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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

考量信用風險下之海外可轉債評價 / Pricing Euro-Convertible Bonds with Credit Risk

吳岱恩, Wu, Tai En Unknown Date (has links)
鑒於近年全球海外可轉換公司債發行檔數大增,然而以此商品為研究主題的文獻並不多,於是決定以此為研究目標。   影響海外可轉換公司債的價格因素包括股票價格、匯率、國內利率、國外利率和發行公司的違約機率,因此可買回、可賣回海外可轉換公司債是一個複雜的商品,而評價也較為困難。本文採用三維度二項樹和最小平方蒙地卡羅法建立評價海外可轉債的數值模型。為了更貼近真實世界,本文考量各變數間相關性和動態信用風險;另外,為了使評價更為精準,於股價過程中加入跳躍過程。   本文將模型運用至兩檔台灣公司所發行的海外可轉債,發現理論價格傾向於高估,但是理論價格與市價極為接近,尤其當以最小平方蒙地卡羅法評價時。另外本文也針對發行條件和模型中各個變數作敏感度分析,其中重要的是發現股票波動度、股票與匯率間相關係數在海外可轉債評價中扮演重要的角色。 / The number of Euro-convertible bonds issued has highly increased in the early 2010s. However, the related literature is barely found. This paper studies the pricing models of this investment product. Euro-convertible bonds are complex instruments affected by the credit risk of the issuers, the dynamic process of stock prices, the term structure of the interest rate and the movement of the exchange rate in the same time. Accordingly, building the ECB pricing model is a hard work. This paper presents a model considering the dynamic credit risk and jump in stock price process to make valuation more precise. Another advantage of models in this paper is use of stochastic interest rates for both local and foreign so as to make the model more staying with the real world. The other advantage is taking the correlation between each random variables into account. For pricing the Euro-convertible bonds, the numerical methodologies used in this paper are three-dimension binomial tree and least squares Monte Carlo approach. For purpose of assessing the performance of the model, two Euro-convertible bonds issued by Taiwan companies are chosen as samples and the difference between the theoretical price and market price during its issue period are provided. The results demonstrate that in spite of pretty slight overestimation, the least squares Monte Carlo simulation does a better job. In addition, this paper performs several kinds of sensitivity analysis to have in-depth understanding about the models. The consequence shows that the volatility of a stock return and the correlation between stock and exchange rate play a central role in ECB valuations.
182

組織控制:管理過程中自我調適設計之探討

江岷欽, Jiang, Min-Qin Unknown Date (has links)
第一章 緒論:第一節、研究的動機、方法和目的。第二節、組織控制的緣起。第三 節、組織控制的概念發展。一、傳統概念,二、傳統概念的批判,三、現代的意義。 第四節、組織控制的基本程序。 第二章 組織控制的類型分析:第一節、分析基礎:系統的策略資訊。第二節、事後 控制。第三節、事前控制。第四節、事中控制。第五節、分析結語。一、成員對各控 制類型的可能反應,二、綜合類型。 第三章 組織控制的實務:第一節、生產作業控制。一、投入項的事前控制,二、作 業的事中控制,三、輸出的事後控制。第二節、財務控制。一、財務資源的事前控制 ,二、財務資源的事中控制,三、財務資源的事後控制。第三節、組織行為的控制。 一、政策及程序途徑,二、績效衡量--反饋途徑,三、激勵途徑,四、行為改變術 ,五、參與管理途徑。 第四章 組織控制的功能檢視:第一節、組織控制的正功能。一、適應方面,二、目 標達成方面,三、模式維持方面,四、整合方面。第二節、組織控制的負功能。一、 負功能產生原因,二、官僚行為,三、策略行為,四、不實報告,五、抗拒行為,六 、疏離感。 第五章 結論:第一節、組織控制負功能的消融。第二節、有效組織控制的設計。一 、哲學基礎的選擇。二、誰來控制,三、控制與工作性質配合,四、通則歸納。
183

從行政過程論稅務調查-以所得稅為中心 / A study of tax investigation from the perspective of administrative process with a focus on the income tax

劉麗霞, Liu, Li Hsia Unknown Date (has links)
我國所得稅係採年度申報自繳制度,具有大量、反覆之特性,因此稅捐稽徵機關在所得稅申報期間之前,即已進行各種課稅資訊之蒐集活動,除藉此定出各類所得、費用標準,以作為核課依據外,嗣人民申報其年度所得稅後,即將蒐集之課稅資料與申報資料互相勾稽,作為選定事後審查對象及釐正申報資料與核定所得額之依據;當年度之所得稅申報資料及核定情形復又成為次一年度之課稅基本資料來源及比較對象,二者環環相扣,互為因果關係,形成一個獨立體系,而得以單獨作為研究之對象。次為掌握稅務調查制度之全貌,必須對其作全面性之審視及檢討,故本文採用源自日本之行政法學研究方法「行政過程論」從實現稅務行政目的之過程,歸納、整理所得稅事前課稅資訊蒐集活動及事後審查階段之調查手段、程序、屬性、相關人之法律關係、調查效果及其救濟途徑,以宏觀角度檢視現行法制下之稅務調查制度,藉以發現問題並試圖提出解決方法或修法建議。 / Taiwan adopts an annual self-reporting system for income tax return. Such reporting system involves massive and recurrent information. Hence tax authorities would collect all kinds of tax information before the annual income tax reporting period and use such information to set out the norms for different types of income and expenses as basis for taxation. Upon receiving the annual income tax returns filed by taxpayers, tax officers would check the filed data against the collected tax information, and based on the results, determine the taxpayers to be audited and the assessed income tax. The information contained in an annual income tax return and the results of assessment become the source of basic tax information and comparison for following year’s return. Hence income tax returns of two successive years are interrelated and can form discrete units for research purpose. In order to grasp the full view of the tax investigation system, comprehensive examination of the system is necessary. Thus this study employs the methodology of the “theory of administrative process” originated in Japan to examine the tax investigation system under the prevailing law in a macroscopic manner, from the process of tax administration, pre-filing tax information collection, the means, procedure and attributes of post-filing investigation, legal relationship of the parties concerned, to the effect of investigation and remedies available. This study attempts to discover problems, and based on which, propose solutions or suggestions for regulatory amendment.
184

位移與混合型離散過程對波動度模型之解析與實證 / Displaced and Mixture Diffusions for Analytically-Tractable Smile Models

林豪勵, Lin, Hao Li Unknown Date (has links)
Brigo與Mercurio提出了三種新的資產價格過程,分別是位移CEV過程、位移對數常態過程與混合對數常態過程。在這三種過程中,資產價格的波動度不再是一個固定的常數,而是時間與資產價格的明確函數。而由這三種過程所推導出來的歐式選擇權評價公式,將會導致隱含波動度曲線呈現傾斜曲線或是微笑曲線,且提供了參數讓我們能夠配適市場的波動度結構。本文利用台指買權來實證Brigo與Mercurio所提出的三種歐式選擇權評價公式,我們發現校準結果以混合對數常態過程優於位移CEV過程,而位移CEV過程則稍優於位移對數常態過程。因此,在實務校準時,我們建議以混合對數常態過程為台指買權的評價模型,以達到較佳的校準結果。 / Brigo and Mercurio proposed three types of asset-price dynamics which are shifted-CEV process, shifted-lognormal process and mixture-of-lognormals process respectively. In these three processes, the volatility of the asset price is no more a constant but a deterministic function of time and asset price. The European option pricing formulas derived from these three processes lead respectively to skew and smile in the term structure of implied volatilities. Also, the pricing formula provides several parameters for fitting the market volatility term structure. The thesis applies Taiwan’s call option to verifying these three pricing formulas proposed by Brigo and Mercurio. We find that the calibration result of mixture-of-lognormals process is better than the result of shifted-CEV process and the calibration result of shifted-CEV process is a little better than the result of shifted-lognormal process. Therefore, we recommend applying the pricing formula derived from mixture-of-lognormals process to getting a better calibration.
185

有助於國小學童英語聽力之聽前教學活動研究 / The Effectiveness of pre-listening activities on listening comprehension in elementary english teaching

楊智媛, Yang, Chih Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討不同聽力教學法對台灣國小學童聽力表現之影響,並試圖了解國小學童處理聽力之過程。本研究將七十六位國小五年級學童,其中包括五十二位男性與二十四位女性,分為「自下而上教學(bottom-up)」與「相互作用教學(interactive)」兩組,進行十五週之聽力教學。學童於聽力教學前後,均以劍橋兒童英檢初級(Starter Level)之聽力測驗進行前測與後測;同時,學童於每週聽力教學後,均須完成一份聽力小考,共計十五份。受試學童之前測、後測與十五次聽力小考皆以統計計量法加以計算,作為探討兩種聽力教學法成效之依據。此外,後測結束後,「相互作用教學(interactive)」組之學童接受問卷調查,以了解國小學童處理聽力之過程。 本研究主要發現「自下而上教學(bottom-up)」與「相互作用教學(interactive)」兩組之聽力表現並無重大差異。但整體而言,「相互作用教學(interactive)」組之平均分數較優於「自下而上教學(bottom-up)」組。問卷結果顯示,受訪之國小學童較常使用「由上而下」之訊息處理方式(top-down processing),但大多數之受訪者表示,了解每一個單字的意義是聽力理解之關鍵因素。本研究最後提出若干相關建議以供參考。 / The purposes of this study were to identify effective teaching activities that improve elementary EFL students’ listening comprehension and to investigate when learners rely on top-down processing, bottom-up processing, and interactive processing. Participants in this study were 76 fifth graders from two classes in an elementary private school in Taipei County, including 52 males and 24 females. One of the two classes was treated with bottom-up pre-listening activities, while the other class was treated with interactive pre-listening activities. A pre-test and a post-test, adopted from the Starter level in the Cambridge Young Learners’ English Test, were implemented before and after a 15-week listening instruction. During the 15-week listening teaching, participants were also required to take a listening quiz after each session of teaching. Scores of the pre-test, post-test and the 15 listening quizzes were calculated by employing statistical measures to investigate the effectiveness of the two types of pre-listening activities, namely interactive and bottom-up pre-listening activities. Further, a questionnaire was administered for the interactive group after the post-test to investigate when learners relied on top-down processing, bottom-up processing and interactive processing. The major findings of the study are: first, results from participants’ listening scores revealed that there was no significant improvement between pre-test and post-test of the two groups although the mean scores of the interactive group were higher than that of the bottom-up group; second, results from the questionnaire indicated that participants employed top-down processing more frequently than bottom-up processing in their listening, while they viewed the understanding of each word (bottom-up processing) as essential to listening comprehension. Suggestions and implications are made at the end of the study.
186

L'Indochine française et l'expansion vers le sud du Japon à l'orée de la guerre du Pacifique : politique étrangère et processus de décision, 29 juin 1940 - 8 décembre 1941 / 太平洋戦争直前の仏領インドシナと南進政策ー対外政策及び政策決定過程、1940年6月〜1941年12月ー / French Indochina and the Southward Expansion of Japan on the brink of the Pacific War : foreign Policy and Decision Process, 29 June 1940 – 8 December

Michelin, Franck 06 December 2014 (has links)
L’occupation de l’Indochine française par le Japon entre juin 1940 et juillet 1941 constitue un événement-clé de l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Désirant sortir de son isolement diplomatique et du bourbier du conflit chinois, le Japon profite de la victoire allemande en juin 1940 pour occuper le nord de l’Indochine, arrimer la colonie française à son économie, imposer sa médiation dans le conflit franco-thaïlandais, puis occuper le sud de l’Indochine avant de se lancerdans ce la Guerre du Pacifique. Pourtant, son ennemi désigné est, traditionnellement, l’URSS. Les raisons de cet hybris sont à chercher dans sa volonté de détruire le statu quo imposé par les puissances occidentales en Asie orientale, ainsi que dans une crise interne insoluble qui le font choisir le camp des pays totalitaires. L’occupation du sud de l’Indochine en juillet 1941 est un point de non-retour. Cette crise où l’Indochine française a joué un rôle central, permet à l’historien de découvrir le mécanisme du processus de décision dans le Japon d’avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les groupes dirigeants japonais ne connaissent pas de lutte entre des faucons et des colombes, mais la rivalité permanente de factions qui cherchent prendre la tête du mouvement expansionniste. Car si l’expansion fait consensus, la décision, tant de la direction que des moyens, est l’objet d’âpres luttes. C’est cependant à l’occasion de l’occupation de l’Indochine et à mesure que la Guerre du Pacifique se rapproche, qu’une synthèse se fait en haut de l’État par la constitution d’un groupe dirigeant composé de militaires et de bureaucrates favorisant une évolution totalitaire du régime, couplée à la construction d’un empire en Asie et dans le Pacifique. / The occupation of French Indochina by Japan from June 1940 to July 1941 constitutes a key event for World War II history. Eager to escape its diplomatic isolation and the quagmire of the war in China, Japan takes advantage of German victory in June 1940 to occupy Northern Indochina, to tie up the French colony to its economy, to impose its mediation in the French-Thai conflict, occupy the Southern part of Indochina and, then, to launch the Pacific War. However, its traditional foe was the USSR. The reasons of this hubris lie in its desire to destroy the status quo enforced by western powers in Eastern Asia, as well as in an insoluble internal crisis that made Japan choose the side of totalitarian countries. The occupation of Southern Indochina in 1941 is a point of no return. This crisis where French Indochina played a crucial part allows the historian to uncover the mechanism of the decision-making process in Japan before the Second World War. Japanese leading groups do not operate on a partition between hawks and doves, but on the constant rivalry of factions who would try to take the lead of the movement for expansion. If expansion is the object of a consensus among leaders, the decision of its direction and means is the causes of fierce conflicts. However, the occupation of Indochina and the approach of the Pacific War lead to a synthesis at the top of the State, by the composition of a leading group made of military and bureaucrats who promote the totalitarian evolution of the regime coupled with the building of an empire in Asia and in the Pacific.
187

人工雙方喊價市場之競價行為與市場績效的研究-遺傳規劃的應用

池秉聰 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,網際網路(Internet)快速發展,已成為一個無疆無界無時差的市場,如何不被這股潮流所淘汰,我們所提出的解決方案—軟體代理人(software agent),一位具有人工智慧(artificial intelligence)演化調適(adaptive)能力的代理人,現在已經有許多企業與資訊、管理、電腦科學等各方面專家結合,開始使用軟體代理人來代勞,試想一位永不停止、具有創新、學習適應的員工,企業家可以隨意複製或刪除,隨時配合市場規模,不必擔心任何裁員的負擔,這樣的代理人的問世,勢必對我們的經濟環境帶來莫大的衝擊。 電子商務(electronic commerce)已經行之有年,人類的消費型態似乎不易於因這個轉變而有所改變,消費者如果沒有經過視覺、觸覺、嗅覺等感官的刺激,很難有購買的動機,再加上授信制度的不健全使得電子商務的施行充滿了風險。雖然有這麼多問題,我們仍無法阻擋這股趨勢,在電子科技的進步,3D數位影像、各種感官刺激的傳送、或如同期貨市場上明確公認的規格、法律的修訂、完善的認證制度,接下來我們就是要看軟體代理人的表現。 我們將軟體代理人運用在人工雙方喊價(artificial double auction)的市場,就像真實市場已經有人開始使用自動下單或自動議價代理人的機制一樣。然而市場上是否有必然不敗的策略呢?本文就是要解開這個答案。再進一步來看,待真實市場每個成員受不了生存競爭的壓力,也採取使用代理人的演化性策略,屆時我們的人工市場就是真實市場的縮影,我們在本文也會針對這樣一個具有未來前瞻性市場的表現如何?透過經濟學的角度來揭露市場的本質是否仍然維持? 在本文軟體代理人即為議價代理人(bargaining agent),她可以在穩定的(stable)市場環境(其他參與者使用固定策略)中辨別出一些有利的市場特徵,藉由這些特徵發展出有利的策略,而其結果甚至不是很容易想到的策略;接著若每個人都使用議價代理人在市場上交易,這裡我們使用一種納許式過程(Nash-like process)來詮釋,之後再分別依市場的分配效率、價格效率、及所得分配來討論市場績效。
188

隨機利率下之資產交換-跨通貨股酬交換與利率交換的評價與避險 / Asset Swap Under Stochastic Interest Rate__The Pricing and Hedging of Cross-Currency Equity Swap and Interest Rate Swap

姜碧嘉, Chiang, Bi-Chia Unknown Date (has links)
雖然跨通貨股酬交換在國際投資市場扮演著重要的角色,但文獻上關於股酬交換評價模式的相關探討並不多,且多集中於國內市場或以本國貨幣做為支付幣別的股酬交換。對於跨通貨股酬交換而言,其評價模式較國內股酬交換之評價模式複雜許多,如何將影響其價值之股價指數、匯率與利率此三個主要因子間的交互相關性同時加入考量,即是此產品之評價過程的重點。 本文在完全市場的假設下,同時放寬傳統評價方法之各變數之相關係數為固定值的假設,提出一新的股酬交換評價方法,即以『兩階段兩步驟』之較具經濟含意的複製方式,推導出股酬交換的一般化評價公式。透過此複製方法,可更清楚得知股酬交換於存續期間的價值變動,更可進一步求得其避險方式,以提供股酬交換交易商在面臨不對稱風險(mismatch risk)時的避險方法。而本文的第二個貢獻在於,將本文所提出之『兩階段兩步驟』的複製方法應用於利率交換的評價上,推導出跨通貨利率交換的一般化評價模式,以進一步比較股酬交換與利率交換此兩種商品的差異性,並試圖釐清市場上對於跨通貨股酬交換評價上的誤解。 與傳統評價公式最大的差異在於:本文評價公式額外考慮了一修正項,複製投資組合可藉由此修正項,對未來各參數間的變動隨時做出調整,以使投資組合能完全複製跨通貨股酬交換的價值。 本文發現,對於國內投資人支付固定利率,以交換B市場的股價指數報酬,且以C國的貨幣做為支付幣別的跨通貨股酬交換而言,其價值除了受到當期利率期間結構的影響外,在期初或每期交換後,其價值與股價指數無直接關聯,但在兩支付間,其價值則會受到當時股價指數與前期股價指數之相對比例的影響。同時,C國對本國的未來匯率並未直接影響跨通貨股酬交換的價值。且若假設各國遠期利率的波動度為零下,則當B國股價指數與C國對本國的匯率呈現正關係或當B國股價指數與B國對本國的匯率呈現負關係時,跨通貨股酬交換的價值愈大。另外,市場上投資人通常誤認股酬交換的價值等於利率交換價值,對於股酬交換與利率交換的比較,本文發現在大多數的情況下,股酬交換的價值與利率交換的價值並不相等。
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考量不確定因素下之退休基金評價:廣義隨機模型的建構 / Pension Valuation Under Uncertainty: A General Stochastic Approach

鄭欣怡, Cheng, Hsin-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以確定給付型退休基金為對象,建構廣義隨機評價模型,以衡量不確定情況下退休基金之財務風險。希望藉著模型建構的過程,適切地描述基金評價過程中所應考量的各項要素。 為了強調基金評價時同時考量內外部精算假設的重要性,本研究將模型分為存活函數、經濟函數和給付函數三部份討論;存活函數利用離散時間非同質性半馬可夫過程(Discrete Time Non-Homogeneous semi-Markov Process)描述成員狀態轉移的機率,把成員工作年資、年齡和及狀態納入評價過程,有別於傳統僅以年齡為假設基礎之精算方法;經濟函數則以隨機過程表達外部環境的不確定性,結合上述假設資訊預估未來給付後,成為半馬可夫隨機精算評價模型,此一般性的模型能推展至基金評價時所需的各項流程。因此,本研究將模型應用於我國公務人員退撫基金,針對公務人員退撫基金的給付特性發展財務評價公式,完整地描述基金精算成本計算、未來人力與現金流量結構模擬以及敏感度分析等過程。 最後,本研究撰寫公務人員精算評價資訊系統,具體化半馬可夫隨機精算評價模型,實證公務人員退撫基金財務評價公式。實證結果也顯示,不論基金的性質或外部經濟環境,都將影響退休基金財務評價結果,為基金評價時不可忽略的精算假設。 / This study focuses on constructing a generalized valuation model for the defined benefit pension schemes. Financial soundness and funding stability are critical issues in pension fund management. In this study, a realistic stochastic model is built to monitor the uncertainty factors in affecting the financial risk and cash flow dynamics along the decision process. In order to evaluate the importance of the interior and exterior actuarial assumptions in pension valuation. Detailed models in describing the turnover patterns, economic uncertainties and benefit structures are explored. Semi-Markov process proposed by Dominicis, Manca and Granata (1991) and Janssen and Manca (1997) is extended in structuring the transition pattern of the plan’s population and the economic based factors are generated through stochastic processes. Modifications according to classification and movements of the plan member and the plan’s turnover pattern are employed to improve its practical usefulness. Then the actuarial valuations, cash flow analyses and workforce projection are performed and investigated. We has explicitly formulated the plan’s realistic phenomenon and implemented the proposed mechanism into a risk management framework for pension finance. By using this realistic approach, the cost factors could be monitored throughout the valuation. Typically these analyses involve substantial assumptions. This article has outlined the procedure of building the proposed model. Finally, Taiwan Public Employees Retirement System is simplified to illustrate the proposed methodology in pension valuation. The results from this study show that the structure of the pension schemes and the assumed economic factors are the significant factors in pension valuation. It also indicated that the fund manager can evaluate these impacts through the proposed model.
190

台灣電腦網路廠商組織知識創造平台之研究 / The Platform of the Organizational Knowledge Creation : The Case Study in Taiwan Computer Network Industry

陳弘睿, Chen, Hung-Ruei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要透過新產品的開發專案,探討技術知識特質對組織知識創造平台的影響。研究範圍以台灣電腦網路廠商為主,針對其產品創新表現優秀的企業為主,深入訪談其產品開發專案負責人與核心成員,瞭解其產品開發的過程,與組織知識的創新平台。本研究結果顯示如下: 一、技術知識特質會影響台灣電腦網路廠商之知識創造平台 (一)技術知識路徑相依度低之產品開發專案,CEO在概念與生成及發展扮演重要角色。技術路徑相依度高的開發專案,概念的生成主要來自於各功能性部門。 (二)技術知識路徑相依度低的專案,與上游技術網路的成員保持較緊密的關係。技術知識路徑相依度高的專案,與上游技術網路成員保持較鬆散的關係。 (三)當組織開發的產品為新產品線的研究發展時,團隊管理者偏向「專案管理型」的角色,與市場方面的連結則以PM/行銷/銷售部門為主。當組織開發的產品為擴展公司現有產品線的深度時,團隊管理者偏向「總經理型」的角色。當組織開發的產品為改良或修正現有產品時,團隊管理者偏向「企劃型」的角色。 (四)當組織開發的產品為新產品線的研究發展時,組織傾向於使用「自主型團隊」來進行產品開發。當組織開發的產品為擴展公司現有產品線的深度時,組織傾向於使用「重型團隊」來進行產品開發。當組織開發的產品為改良或修正現有產品時,組織傾向於使用「輕型團隊」來進行產品開發。 (五)技術知識複雜度高,則技術網路成成員種類較多。技術知識複雜度低,則技術網路成員種類較少。 (六)技術知識複雜度愈高,組織溝通方式傾向以整合問題解決模式,若生產在專案過程參與較少,則研發與生產之間會透過產品工程做連結。 (七)技術知識複雜度高,則團隊成員組成多元程度較高。技術知識複雜度低,則團隊成員組成多元程度較低。 二、台灣電腦網路廠商知識創造平台的特性 (一)在組織知識創造的場域(Ba)中,對組織成員適度的關懷(Care)是台灣優秀電腦網路廠商的特色。 (二)在Dialoing Ba中,正式與非正式的溝通同樣為外化過程中不可或缺的方式。 (三)台灣優秀的電腦網路廠商的創新類型偏重於架構式創新,並與國外技術提供者保持適度的跨組織的知識交流。 (四)技術知識特質對組織知識創造的場域(Ba)的影響並不明顯。

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