The focus of the diploma thesis is formulation of realistic business plan of a newly established company INEX plus Ltd. The core of its trade will be roof construction and personalized furniture production. The thesis consists of three parts. Theoretical part describes the foundation of the company and the structure of its business plan. Following sections analyze the internal and external environment of the company and formulate the business plan per se.

In Sweden, there are students who live in small student apartments. These apartments can be called compact living as a student apartment can be as small as 16 square meters. To take advantage of the place that is in small homes, it would be good if larger furniture could be combined into a piece of furniture. On behalf of Husmuttern AB, this work has been aimed at exploring furniture concepts with sleeping and their functions in a compact living environment for students. The issues being examined are: -          What functions are desirable in a multifunctional seating and sleeping furniture for students and people living in compact living environments? -          How can a multifunctional seating and sleeping furniture be designed, that is applied to students living in a compact-living environment? Human Centered Design was used as a method and thus a qualitative data collection was carried out in the form of observations. The respondents were in the primary target group and were observed in their everyday lives in their homes. A focus group was involved in generating ideas and concepts. Functional prototypes were built, and 3D models were created in SolidWorks. Digital testing of the concepts was carried out and the development of the Generation Sofa Bed was realized. There is a discussion about how reliable this study is, when the results became situational. However, the respondents were from a limited audience and had different views on what they wanted from a sofa bed, which provided rewarding information for the development of the furniture. The conclusion is that while the Generation Sofa Bed needs to be further developed through testing and evaluation of storage facilities, it has great potential to become a finished product. / I Sverige bor det studenter i små studentlägenheter. De lägenheterna kan kallas för compact living då en studentlägenhet kan vara så liten som 16 kvadratmeter. För att ta vara på den plats som finns i små hem vore det bra om större möbler kunde kombineras till en möbel. På uppdrag av Husmuttern AB har detta arbete haft som syfte att utforska möbelkoncept med sov- och sittfunktioner i en compact living miljö för studenter. De frågor som undersöks är: 1.      Vilka funktioner är önskvärda i en multifunktionell sitt- och sovmöbel för studenter och personer som bor i compact living miljö? 2.      Hur kan en multifunktionell sitt- och sovmöbel konstrueras, som är tillämpad för studenter som bor i compact-living miljö?  Human Centered Design användes som metod och därmed genomfördes en kvalitativ datainsamling i form av observationer. Respondenterna var med i den primära målgruppen och observerades i sin vardag i sina hem. En fokusgrupp var med och genererade idéer och koncept. Funktionsprototyper byggdes och 3D modeller skapades i SolidWorks. Digital testning av koncepten genomfördes och utvecklingen av Bäddsoffan Generations blev förverkligad. Det finns en diskussion om hur pålitlig denna studie är, då resultaten blev situationsbaserade. Dock var respondenterna från en begränsad målgrupp och hade olika syn på vad de ville ha av en bäddsoffa, vilket gav givande information till utvecklingen av möbeln. Slutsatsen är att medan Bäddsoffan Generations behöver vidareutvecklas genom testning och utvärdering om förvaringsmöjligheter, så har den stor potential att bli en färdig produkt.

The phenomenon of educational inequality on access to physical resources in the Highveld Ridge East Circuit of Mpumalanga was investigated in the study. Since the COVID-19 worldwide pandemic had affected education on a global scale, South Africa included, it became necessary to incorporate this new development into the emerging design that unfolded. The study explored the impact of access to physical resources in three public schools. The aim of the investigation was to ascertain how educational disparities on access to physical resources manifested at the chosen research sites, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research approach was utilised comprising of a multiple case study design. The study reported how the principal and deputy principals viewed educational inequality on access to physical resources from a management perspective, while educators provided insight on the effect of this phenomenon on the teaching and learning process. Observations, individual interviews involving the principal and deputy principals as participants, and focus group interviews involving the teachers, as well as the scrutiny of relevant official documents provided the empirical data for this investigation. All research participants were purposively selected, as a full staff complement was unavailable at the research sites during the pandemic. The results that emerged from the study indicated that educational inequality was prevalent in these public schools. The dearth of resources, and in some instances basic essential resources, had a marked impact on the management as well as the teachers and students at these schools. A significant point to consider was how ill-equipped the public schools in this area were to deal with education during a global pandemic. The backlog of the inequities on access to physical resources needed to be addressed as a matter of dire urgency if the country had any hope of salvaging the education process even at the most basic level. The recommendations in the conclusion of the study are desperate pleas for help in assisting the country, especially the previously marginalised, to move forward in the worst of times. / Educational Management and Leadership / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Hur vi planerar och utformar stadens offentliga rum påverkar vår uppfattning om den urbana miljön. Den offentliga ytan ska planeras för att vara tillgänglig för varje medborgare utan någonting som förhindrar möjligheten att delta i stadens utbud. Vår utbildning inom urban miljö har gett oss en bra grund och kunskap för att analysera stadens gestaltning. Den har även gett oss möjligheten att tolka dolda sociala exkluderingar som uppstår på grund av hur stadsrummet är utformat. I denna studie avser vi därmed att undersöka ett fenomen som utmanar uppfattningen om att alla stadens rum är tillgängliga för alla, nämligen ett fenomen vid namn fientlig stadsplanering. Vi har, genom att tolka och förstå, undersökt teoretiska förklaringar till fenomenets innebörd, uppkomst, samt påverkan. Vår kvalitativa studie har genomförts med metodologin ‘grounded theory’, för att först undersöka nuvarande kunskapsläget för att sedan bilda en teori. Vi har genomfört en litteraturinsamling baserad på relevant litteratur och forskning för att analysera fenomenet. Studien omfattar en kartläggning av fientlig stadsmöblering genom observationer i Malmö för att tolka hur fenomenet kan utforma sig i staden. Till sist, utfördes en intervju med en tjänsteman inom Malmö stad för att få kompletterande uppgifter till vår analys och en djupare förståelse för hur en av stadens planerare ser på utformningen av stadsrummen. Resultatet visar att fientlig stadsmöblering placeras i stadsrummen för att förhindra beteenden, och därmed personer, som samhället ser som ‘icke-önskvärda’. Dessa beteenden har vi förankrat till teorier om rätten till staden, den attraktiva konsumtionsstaden, maktstrukturer och den mänskliga dimensionen; där alla har förklaringar till varför ‘icke-önskvärt’ beteende exkluderas, samt varför fenomenet uppstått. Resultatet visar även att fientlig stadsmöblering förekommer i centrala Malmö vid Triangelns stationsområde, där vi identifierade en fientligt utformad bänk. Utöver det, förekommer fenomenet väldigt lite inom staden, vilket går ihop med hur Malmö stad önskar planera staden. Vidare visar resultatet att fenomenet har tydliga nyliberala och kapitalistiska förankringar, där konsumtion är i framkant. Staden planeras för ekonomisk tillväxt och en bra ‘image’, vilket innebär att konsumenten prioriteras i hierarkin om vem de offentliga rummen planeras för. På grund av detta implementerar man fientlig stadsmöblering. / How we plan and design the city's public spaces affects our perception of the urban environment. The public space should be planned to be accessible to every citizen without anything that prevent the opportunity to participate in the city's offerings. Our education in urban environment has given us a good foundation and knowledge for analyzing the city's design. It has also given us the opportunity to interpret hidden social exclusions that arise due to how the urban space is designed. In this study we intend to investigate a phenomenon that challenges the notion that all city spaces are accessible to all, namely a phenomenon called hostile architecture. We have, by interpreting and understanding, investigated theoretical explanations for the phenomenon's meaning, origin, and impact. Our qualitative study has been carried out with the methodology ‘grounded theory’, to first examine the current state of knowledge and then form a theory. We have conducted a literature collection based on relevant literature and research to understand the phenomenon. The study includes a mapping of hostile city furniture through observations in the city of Malmö to interpret how the phenomenon can take shape in the city. Finally, an interview was conducted with an official within the city of Malmö to get additional information for our analysis and gain a deeper understanding of how one of the city's planners view the design of the city spaces. The results show that hostile urban furniture is placed in urban spaces to prevent behaviors, and thus people, that society sees as 'undesirable'. We have anchored these behaviors to theories about the right to the city, the attractive city of consumption, power structures and the human dimension; where each theory has an explanation for why 'undesirable' behavior is excluded, and why the phenomenon has arisen. The results also show that hostile urban furniture occurs in central Malmö, next to Triangle station, where we identified a hostile bench. Beyond that, the phenomenon occurs very rarely in the city, which goes hand in hand with how Malmö wishes to plan the city. Furthermore, the results show that the phenomenon has clear neoliberal and capitalist roots, where consumption is at the forefront. The city is planned for economic growth and a good ‘image’, which means that the consumer is prioritized in the hierarchy of whom the public places are planned. Because of this, hostile urban furniture will be used.

Genom tiderna har olika rumsteorier vuxit fram och präglat planeringen för enskilda städer. För planeringen av städer har samspelet mellan det offentliga rummet och livet inom det länge varit en utmaning, då upplevelsen av platsen är i högsta grad subjektiv. Det är därmed inte möjligt att utforma offentliga rum som tilltalar alla. Utmaningen ligger i stället i att utforma rum som tilltalar så många olika typer av människor som möjligt. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa vilka grundförutsättningar som påverkar attraktiviteten i ett offentligt rum samt varför vissa rum används och andra inte. Vidare är syftet att ta fram förslag på utveckling för särskilt utvalda platser, med grund i erhållen kunskap. Arbetet bestod av två fallstudier där fyra olika offentliga rum i Norrköping och Malmö analyserades och observerades. I arbetet genomförs även en litteraturstudie av den befintliga litteraturen kring forskningsområdet, avsikten är att sammanställa och tolka vad tidigare forskning har kommit fram till. Studien omfattar böcker, artiklar, rapporter, kommunala dokument och material. I resultatet framgår det att det finns ett flertal olika element som har betydelse för hur attraktivt ett offentligt rum upplevs, men även att vissa är mer betydande än de andra. I arbetet diskuteras bland annat sittplatser, grönska, vattenelement och fasader. Det framgår även att det primära inte är att fokusera på att skapa attraktiva miljöer med tilltalande möblering, utan att skapa och möblera en plats för just de människor som platsen är avsedd för. Utan visad hänsyn till människorna som platsen är avsedd för får vi rum i staden som trots deras estetiskt tilltalande utseende, inte används. På samma sätt får vi rum som är trots dess enkla utformning och möblering väl använda, framför allt för att det uppfyller vårt behov men även för att vi lockas dit för att vi vet att det finns andra människor där. I framtiden bör planeringen alltså planera mer utifrån den mänskliga skalan snarare än olika planeringsidelogier och ideal. / Through history, various space theories have emerged and shaped the planning for individual cities. When planning for cities, the interplay between the public space and life within it has long been a challenge as the experience of the place is highly subjective. It is therefore almost impossible to design public spaces that everyone finds appealing. The challenge is henceforth to design rooms that as many different people as possible find appealing. The purpose of this essay has been to find out and further shed light on the basic conditions that affect the attractiveness of a public space as well as the reason behind why some rooms are used and others not. Furthermore, the purpose is to produce a proposal for development for the specially selected places, based on the knowledge obtained. The work consisted of two case studies, where four different public spaces in Norrkoping and Malmo were analyzed and observed. The work also carried out a literature study of the existing literature on the research area, the intention is to compose and interpret what previous research says about the subject. The study included books, articles, reports, municipal documents and materials. The results have shown that there are a number of different elements that affect how attractive a public space is to people, but also that some are more essential than others. The work discusses, among other things: seating, greenery, water elements and façades. It has also become known that the primary purpose is not to solely focus on creating environments with appealing furniture, but to create and furnish a place based on the very people for whom the place is intended. Without giving thought to this there will be spaces in the city that regardless of the aesthetically pleasing appearance, will not be used because it does not fulfill the people's needs. In the same way, we get rooms that, despite their simple design and furnishing, are used, above all because they meet our needs, but also because what’s most interesting for us is to know there are other people there. In conclusion planning must shift its focus to the human scale rather than different planning ideologies and ideals.

This essay tries to deduct whether the pitted ware culture (3200-2300) at Ajvide and Västerbjers had a gender structure based on big game hunting via grave furniture. The grave furniture is selected on the basis of big game affiliation and then subjected to descriptive statistics and correspondence analysis. The results suggest that seal and boar hunting is normative for men but that only seal is normative for women in Ajvide and only boar at Västerbjers. / <p>Denna uppsats tilldelades ett A i betyg.</p>

Many pieces of fine art are made of wood that has been treated with coatings. Since wood is a very hygroscopic material, the moisture content strongly influences the deformation of wooden parts. Coatings often act as moisture barriers. Therefore, the moisture permeability of coatings must be considered for the evaluation of the structural behaviour. The mechanical properties are also relevant to evaluate the deformation of thin artwork like panel paintings as well as the damage of paintings and varnishes. Therefore, the mechanical properties and the permeability of selected coatings used for cultural wooden artwork are investigated and presented in the article at hand. In this study, coatings of three artworks are investigated: a Lusatian cupboard from the eighteenth century, an altarpiece by L. Cranach the Elder and a Russian icon from 1912. The coatings considered are white ground, colours, varnishes, glue and textile reinforced sizing. Mechanical tests are conducted to evaluate the stiffness and tensile strength of the Russian icon’s coating. Cup tests are made to identify the moisture permeability of the coatings. This test was conducted for single coatings as well as for coating systems consisting of different coatings to investigate both the moisture barrier of single coatings and the interaction of coatings. Exponential functions for the relative humidity-dependent permeability are fitted based on the experimental data. The results allow the quantification of permeability for all investigated coatings—from white ground with a high permeability to beeswax with a low permeability—and the magnitude of moisture dependency of the coating’s permeability. Furthermore, it is shown that the simple addition of the water vapour resistance of single coatings underrates the resistance of a total coating system. By the mechanical tests, the strength, ultimate strain and Young’s modulus are obtained. The permeability and the mechanical parameters are required as input for numerical simulations of the structural behaviour of coated wooden artwork. These results are a good step forward to assess the risk of damage of coated wooden artwork.

”Ambient Music”, established and described by its ”creator” Brian Eno, has become a term with a wide range of uses - as generative music, in sound- and audiovisual art installation, a mediated ”sound” of a genre through albums and artists to plug in to during your daily walk - as well as any imaginable association with the term connected to public, spatial or virtual ambience. Through the liner notes of the genres original albums (Ambient 1: Music For Airports of 1978, and to some extent Discreet Music of 1975) it is clear though that the original idea is more related to listening to your own spatial awareness as a form of music rather than a following of certain sounds and conventions that the term has been associated with. At the time as a sonic alternative to conventional background music of public spaces. The author suggests that these ideas never would have surfaced if it wasn’t for the earlier ideas of Erik Satie and John Cage, whose sonic frameworks and instructions beyond the traditional music sheet were vital for Eno to create generative canvases of sounding art for the spaces. The paper then focuses on consolidating the term ”Ambient Music” with its frameworks in art and function by deconstructing it between spatial, architectonic usage and as a mediated genre of a ”sound”, via virtual generative music - and back again, via its original description of enhancing environments ”acoustic and atmospheric idiosyncracies”. With Eno’s original thesis in mind the paper continues to explore where ”Ambient Music” (through arguably its sub-genre, ”Spatial Music”) is today, as well as looking at the potential futures for the genres’ artistic functions as an established and accepted sonic element of physical architecture and public spaces. This exemplified by building a bridge between ”Ambient Music” and the modern ”non-ambient” sonic scenographer, ”Spatial Music”-artist Mareike Dobewall, for further discussions on sound art as sounding architecture - a potential future for the Ambient label.