Bibliography: leaves 135-143. An anthropological analysis of an industrial dispute that occurred within the East Gippsland forest industry, 1997-1998 and how the workers strove to acheive better working conditions for themselves, and to share in the wealth they had created.

From a jurisprudential analysis of several judgments of the Constitutional Court, the author tries to show a new perspective based on a dynamic vision of a Social State and Constitutional Law, which ones require a fundamental presence of judges in the deliberation of court cases related to the prohibition on collective bargaining in the case of public employment, in order to show the scope of axiological protection that labor law should take in situations such as public employment and lack of funds in order to achieve equality between public and private employment , thus avoiding overt discrimination. / A partir de un análisis jurisprudencial de diversas sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional, el autor intenta presentar una perspectiva basada en el cambio de visión de un Estado Social y Constitucional de Derecho que exige una presencia fundamental de los jueces en la deliberación de los casos referentes a la prohibición de la negociación colectiva en el caso del empleo público, para con ello demostrar el ámbito de protección axiológica que debe asumir el derecho laboral frente a situaciones como el empleo público y la falta de presupuesto para lograr una igualdad entre los empleos públicos y privados, evitando así, una discriminación manifiesta.

No description available.

La compétition économique impose à l'entreprise de faire évoluer la relation de travail au rythme des contraintes qu'elle subit. Elle suppose l'adaptation des conditions d'emploi, laquelle implique de faire varier la rémunération, le temps de travail, les fonctions ou encore le lieu de travail du salarié. Semblables évolutions peuvent trouver appui sur divers dispositifs légaux, conventionnels ou contractuels, dont la mise en œuvre ne va pas, cependant, sans susciter maintes interrogations. Des réponses doivent être apportées. Est en jeu la capacité du système juridique français à donner aux entreprises des outils permettant d'assurer leur pérennité, voire leur développement et, par suite, la préservation de l'emploi. Descripteurs : emploi ; rémunération ; mobilité géographique ; mobilité professionnelle ; temps de travail ; modification du contrat de travail ; changement des conditions de travail ; négociation collective ; articulation des normes ; pouvoir de direction ; activité partielle ; licenciement pour motif économique ; droits et libertés fondamentaux. / Economic competition requires the working relationship to evolve at the rate of the constraints the company undergoes. It implies adapting the employment conditions, such as remuneration, working time, professional duties or place of work. These adjustments can be made by the use of various legal, conventional or contractual mechanisms. Their utilization raises many questions. Answers must be provided. The ability of the French legal system to provide companies the tools to ensure their sustainability, even their development and, consequently, the preservation of employment, is at stake. Keywords : employment ; remuneration ; geographical mobility ; occupational mobility ; working time ; amendment to the employment contract ; change in working conditions ; collective bargaining ; articulation of legal standards ; employer's management powers ; shorttime working ; redundancy for economic reasons ; fundamental rights and freedoms of employees.

La tesi esamina la tendenza degli ultimi anni alla verticalizzazione della contrattazione; come dal centralismo di quella di livello nazionale si sia passati in maniera sempre più sostanziale ed in stretta correlazione con la competitività del sistema produttivo, al decentramento della contrattazione a livello regionale e provinciale fino al livello aziendale. Si affronta l’evoluzione, iniziata già dagli anni ’90 con il susseguirsi di vari Accordi Interconfederali e Protocolli sottoscritti da Governo e Parti Sociali, dei processi di contrattazione territoriale al fine di attivare nuove iniziative imprenditoriali e creare occupazione in un ambiente economico favorevole ma in aree insufficientemente sviluppate o interessate da gravi crisi occupazionali. Successivamente viene esaminato il ruolo fondamentale delle retribuzioni incentivanti in connessione a indicatori di produttività, redditività, qualità, efficienza ed innovazione. Si passa dunque ad affrontare il caso paradigmatico FIAT che ha notevolmente influenzato il processo di ampliamento dei margini di applicazione della contrattazione decentrata per finire ad esaminare gli accordi interconfederali più recenti che promuovono l’utilizzo della contrattazione di secondo livello come volano per la crescita e la competitività sul territorio delle aziende, per lo sviluppo del welfare contrattuale ed aziendale, come nel caso di Luxottica. / The thesis examines the trend of recent years in the verticalization of bargaining; as from the centralism of that of national level has been passed in an increasingly substantial and in close correlation with the competitiveness of the production system, the decentralization of bargaining at the regional and provincial level up to the company level. The evolution, which began as early as the 1990s with the succession of various interconfederal agreements and protocols signed by the Government and the Social Partners, of the territorial bargaining processes in order to activate new business initiatives and create employment in a favorable economic environment, but in areas insufficiently developed or affected by serious employment crises. Subsequently, the fundamental role of incentive remuneration in connection with indicators of productivity, profitability, quality, efficiency and innovation is examined. Thus, the FIAT paradigm case is moved, which has greatly influenced the process of widening the margins of application of decentralized bargaining to end up examining the most recent inter-federal agreements that promote the use of second-level bargaining as a driving force for growth and competitiveness on the territory of companies, for the development of contractual and corporate welfare, as in the case of Luxottica.

The industrial council agreement for Motor Transport Undertaking (Goods) in the Transvaal will be in force until 1990. Wages are negotiated annually, for implementation in January, but a compulsory arbitration provision comes into effect if there is a deadlock. This document is prepared to assist the Transport & General Workers Union in providing factual information to the arbitrator to back up the demand for a substantial wage increase. The union has rejected a final offer from the employers of an eight and a half percent increase in January 1988. Unfortunately, we have not received the wage demands of the union, so our report is not as focused as it should be.

La préservation de la santé et de la sécurité du travailleur est aujourd'hui dans le langage de la gestion, du management et progressivement des juristes, liée au concept de « responsabilité sociale d’entreprise ». Les employeurs doivent en tenir compte dans leurs décisions pour tenter de s'assurer l’adhésion des salariés et contribuer à la préservation d’un environnement plus sain. Ces idées, dont les contours manquent parfois de précision, intègrent progressivement le droit positif. Ainsi, à l’aune de son obligation de sécurité de résultat, dont la violation présente le caractère de faute inexcusable, il incombe à l’employeur, en cas de lien du préjudice subi avec le travail, une réparation allant jusqu’à s’étendre aux préjudices jadis exclus par le livre IV du Code de la sécurité sociale. Il est possible de considérer qu'il s'agit d'une rupture de l’équilibre du régime accordant le bénéfice d’une présomption d’imputabilité au salarié, en contrepartie d’une réparation uniquement forfaitaire, avec éventuellement un complément en cas de faute inexcusable. On peut se demander si au-delà des contraintes normatives qui l’y obligent, l’employeur ne doit adopter un «management de la santé » destinée à assurer le fonctionnement immédiat de l'entreprise et à terme la pérennité de son capital humain. / To save health and safety at work is today, in the language of the management and step-by-step of lawyers, bound with the notion of “corporate social responsibility”. Beyond legal pressures progressively integrated in the positive law, employers must take care about them in their decisions to have the adhesion of employees and to contribute to the conservation of a healthy environment. Goals are as those including by the “triple bottom line” of Elkington (economic, social and legal), as those corresponding to the logic via media and politicians with the management of the appearance of the firm. In addition, it’s possible to ask you: how long can we continue to have a balance about responsibility and reparation around health and safety? How firms can succeed with taking care about interests of actual and future employees too? The answer ask you to study how France choose a “corporate social responsibility” with an important place for the State in opposition of what could be prefered by some authors. But the problem is that this system can be excessively interpreted by Judges. They often accept the responsibility of the employer in cases while it’s not sure that he (or the activity of the firm) created the risk. In addition, the French “corporate social responsibility” can’t be adapted enough and quickly as it’s necessary concerning health and safety at work. That is why, you must see if other ways can been more satisfying. They can be with the same persons (employers and employees or their representatives) or with others stakeholders. It don’t mean that the State can’t be have a role in the “corporate social responsibility” about health and safety at work. But it’s important to see if it can be interesting to give firms possibilities to act voluntarily and ask you if we have to change the repartition of powers concerning this questions in France. An independent control of results must be planned.

L’UES constitue un outil de recomposition du cadre de l’entreprise. Le recours à l’UES permet en effetde considérer que plusieurs entités juridiquement distinctes constituent, en droit du travail, uneentreprise unique. La reconnaissance de l’UES facilite alors la mise en oeuvre de normes déterminéespar le juge ou le législateur, parmi lesquelles figurent en premier lieu celles relatives à la représentationcollective du personnel. L’évolution de son utilisation a façonné son périmètre en un cadre d’exercicedes droits collectifs des salariés. Toutefois, si le recours à l’UES correspond à la recherche de l’entrepriseen droit du travail, son régime demeure à l’état de « construit jurisprudentiel » élaboré à des fins utiles.Il laisse un sentiment d’inachevé. Les conséquences de la reconnaissance d’une UES ne peuventatteindre les relations individuelles de travail. Les salariés demeurent contractuellement liés à leursemployeurs respectifs. La constatation d’un pouvoir de direction unique entre les entités juridiques nepermet pas considérer l’UES comme étant l’employeur unique de l’ensemble des salariés, ni même queses membres sont autant de coemployeurs. L’absence de personnalité morale reconnue à ce type degroupement représente incontestablement une limite dans la construction d’un régime juridique. Lessolutions applicables dans un groupe d’entreprises peuvent également l’être dans l’UES. Cependant,elles ne représentent que des alternatives limitées à l’attribution de la personnalité morale. Or, dans lecadre de la théorie de la réalité de la personne morale, il apparaît que l’UES pourrait être considéréecomme telle. La reconnaissance de la personnalité morale aurait pour effet de rendre solidairementresponsables ses membres à l’égard de l’emploi des salariés qui contribuent au déploiement de l’activitééconomique dans ce périmètre. / UES constitutes a tool used to recompose the framework of the company. UES permits to consider thatseveral legally distinct entities constitute, in fact, a unique company. The recognition of an UESfacilitates the application of norms determined by the judge or the legislator, and especially normsrelated to collective representation. The evolution of its use has shaped its perimeter in a framework forthe exercise of the employees’ collective rights. However, if the UES corresponds in the search of thecompany in labor law, its regime stays at the state of "built case law" developed for useful purposes. Itleaves a feeling of unfinished. The consequences of the UES recognition cannot reach the individualworking relations. The employees remain contractually bound to their respective employers. Theobservation of a unique direction power between the legal entities doesn't permit to consider UES asbeing the unique employer of the set of the employees, nor even that its members are as much coemployers.The absence of moral personality of this type of grouping represents incontestably a limit inthe construction of its legal regime. The applicable solutions in a group of companies can also beapplicable in the UES. However, they only represent alternatives limited to the assignment of the moralpersonality. However, in the setting of the theory of the reality of the moral person, it appears that UEScould be considered like such. The recognition of the moral personality would have the effect of makingjointly responsible its members towards the employment of the employees who contribute to thedeployment of the economic activity in this perimeter.

La place des acteurs sociaux lors de l’élaboration de la norme sociale légiférée se caractérise par une absence de reconnaissance constitutionnelle. L’autorité étatique est néanmoins consciente des vertus de la négociation collective. Même si la pratique existait auparavant, les pouvoirs publics ont permis de développer la négociation collective pré légiférante grâce principalement à l’introduction des articles L.1 à L.3 du Code du travail par la loi du 31 janvier 2007, conçus à l’image des procédures existantes en droit de l’Union européenne. L’association des acteurs sociaux au processus d’élaboration de la norme sociale a donc été favorisée. Pour autant, l’association des acteurs sociaux n’est pas totale. Le renforcement de leur légitimité est passé par une refonte du droit de la représentativité et du processus d’élaboration de la norme sociale mais une concurrence de légitimité est toujours visible entre une légitimité professionnelle détenue par les acteurs sociaux et une autre institutionnelle détenue par le Parlement. Au-delà du constat de l’association des acteurs sociaux au processus d’élaboration de la norme sociale, leur instrumentalisation semble avérée. Concernant la mise en œuvre de la loi négociée, la participation des acteurs sociaux à l’œuvre du législateur a été renforcée dans de nombreuses lois sociales. La répartition des compétences passe toujours par le législateur qui décide de laisser le pouvoir règlementaire dans les mains du pouvoir exécutif ou de le confier aux acteurs sociaux. Il est clair que les acteurs sociaux ne sont pas totalement libres lors de la mise en œuvre de la norme sociale même si la règle de la supplétivité est largement favorisée aujourd’hui. Lors du contrôle de la norme sociale négociée, les acteurs sociaux ont un rôle second alors qu’ils sont experts de l’application de la loi qu’ils ont négocié. Dans cette perspective, dans le processus de mise en œuvre de la norme négociée ils sont instrumentalisés par les pouvoirs publics. / The involvement of social actors in the legislative making of labour norms is not enshrined in the French Constitution. The State is nevertheless aware of the virtues of collective bargaining. Although it existed in practice before, the government has enhanced the development of prelegislative collective bargaining, mainly through the adoption of the law of January 31st 2007 that resulted in the introduction of articles L.1 to L.3 in the Labour Code, a process that was designed to mirror existing EU law procedures. As a consequence, the participation of social actors in the making of labour norms has been favoured. But this does not necessarily imply their full participation. The consolidation of their legitimacy is also the result of a redesign of the rules governing representativeness and the law making process in the labour field in general. However, a competition between the professional legitimacy of social actors and the institutional legitimacy of Parliament still exists. So, going beyond the simple acknowledgment of the involvement of social actors in the making of labour norms, we demonstrate that they have been instrumentalised. The role of social actors alongside the legislator in the implementation of such negotiated laws has been strengthened in many legislative instances. But Parliament is still in charge of dividing competences between social actors and the government when it comes to the attribution of regulatory powers, it can decide whether those powers should remain in the hands of the latter or should be entrusted to the former. It is clear that social actors are not entirely free when it comes to implementing social norms, although the use of suppletive rules is encouraged today. During control of the implementation of those negotiated laws, social actors play only a secondary role despite their expertise on the matter. In that respect, we conclude that their instrumentalisation is also established when it comes to the implementation of negotiated labour norms.

The effective management of a strike is generally a challenging phenomenon which impacts on employers, employees and the general public. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the legal implications of employees’ participation in an unprotected strike. The study also explored requirements for a strike to be protected in compliance with the prescribed legislation. From the literary review, cases and legislation, it became clear that compliance plays a key role when a consideration is taken by employees to take part in a strike during dispute resolution. In analysing the legal consequences for participating in an unprotected strike, a finding was made that employers in the end have an upper hand in that when all due processes and procedures are followed, they are empowered to dismiss employees. Legislation and international standards form the cornerstone upon which dispute resolution mechanisms and the rights of employers and employees are derived from. / Mercantile Law / LL.M. (Labour law)