本研究藉著側中膈、腹中膈及二者聯合的破壞，對大白鼠活動及觸覺驚嚇反應的影響 ，來探討側中膈及腹中膈，在中膈破壞後的過度反應性現象中，所扮演的角色。 結果發現，側中膈破壞組的刻板行為和活動時間增加，而活動距離則與控制組無異。 由此顯示，側中膈破壞組常作多而短的移動，而此反應持續性高，與以前研究結果相 符。 不論是側中膈、腹中膈或二者聯合的破壞，對大白鼠在開放式場地的中央區域之活動 量均顯著減少，尤其是腹中膈破壞組效果更大。此項結果顯示中膈破壞對壓力反應的 減小的確有影響。而在開放式場地行為的活動和探索行為指標－鑽洞及前腿站立寺， 中膈此二部位的破壞，均使之減少，但差異未達顯著。 在驚嚇反應－時間過程中，側中膈破壞組的反應增強，有習慣化傾向。而在測、腹中 膈聯合破壞的反應強度，出現倒U 的傾向。由此可知，先前文獻研究發現之分歧，可 能是由於實驗解剖位置及測量時間過程不同所致。

本論文計一冊，約五萬字，共分六章。 本研究目的在於探討：(一)北市就業者平日參與的休閒活動內容、共同參與伙伴、達 到目的及滿意程度。(二)就業者希望參加但卻很少參加的休閒活動項目及其不能如願 的原因。(三)休閒活動的分類狀況。(四)就業者之人口統計變項、休閒倫理與休閒活 動三者間之關係。 本研究採問卷法，以隨機抽樣方式，抽取台北市八個行政地區有職業者共一○八○人 ，共收回有效問卷四○九份。問卷分四部份，結果如下：(一)北市就業最常參加的前 五項休閒活動為：看電影、聽廣播或錄音帶、逛街、其他球類、郊遊。(二)共同參與 伙伴以朋友、家人居多。(三)參加目的依活動不同而有不同之姞果，看電影、看錄影 帶以娛樂為主要目的，聽廣播、郊遊、旅行、散步則是以放鬆心情為目的。(四)想參 加而很少參加的活動依次為：旅行、駕車、學語言、游泳、打高爾夫球、露營等。 (五)無法參加的原因以時間、金錢佔多數。

本論文共計一冊，約五萬字，分為六章。 品管圈活動在我國推行已將近廿年，然而各公司採行的評價方法相當相當分歧，為使 各公司更有效的推行品管圈活動，實有建立一套完善評估系統的必要。此乃本篇論文 寫作的目的。 本篇論文首先介紹品管圈活動的起源及世界各國推行的近況，然後就最近有關品管圈 活動的國內外論文做一番綜合整理，再就一般公司所採行的評價方法做詳細的介紹及 檢討。至於本篇論文的重心則為透過專家的意見建立一套具有參考價值的評估系統。 研究的方法為分析層級程序法，首先彙集專家的意見建立分析層級，再透過逐對比較 的方式，計算出評價表中各項目的權重、各評價表的權重、各獎勵表揚方式的權重， 從而建立一套同時具有評價功能、診斷功能及引導功能的品管圈活動評估系統。

中文摘要 知識經濟的到來意味著知識將成為生財的主要工具。麻省理工學院（MIT）教授萊斯特•梭羅（Lester Thurow）在其1999年的大作「知識經濟時代」（Building Wealth）當中開宗明義便提到，時值二十和二十一世紀之交，微電子、電腦、電信、新人造材料、機器人、生物科技等六大新科技彼此結合互動，創造一個嶄新的經濟世界。這六大領域所屬的基礎科學突飛猛進，開發全新的科技，也造就全新的產業：電腦、半導體、雷射等等。人類已經不能再靠以往的舊公式功成名就。人類發展史上，控制土地、黃金、及石油等天然資源一項是功成名就的要素。但一夕之間，成功的要素變成了「知識」。而要不斷的維持成功與累積優勢，持續創造並且累積「知識」則成為相當重要的課題。 隨著產業的發展，科技跨領域整合的需求程度日益提高。光電產業、數位內容產業、奈米產業、資訊電子產業、微機電產業，在在都不是任何一項單一技術與科技能夠促成的產業。其中，台灣在微機電產業的發展上，因為具有過去累積豐厚的半導體相關知識技能，因此微機電產業被認為是台灣相當有潛力的下一世代重要產業。 在產業持續創新這個過程當中，除了產業本身的研發單位的努力之外，學校的實驗室也在不同的領域扮演越來越重要的角色。然而，對於這股重要的研發勢力，至今台灣對它內部組織平台，核心能力的養成與蓄積，以及知識創造活動的實際內涵並不甚了解。因此本論文選擇針對台灣最重要的微機電系統相關大學實驗室之一─台灣大學微奈米機電系統實驗室─作深入的單一個案研究，以Dorothy Leonard-Barton(1995)的架構，探討一個科技跨領域整合程度高、與產業界互動密切的大學實驗室，其組織核心能力為何？其核心能力如何養成並且累積？實驗室的知識創造活動如何？知識創造活動與核心能力之間的關係如何？ 本研究發現，對於跨領域整合的實驗室來說，要促進並且確保團隊合作的品質是第一要務，而這個目標的達成則是實驗室整體核心能力的展現。他不是一個單一構面能夠達成的，而是從員工知識技能、實體科技系統、管理系統與價值觀和組織文化整體配套之下的組合。其中畫龍點睛的部分，就是組織文化以及價值觀。跨領域整合的實驗室要能夠成功，其價值觀必須相當重視「人」的價值。把「人」當作最大的資產，並且以「人」的整合為首要，而非把「人」只當作是「技術」的載具。因為對「人」的重視，因此他必須要在組織架構與管理系統的設計上都處處考慮到什麼樣的環境能夠促進成員以組織大目標為前提貢獻所能。 單打獨鬥的研究單位因為資源與知識範疇的有限，要開發出一套系統應用的研究成果具有相當大的難度。他們在專業能力的深化上面也許使他們能夠有能力開發出一個技術難度相當高並且有價值的單一元件，然而要對民生經濟與產業有貢獻，光是單一元件是不夠的。因此相對來說，具有跨領域整合能力的研究單位，透過系統整合開發的角度，回來把所需元件兜在一起，迅速整合之後對於民生經濟與產業所造成的貢獻，以及知識整合加值之後所產生的爆發力是相當驚人的。 / Abstract Knowledge is the most important building block of the so called “New Economy”. MIT professor Lester Thurow wrote in his book “Building Wealth: The New Rules for Individuals, Companies and Nations in a Knowledge-Based Economy”, “Knowledge is the new basis for wealth.” He also wrote that, “…A third industrial revolution is under way. Microelectronics, computers, telecommunications, designer materials, robotics and biotechnologies are transforming all facets of life.” Nowadays, the most crucial way to gain and strengthen an organization’s competency is through well management of knowledge. The need of cross-discipline knowledge is becoming more and more urgent as the complexity of the industry heightens. Industries including electronic-optic industry, digital content industry, nanotechnology industry, micro-electro-mechanical industry, etc are all examples of industries that rely highly on cross-discipline technology. Because of the maturity of Taiwan’s semiconductor industry, it is highly expected that micro-electro-mechanical industry will flourish. The collaboration of the industry and university labs is becoming more and more important in the R&D environment. However, there is not as much research on university labs as there are on corporate labs. This research focuses on one of the most important MEMS university labs in Taiwan—NEMS/MEMS Lab of National Taiwan University. The research discusses the following questions under Dorothy Leonard-Barton’s (1995) framework: What is the core competency of a highly cross-disciplined system integrated university lab? How does the university lab strengthen its core competency? What are the knowledge creating activities specifically? How do the knowledge creating activities interact with its core competency? This research finds that the acknowledgement of knowledge management, organization culture, and the value of people is the key to the success of a highly cross-disciplined system integrated university lab. They should not be merely slogans of management studies, but should be embedded in daily operations and value systems of all team members. With that, the power and contribution of the university labs will be significant.

在非營利組織之中，由於經理人與組織之利益不一致，因此在甄選新人的過程中可能產生代理人問題，負責甄選的主管可能因任用的標準及心目中的動機而影響聘審的結果。本研究即探討若非營利組織的聘審主管在心目中對應徵新人存有偏見或者考慮應徵新人未來對自身升遷的影響，並考慮應徵新人可採取遊說聘審主管活動下，討論聘審賽局均衡結果的情況。 / In the nonprofit organization, because benefit between the manager and the organization is different, there would be the agent problem in the process of selecting new employees. The manager being responsible for employment may consider his criterion and motive to change the selecting conclusion. In our study, we discuss if the manager has prejudice against applicant or he consider if the new employee will affect his promotion in the future. Moreover, we assume the applicant can lobby the manager. How will it affect the selection conclusion? We will construct a lobbying game theory model to do research and we hope could recommend the improving directions for the employ system in the nonprofit organization.

近年來，文化產業對地區的整體經濟與社會發展具有舉足輕重的影響力，文化產業已成為現代都市發展的重心，加上全球化和資訊科技網路發達的影響，原有的地方性文化逐漸式微，面臨消失的危機，所以目前對於襲產保護、傳統空間再生、振興地方經濟等作法皆是保存及延續地方文化，重新找尋定位的方式。本研究藉由地方節慶活動探討文化產業中的創新事業模式其運作機制及要素之間互動的情形，以及找出事業模式在建立的過程中運用哪些當地資源、目前面臨的問題和對地方發展的影響。 研究發現節慶活動擁有之資源基礎不同，會造成事業模式要素的構成不同，並且會依照自身條件選擇適合的利潤推進器。舉辦節慶活動的驅動方向有兩種，一是由政府發起往基層推動，或是由地方人民發起請政府協助舉辦，兩種類型的節慶活動與地方連結程度也會不同。由於地方節慶活動在舉辦期間會與地方人民互動、運用地方資源，所以對地方造成的長、短期影響包括人民的思想、生活型態、生活水準以及環境的軟、硬體部份，當然也影響了地方文化產業的發展方向。 本研究在個案分析的過程中發現，節慶活動想帶動地方產業，必須讓活動深入民間，與地方結合，如果節慶內容可以融入地方文化，也和地方產業加以連結，節慶活動較有永續發展之潛力。目前台灣的節慶文化發展尚在起步階段，主事者應該有長遠的規劃，包括對整體環境的軟硬體建設、建立與民眾的合作關係等，並且應考量自身的條件後加入自己的地方特色，才能獲得民眾長久的支持。 / Recently, the cultural industry has great influences on the overall local economy and the development of society; it has played an important role in the modern metropolis development. Owing to the globalization and the development of information science and technology network, the original local culture gradually declines and faced with crisis of many old customs may die out. For this reason, the protection of cultures, the regeneration of traditional space and the development of local economy are the ways to preserve and continue the local culture. The objective of this research is to find out the operation mechanism of festival events’ business model and how the essential factors interact in the model. Furthermore, this research analyses which local resources are used in the establishment process of festival events and the influences on local development by these events. The conclusions of this research include how the different resource-based festival events cause different factors composition and profit boosters. The combination between festival events and local area may be different because of the way how these events are animated. Festival events have long term and short term influences on people and the development of local cultural industry, including life style, life standard, and environment construction. In order to lead local development, festival events must let the activities combine with more local cultures and resources to have potential of sustainable development. Taiwan's festival industry is still in the beginning, and the government should have long term plans of overall environment construction and establish populace's cooperation relations. Festival events should have their own characteristics to obtain long-time support of people.

節慶活動在人類社會不同階段的文化進程中扮演著重要的角色，隨著經濟發展及社會變遷，其型態及功能更趨多元，而公部門多扮演關鍵推動或執行的角色。因節慶活動的組織運作與網絡管理有別於傳統的政策執行，本研究即以2005台北燈節為觀察平台，欲探究公部門辦理節慶活動的組織結構及運作方式，並從網絡的形成過程中，瞭解行動者彼此的角色位置及參與活動的態度認知，同時也探討行動主體整合關係網絡的過程與結果。 根據研究目的，並經文獻探討、參與觀察及深度訪談的綜合分析，研究發現：在個案部分，活動組織係依階段動態組成，具有系統功能特質，其網絡係在不同認知及權力基礎的行動者間多向互動，並仰賴行動者間的合作信任關係形成，因此可說非正式結構具有實質影響性，而在網絡整合過程，核心行動者雖能善用諸多策略，惟整合結果各行動者對達成認知仍有差異；此外在理論部分，本研究以行動與結構調和觀點提供了網絡研究的若干價值，同時也提出了若干省思。研究最後在政策層面提出了短、中、長程的建議；而在執行層面則是對活動規劃、執行組織及網絡整合等提出相關建議。 / Festivals celebrations play a significant role when cultures evolve. With the change of economic and social development, their forms and functions are getting more diversified while government departments mainly take the role of promotion or execution. Unlike common policy administration, management of networks and organization operation in festivals celebrations are much different. So the research observes Taipei Lantern Festival 2005 to probe into the organization structure and its implementation when government departments dealt with festivals celebrations. And through the forming of network, we seek to understand the position of actors and their expectations of the activity and meanwhile study the course and result of integration of executive sectors. According to the research purpose, document study, observation and in depth interview, it concludes that in the case study, the dynamic activity changes as occasions arise and characteristic of organizationic functions. The network interacts between different sectors of diverse expectations and authorities and it leans on relationship and cooperation between sectors. The informal structure, so to speak, is influential. And during the integration of network, the sector in charge could employ strategies to get work done, but other sectors might expect differently toward the result. Theoretically the research, in terms of reconciliation of actions and structures, focuses on the network and provides also some reflections. At last it forwards short-term, mid-term, and long-term political suggestions. For the execution part, it offers some advice for activity planning, executive organization and integration of network as well.

隨著再生醫學研究的蓬勃發展，幹細胞也成為未來醫療的焦點，長生不老、青春永駐，將不再是夢想；慢性疾病、罕見疾病等的治癒都可預期。其中臍帶血幹細胞的移植已可取代骨髓移植治療惡性血液疾病、免疫疾病，成功率與預後狀況都比骨髓移植更好。所以將臍帶血保存下來的觀念，已普遍成為產前衛教的一課，台灣約有一成以內的父母會自費將寶寶的臍帶血保存下來。 活動理論是俄國心理學家Vygotsky（1978）所提出的，強調主體必須透過工具才能達成客體目標，並架構人類基本活動的六個元素：主體、中介工具、客體、規則、社群與分工。單一活動中各元素為動態的互動關係，會隨著時間軸改變。 本研究深入訪談六位臍帶血保存戶後，透過活動理論元素強度分析比較臍帶血保存戶的生活脈絡，了解其關鍵點，同時也將業界行銷做法與活動理論進行比對分析，再參酌人性中「理性」與「非理性」的心理反應，做為未來行銷策略的參考。 結果顯示，客戶的生活脈絡中「主體-工具-客體」之三角關係最強，其中工具扮演不可或缺的角色；「主體-客群-客體」之三角關係次之，社群仍是活動中互動最密切的一群；規則與分工對生活脈絡的影響較小，反映出臍帶血保存是一個新產業，法規與分工都還沒有深入發揮影響力。在訪談業代與分析業者行銷策略後，瞭解未來在行銷保存臍帶血時，需兼具產品與服務的特性，並加強研發的能力，強化在再生醫療中的角色，才能讓此產業更蓬勃發展。 活動理論可將思維結構化並進行盤點，使離散的概念統整，對整個活動有一個清楚的全貌。應用在例行思考上，不論是事前評估規劃，或是事後執行檢討，均可迅速而清晰的將藍圖完整呈現。 / The use of stem cells becomes a key area of research and therapy followed by the fast development in regenerative medicine. Because the existence of stem cells, immortality or staying young forever will no longer be just a dream, and serious diseases and rare disorder are expected to be cured. Umbilical cord blood transplants have higher success and recovery rates than Bone Marrow transplants in treating blood disorders and diseases of the immune system. The concept of ‘cord blood storage’ has become an instruction prenatally. There are about 10% of parent will keep their baby’s cord blood in private cord blood banks at present in Taiwan. ‘Activity Theory’ was initiated by Lev Vygotsky（1978）in the 1920s. He created the idea of mediation. Following to the activity theory, Leont’ev (1981) structured the general context model into six elements: Subject、Tool、Object、Rules、Community and Labor Division. The interaction among elements for each activity is dynamic and can be changed over time. Six customers stored the cord bloods of their babies were interviewed in this study. The life contexts were studied and the strength of the six elements was compared among these customers based on the activity theory to analyze the reason of storing their baby’s cord blood, and to build the activity theory model. In addition, the marketing methods in the industry were compared and analyzed with the activity theory, and the psychological responses of reasoning and nonreasoning in human nature were further referred to build the future marketing strategy. The relation among Subject-Tool-Object was found to be the most important part in the model, where tool played the key role. The relation among Subject-Community-Object was the second important, where community interacted closely with activity. Rules and Labor Division were the less effective elements. This result indicates that private Cord Blood Bank is a new business, which is not affected by Rules and Labor Division yet. In the future, product and service characters should be combined, and the significance of R&D of stem cells in cord blood should be enhanced in Regenerative Medicine to promote the development of this business. Activity theory was proved beneficial in seeing a whole picture of activity by structuralizing the thinking and integrating the diverse ideas. A clear blue print in routine thinking can be seen either in the beforehand evaluation or the post-implementation review.

本研究旨在探討幼稚園教師對美術活動之教學態度，主要目的有三：一、編制「幼稚園教師美術活動教學態度問卷」；二、瞭解幼稚園教師對美術活動教學態度之實際情況；三、探討不同背景變項下幼稚園教師對美術活動教學態度之差異情形；四、根據研究結果提出具體建議，做為改善學前階段美術教育之參考。 本研究以調查研究法，調查與分析幼稚園教師對美術活動之教學態度，依據文獻探討的結果編製「幼稚園教師美術活動教學態度問卷」，並經專家效度檢驗以及問卷預試成立正式問卷及建立問卷的效度與信度(Cronbach’s α係數為 .886)。 本研究以台北縣公、私立幼稚園之教師為研究對象，並以「幼稚園教師美術活動教學態度問卷」為研究工具，共發放340份問卷，回收208份問卷，回收率為61%。調查所得資料以描述統計、卡方考驗、單因子變異數分析方法進行分析。 本研究之研究結果為：一、幼稚園教師對美術活動的教學態度分為四個主要取向，分別為「幼兒本位取向」、「美術本位取向」、「教師本位取向」，以及「較少干涉取向」。二、不同教學年資、年齡、專業領域、公私立園所之幼稚園教師在美術活動教學態度上有所差異。 最後，本研究依據研究結果，分別對幼稚園教師、相關教育單位，以及後續美術活動相關研究提出具體建議，以供參考。 / The purpose of research is to investigate the kindergarten teachers’ attitude of teaching art. Four aims of this research are: 1. To compile the “Kindergarten Teachers’ Attitude of Art Activity Questionnaire” as the research tool. 2. To inquire current kindergarten teachers’ attitude of teaching art. 3. To analysis differences among teachers’ attitudes of teaching art on four distinct dimensions: years of teaching, age, professional knowledge of individual teachers, and the types of kindergarten (public and private). 4. To make suggestions for a teacher teaching art in kindergarten, related associations or departments, and someone interesting this topic. Researcher designed the contents of “Kindergarten Teachers’ Attitude of Teaching Art Questionnaire” by following phrases: compile items of questionnaire from literature, evaluate items by five experts to build validity, and using statistical analysis to establish reliability (Cronbach’s α .886). Researcher randomly sampled 340 subjects from kindergartens in Taipei county and delivered the questionnaire and 208 samples were valid (61%). The data were analyzed using: descriptive statistics, χ2 test, one-way ANOVA, and LSD posterior comparisons. The result was: 1. The mainly approaches of teachers’ attitude of teaching art are children-oriented approach, art-oriented approach, teacher-oriented approach, and little-intervention-oriented approach. 2. Significant differences of teachers’ attitude were found between teachers in different years of teaching, age, professional knowledge of individual teachers, and the type of kindergarten. The researcher made recommendations to kindergarten teachers, education administrations, and further related research based on the conclusions.

創業投資是扮演了產業推手的角色，他們利用資源，協助創業家達成創業之目的，進而替大眾謀取更好的生活。創業投資家承擔了創業家們初期的風險，提供營運所需資金，並在適當時刻收割成果，求得最大的資金回收報酬，「創業投資」就是在進行高風險，高報酬的商業活動。 創業投資從美國開始，在二十世紀的初期風靡了日本與台灣，如今隨著市場機會的轉移與大陸創業風潮的興盛，創投業者將目標轉向了中國大陸，希望從中選得適當標的並且獲利，但在中國市場機會甚多，怎樣的標的才是值得投資？ 現有大陸的創投活躍類型，可分為外資創投、民資創投與政府創投。三種類型的對於市場的判斷、投資的決策思考，對於選擇標的有極大影響，本研究對於此三種類型進行實地訪談，瞭解各類型現有投資決策與標的，同時歸納未來的投資標的方向。