneurial action. If entrepreneur have not heterogeneous knowledge and there is not an entrepreneurial opportunity, then he should not take entrepreneurial action; (3) Discovered entrepreneurial opportunity structure can help potential entrepreneur identify entrepreneurial opportunity in entrepreneurial decision stage, and avoid exploiting a non-entrepreneurial opportunity.

在《坎特伯里故事集》中，喬叟曾多次直接指出或間接暗示旅程中的故事競賽為一遊戲。然而，對此文本的研究文獻，卻鮮少從遊戲觀點切入分析。即便有，也多是從語言角度，來處理文本中各角色間的口語遊戲，或喬叟本人的文字遊戲，離真正的遊戲本身，似還有一段距離。有鑑於此，我試著以惠欽格及凱洛斯對遊戲的論述，做為理論框架，來分析《坎特伯里故事集》中的遊戲元素。我首先將找出證據，來證明整個朝聖之旅符合遊戲的定義，然後以其中三個故事為例，來分析四種遊戲範疇。本論文將分為五章，在第一章，我先說明遊戲長期以來被人忽視的地位，接著我將引入惠辛格及凱洛斯的論述。惠辛格提出遊戲的概念、定義，及功能；凱洛斯作為惠辛格在遊戲論述領域中的繼承人，則將惠辛格的成就，加以推展及補充，並將遊戲定義為四個範疇：競爭、機會、模仿、暈眩。所有的遊戲都可被歸納為這四類。在第一章的後半部，我將逐一從文本中，找出證據，來證明《坎特伯里故事集》在在都符合遊戲的定義。在第二章，我將討論＜騎士的故事＞中競爭與機會之運作。在第三章中，我將從模仿的層面來分析＜赦罪修士的故事＞。在第四章中，我將從暈眩的角度來看＜修女院教士的故事＞。在第五章中，我將總結前四章的要點，然後探討文學作為遊戲的可能性。最末，從遊戲的往復特性來看，我將主張《坎特伯里》遊戲尚未結束，它是遊戲昇華為藝術的最佳範本。 / In many places of The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer points out that this story-telling contest would be a game. However, researches on this text have scarcely been done from the perspective of game. In view of this, I try to apply Jonah Huizinga and Roger Caillois’ concepts of game as the main theoretical framework to The Canterbury Tales. In this thesis, I justify the pilgrimage as a big game first and then discuss the elements of play in three tales respectively. The thesis is divided into five chapters. In chapter one, I recount the subordinate position of game first and then introduce Huizinga and Caillois’ discourses. Huizinga comes up with the concept, definition, and function of game; Caillois modifies Huizinga’s notions and then categorizes games into four kinds: agon, alea, mimicry, and ilinx. In the following part of chapter one, I prove that The Canterbury Tales as a whole matches the notion of a game. In chapter two, I discuss the exercises of agon and alea in The Knight’s Tale. In chapter three, I analyze The Pardoner’s Tale from the aspect of mimicry. In chapter four, I see The Nun’s Priest’s Tale from the perspective of ilinx. In chapter five, I summarize the previous chapters first, and then explore the possibility of literature as the game. I argue that the game of The Canterbury Tales is not over and that it is the sublimation form of game into art.

高科技產業是台灣最重要的產業，對台灣經濟有很大的貢獻，近年來此產業的競爭日趨激烈，新科技迅速不斷的出現，產品生命週期的急遽縮短，以及市場需求的反覆變動，使得廠商在上市新產品之前，必須要審慎考量並擬定適當的上市策略，才能增加新產品上市後的成功率。 本研究選取「產品新穎度決策」、「產品定位」以及「上市時機」為討論的上市策略組合，探究不同的上市策略與新產品績效之間的關係，而從過去相關的文獻當中，亦發現公司內部的態度傾向是影響上市策略擬定的因素之一，故本研究亦將公司內部因素納入研究架構中，選擇「市場導向」、「技術機會主義」與「競食意願」三變數，分析三者對於上市策略擬定的影響性，並進一步分析其對新產品績效可能的影響。 針對本研究所回收之有效問卷所作之分析，得到以下幾項實証： 一、市場導向強度越強，則在產品新穎度決策上越傾向較低的新穎度。 二、市場導向強度越強，越能適當的掌握新產品之上市時機。 三、技術機會主義程度越高，則產品定位決策上高質感的程度越不明顯。 四、競食意願越高，在上市時機的掌握上越為準確適時。 五、產品新穎的程度，與新產品績效表現呈負相關。 六、上市時機掌握的越為準確，新產品績效表現越佳。 七、市場導向的強度越強，新產品績效表現越佳。 八、技術機會主義程度越高，新產品績效表現越佳。 九、競食意願越高，新產品績效表現越佳。 由於過去的研究較少著墨於影響上市策略擬定的因素上，而本研究的實証也發現公司內部因素不僅會影響上市策略的擬定，甚至是直接的關係到新產品上市後之績效，本研究的結果可提供給企業參考，希望能對新產品上市相關領域能有所貢獻。

投資者面對到期日相同的一序列不同履約價格的選擇權時，應如何建立最佳的組合交易策略，這個問題雖已有許多標準的交易公式可依循，但這些標準的交易策略無法全面涵蓋複雜多變的組合策略。本論文提出整數線性規劃模型用來建立選擇權的最佳交易策略。模型針對到期日相同的買權、賣權如何買賣的組合，建立最佳交易策略。若我們預期在到期日時，標的股價將會落在某一範圍內，則我們可修改原來的規劃模型配合此項預期，以尋求最佳的交易策略。最後，我們以Ericsson的選擇權為例，驗証本模型的效能。 / The problem of how to construct the optimal combination trading strategy for investors when they face a series of options of different exercise prices on the same maturity date can be solved by many standard trading rules. Yet these standard trading rules cannot completely cover the complex and highly changeable combination strategy. This thesis proposes an integer linear programming (ILP) model to construct the optimal trading strategy for option portfolio selection. This model focuses on constructing the optimal strategy for an option portfolio of call- and put-options on the same maturity date. Given the investor's belief of the stock price, we also provide an extended ILP model to include this belief. Finally, an empirical study will be presented by using the ILP model applied to the Ericsson's call and put options.

在2006年1月，立法院通過了總金額合計高達1410億水患治理特別條例、石門及其集水區整治特別條例。本文以許多民間非營利組織為監督治水預算成立的1410大禹治水聯盟為研究個案，希望能瞭解立法過程裡，民間聯盟如何監督公共政策？又如何打破國會與官僚的結盟結構，實際影響政策？本文採用深度訪談、報章資料與參與觀察等方式，藉由McAdam的政治機會結構理論為分析架構，以說明治水預算裡行動者擴編預算的動機與過程。並分析在立法院審查各階段治水聯盟的因應策略、實際行動和內部運作，以及監督成效。研究發現在地方水患陰影下，又面對官僚、國會與地方政府三者鐵三角般的互利合作，主張審慎監督的治水聯盟其實無力回天。一方面因議題範圍實在太大，無法動員特定地區相關者；另一方面也是鐵三角間同盟關係非常穩固，國會遊說發揮不了作用。故只能藉少數友好立委，在朝野協商爭取加入更多資訊公開、績效評估與公民參與機制。透過這些機制，在後續八年政策執行過程中找出更多公共參與和監督的著力點。藉此也讓原先僅有地區性互動的環保運動與社區大學運動在本案上交會。此新合作方向是否會對未來環保運動帶來新的在地網絡與群眾支持，值得後續觀察與研究。 / In January 2006, the Legislative Yuan passed the Special Enactment on Flood Management in Areas Susceptible to Floods and the Special Enactment on Restoration of Shi-Men and its Catchments Area amounting to NT$141 billion. This paper makes a study of the 1410 Ta-Yu Water Management Alliance formed by a number of civil non-profit organizations for the purpose of supervising and auditing the water management budget. The study seeks to understand how the civil alliance supervises public policies during the legislative process and how they break the alliance structure between the Legislative Yuan and bureaucracy to actually influence policies. By using McAdam’s political opportunity structure theory as its analysis structure, this paper gives an account of the motives and processes of activists in the creation of the water management budget through in-depth interviews, newspaper reports and participate observation. It also analyzes the countering strategies, activities, internal functioning and the results of the supervisory actions of the Water Management Alliance. This research discovered that in the face of the alliance’s proposition of prudent supervision could not be upheld in the face of mutual cooperation within the iron triangle of bureaucracy, the Legislative Yuan and local government. On one hand is the alliance’s inability to mobilize related parties in specific areas due to the issues covering too wide a range and on the other hand is the solid relationship within the iron triangle alliance and negates lobbying efforts in the Legislative Yuan. It is only by a few friendly legislators that mechanisms for the increased disclosure of information, performance evaluation and civil participation were added during negotiations between the ruling and opposition parties. Through these mechanisms it is hoped that more foothold for public involvement and supervision can be found in the following eight years of policy implementation. Also, such mechanisms would allow conservation movements and community college movements which used to be limited to territorial interactions to meet. Whether this new direction in cooperation brings new grassroot support for future environmental movements remains worthy of follow up observation and research.

在過去研究犯罪經濟學的理論文獻上，失業率對各犯罪類型的影響為正向關係，但在實証文獻上的研究發現，卻有愈來愈多的証據支持此二個變數間的負向或無關係。為了解釋上述正向與負向間相反的矛盾關係，本篇論文嘗試利用兩種模型(非參數與非參數模型)與兩種效果(機會效果與動機效果)來解釋此二變數間的關係，此亦是本論文主要貢獻。其中機會效果是用以解釋失業率與犯罪間的負向關係，動機效果則用以解釋正向關係。在非參數模型中，利用失業率為景氣循環的代理變數，發現失業率與竊盜間存在正向關係，此與大多實証研究相符；失業率則和妨害風化與殺人犯罪間呈現負向相關；失業率與傷害罪間則沒有明顯正負關係。研究亦顯示，不同的犯罪類型在不同的參數模型下，統計的顯著性亦有不同，而在不同年齡層(青少年與成年人)的犯罪模型則更與理論模型結論相符。 / According to the theoretical literature on criminal economics, unemployment rate tends to be positively correlated to all types of crimes. However, more and more empirical evidence suggests otherwise. In order to clarify the relationship, this study exploits both nonparametric and parametric models and considers two effects, including opportunity and motivation effects. The presence of the opportunity effect leads to be a negative correlation between unemployment rate and crimes, while the presence of the motivation effect gives a positive correlation. Under nonparametric model where unemployment rate is used as a proxy for business cycles, we only found that there is positive correlation between unemployment rate and robbery, while obscenity and homicide are found to be negatively correlated with unemployment rate. This is in line with most empirical studies. Little correlation evidence is found for unemployment and other types of crimes. Under parametric model, the study indicates that the statistical significance differs in models, and depends on crime variable used. We found more consistent results with theoretic models for the age groups (teenagers and adults).

西元2008年12月18日，聯合國大會通過全球暫緩死刑的決議案，希望各會員國可以暫緩國內的死刑執行，廢除死刑已是世界趨勢。而陳水扁總統也曾於2000年當選後，公開宣示將在任內推行死刑的廢除，作為司法改革的一環。2001年時，法務部長陳定南也表示將在三年內廢除死刑，確立了我國廢除死刑的政策目標並延續至今，正逐步朝無死刑的社會邁進，以符合世界趨勢。然而一個政策的形成，往往受到民眾、相關利益團體和政府等各方行動者的影響，而在我國逐步廢除死刑的過程中，民間人權團體也扮演了相當重要的角色。因此本文的目的是希望瞭解我國在解嚴後，以社會運動的角度來分析廢除死刑運動的發展和其對我國死刑政策所造成的轉變。 研究結果發現，我國廢除死刑運動的興起，與過去曾發生過的許多冤錯案有關。民間團體經由對冤錯案的救援，得以深入瞭解我國司法以及死刑制度的的缺失，因此認為必須廢除死刑。而廢死運動雖然難以獲得一般社運最需要的金錢與人力等資源，但民間團體所具備的專業能力、政治人脈和國際間對此議題的重視，都是我國廢死運動能夠興起並持續的原因。而廢死聯盟成立之後，在他們的努力之下，目前我國絕對死刑的規定已經全部消失， 且停止執行死刑已達三年，並在可預見的未來，使我國的死刑政策繼續朝逐步廢除的方向來邁進。

本文以國家行動為研究目標，意欲探究的是中共政治行動對農民抗議產生的影響以及遭遇農民抗議時中共政治行動的回應。其中，主要探討的是中共中央與地方行動上的差異性。兩者行動上的差異在本文中一方面認定為導致農民抗議產生的外部環境因素（即政治機會），一方面據以探究面對農民抗議時中共中央與地方在回應時所採取的政治行動分別為何。 本文以政治機會結構理論及國家與社會互動理論作為研究理論，並在「中央—地方—農民」三分的分析框架下，提出中央與地方的差異作為研究面向。整理農民抗議的定義、特點、方式、類型及成因時，並討論與之相關的農民權益。在探究行動上的差異對農民抗議的影響以及面對農民抗議時中央與地方的各自行動時，本文從稅費問題及土地徵用來看行動差異對農民抗議的影響，而中央政府的回應行動包括國家重建、事件定調、策略防範以及守住底線。基層政權的回應行動則分別就「官方論調」、「力量對比」、「對上訪時幹部行動的參酌」、「秩序共識下的行動劇碼」，以及「角色扮演」等予以解讀。 / State action is regarded as the research target, intending for the influence on peasant protest by PRC’s action and the response to peasant protest by PRC. Focusing on these two topics, action discrepancy in central-local relations is what I’d like to discuss in this research. For one thing, action discrepancy is seen as the outer environmental factor that brings about the begin of peasant protest. For another, based on action discrepancy,while responding to peasant protest, what the central do and what the local do can be explored. Based on the political opportunity structure theory and the state-society interaction theory, and analyzed on the framework of “central-local–peasant” tripartition, this research presents the discrepancy in central-local relations as main dimension. While definitions, characters, measures, types, and reasons concerning peasant protest are organized, peasant rights and interests are also discussed. The influence on peasant protest by action discrepancy and the actions separately by the central and the local when encountering peasant protest are then explored. This research examines the influence through tax-fee problem and land expropriation, and then concludes that the central actions include state-rebuilding, affair-identifying, strategy-guarding, and deadline-defending, and moreover, interprets the local regime’s actions in such ways like “official-like statement”, “power contrast”, “reference to local cadres’action toward peasant appealings to higher levels(shangfang)”, “act performance on the consensus of order”, and “role play”.

資訊時代下全球化造成了流動空間的出現，亦促進了網絡社會的崛起；其影響不僅擴及政治、社會、經濟層面，更形成了全球犯罪經濟的現象。臺灣境內詐欺犯罪從過去當面直接接觸，轉為透過電信或網路間接接觸的詐騙形式；在政府的全面查緝及兩岸共同打擊犯罪之下，近年來電信詐欺集團呈現向外擴散跨越國境乃至全球的趨勢。此類全球犯罪網絡的相關實證研究至今仍極為缺乏，因此，本研究旨在討論前述犯罪機會、空間分工及社會網絡如何形成跨境電信詐欺犯罪網絡，及其背後的特殊運作機制。 　　經由文獻探討法、現有資料統計分析法及深度訪談18名受訪者（受刑人11名、偵查人員4名、駐外聯絡官3名），本研究發現犯罪機會同時影響空間分工及社會網絡，這三個重要指標亦型塑了跨境電信詐欺的犯罪網絡。詐欺集團利用各類犯罪機會（犯罪者、標的物、監控缺乏及手法工具的聚合，其中監控包含國家、網路與金融管制層面），結合空間移動、分工與第三地機制，社會網絡強弱連帶與第三方機制，形成特殊運作機制，促使詐欺網絡成為無遠弗屆的全球犯罪體系；核心組成員與第三方既是連結也是斷點的關係，更是其中的運作關鍵。透過此種犯罪網絡分析，可深入瞭解全球跨境犯罪的運作概略，進而形成應對防治作法及刑事政策建議。 / In the Information Age, globalization has brought about the emergence of space of flows and the rise of network society. Its influence not only extends to the political, social, and economic levels, but also forms the global criminal economy. In Taiwan, fraud has occurred from direct contact format (such as face-to-face) to indirect ones (such as via telephones and the Internet). Owing to the government's comprehensive investigation and the cross-strait joint criminal judicial co-operation, the telecoms fraud groups recently have traveled across borders and even to the whole world. As the relevant research based on empirical data is scant, this research aims to discuss how criminal opportunities, spatial division of labor, and social networks construct a cross-border telecommunications fraud criminal network and the special operational mechanism behind it. In this research, I reviewed the relevant literature, analyzed empirical data, and then conducted in-depth interviews with 18 respondents which include 11 prisoners, 4 criminal investigators and 3 police liaison officers. It is concluded that criminal opportunities would influence the spatial division of labor and social networks within criminal groups; these three important indicators formulate the criminal network of cross-border telecommunications fraud. A special operational mechanism combining various criminal opportunities (the convergence of offenders, targets, absence of guardians, and means; in which guardians include the level of national, cyber and financial regulations), spatial mobility and division of labor with the third-place mechanism, and strong and weak ties of social networks with the third-person mechanism, transforms fraud networks into a far-reaching global criminal system. The relationship between core group members and the third-person is not only a link but also a breakpoint, and it is undoubtedly the operational key. Ultimately, this research paints a clear picture of the global criminal networks and thus will possibly benefit the development of future criminal prevention and correction policies.

公務員旋轉門條款依其立法源起及釋字第637號解釋之內容可知，主要是為防範公務員離職後與嗣後任職之民營事業有所利益掛勾，產生不當利益輸送與私相授受之危險。目前系爭條款雖已有明文之刑罰規定，但其立法設計卻不完善，導致實務上各級法院對構成要件的解釋與適用莫衷一是，並無統一標準。探究其原因，本文認為可能是刑事保護法益的定位錯誤所致，故須先就系爭條款之保護法益釐清。雖然司法院大法官解釋已確認其為國家法益之保護，惟本文認為於系爭條款之情形，除行為主體已離職而不具有公務員身分以外，構成要件行為所造成的不正競爭風險，直接而實質侵害到的卻是市場的公平競爭秩序，亦即侵害到市場競爭者在相關經濟資源或公務資訊取得機會之平等，而應為社會法益保護之範疇。 本文主要援引德國學者Hefendehl的集體法益學說，並分別由國家與社會制度信賴法益學說檢驗系爭條款之保護法益。俟法益定位完成，再將實務上主要爭點嘗試以此種社會法益檢視，亦即以侵害市場自由競爭秩序下的機會平等之經濟制度信賴法益角度重新思考，發現與實務見解並不相同，是以，本文最後將針對這些爭點各別釐清並給予建議，期能對未來條文之修法有所幫助。